变温变压下页岩与煤岩吸附量变化的比较研究——以ALUM页岩与崔家沟7号煤为例

根据ALUM页岩与崔家沟7号煤的兰氏体积和兰氏压力,回归计算LI温-压-吸附方程的参数。所得LI温-压-吸附方程可以显示并定量地计算ALUM页岩在温度和压力的综合影响下如何变化。ALUM页岩与崔家沟7号煤一样,温度增加其吸附能力降低、压力增加其吸附能力增大。在温度和压力的双重作用下,ALUM页岩与崔家沟7号煤的吸附量都会有极大值。

Exploitation of Fenton and Fenton-like reagents as alternative conditioners for alum sludge conditioning

The use of Fenton＇s reagent （Fe^2＋/H2O2） and Fenton-like reagents containing transition metals of Cu（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ）, Co（Ⅱ）, and Mn（Ⅱ） for an alum sludge conditioning to improve its dewaterability was investigated. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from conditioning the same alum sludge using cationic and anionic polymers. Experimental results show that Fenton＇s reagent was the best among the Fenton and Fenton-like reagents for the alum sludge conditioning. A considerable effectiveness of capillary suction time （CST） reduction efficiency of 47% can be achieved under test conditions of Fe^2＋/H2O2 = 20/125 mg/g DS （dry solid） and pH 6.0. The observation of floc-like particles after Fenton＇s reagent conditioning of alum sludge suggested that the mechanism of Fenton＇s reagent conditioning was different from that of polymer conditioning. In spite of the lower efficiency in the CST reduction of Fenton＇s reagent in alum sludge conditioning compared to that of polymer conditioning, Fenton＇s reagent offers a more environmentally safe option. Tiffs study provided an example of proactive treatment engineering, which is aimed at seeking a safe alternative to the use of polymers in sludge conditioning towards achieving a more sustainable sludge management strategy.

应用TIMA分析技术研究Alum页岩有机质和黄铁矿粒度分布及沉积环境特征

Alum页岩(中寒武—早奥陶世)是北欧一套重要的海相烃源岩,其成熟度跨度从为成熟-过成熟度阶段。由于我国下古生界海相烃源岩均已过成熟,未成熟-低成熟度的Alum页岩是研究下古海相的烃源岩生烃潜力特征的重要参照样品。因此,对这套成熟度较低的Alum页岩的生物组成特征、矿物组成及其沉积环境的分析,可为后续国内外下古生界海相烃源岩的对比研究奠定基础。本文以欧洲上寒武统富含有机质Alum页岩为主要研究对象,在有机碳含量(TOC)和有机岩石学观察的基础上,应用综合矿物分析技术(TIMA)进行扫描,通过细化样品扫描参数,获得了页岩矿物组成、含量及粒度分布。Alum页岩有机质成熟度较低(固体沥青反射率为0.30),TOC含量在11.16%~12.24%之间。有机质主要为浮游藻类降解形成的层状藻类体、底栖藻类来源的海相镜状体和裂缝中充填的固体沥青。TIMA扫描获得的有机质相对质量百分含量为9.79%~10.64%,略低于碳硫分析仪测定的TOC含量;黄铁矿含量为4.17%~4.49%。TIMA扫描获得的有机质与黄铁矿比值与化学法的C/S比值相近,均分布在2.18~2.55范围。粒径分布特征上,有机质粒径主要分布在0.9~27.0μm之间(80%以上颗粒分布在1.2~5.5μm);草莓状黄铁矿粒径分布在0.9~17.0μm之间(小于0.5μm的颗粒占78%以上),反映了缺氧甚至硫化的环境。综合C/S比、有机岩石学与TIMA黄铁矿粒度分布特征,认为该页岩形成于闭塞封闭甚至硫化的沉积水体体系。该研究为油气地质领域的烃源岩(包括页岩)的研究提供了一种新的技术支持。

Double catholyte electrochemical approach for preparing ferrate-aluminum: a compound oxidant-coagulant for water purification

Ferrate is an excellent water treatment agent for its multi functions in oxidation, disinfection, coagulation and adsorption, but its coagulation ability depends on its dosage and is after its oxidation. This paper focuses on preparing a new kind of ferrate combined with alum to enhance its coagulation function for water purification. An effective electrolysis reactor was designed and employed in the test. Some key parameters in the process of electrolysis concerning the preparation efficiency, such as the current density, temperature and alkalinity were also investigated. The proper conditions for ferrate alum preparation were determined. Under the condition of 5V given voltage, 6h electrolyzing interval, below 2% alum concentration (in weight), a combined liquid ferrate alum products was successfully prepared, which contained 0.0294 mol/L FeO 2- 4 and 0.0302 mol/L total soluble ferron with 2% Al 2O 3. There was no insoluble ferron produced by controlling an optimum electrochemical condition.

注入Alum-PHA对小鼠腘淋巴结淋巴滤泡形成的影响

向小鼠采用一次及多次注入Ｔ细胞促有丝分裂剂植物血凝素铝吸附物（Ａｌｕｍ－ＰＨＡ）后，应用免疫组化方法观察淋巴小结的形成。实验分 １次注入及 ３次注入组，不同时期取出 淋巴结后，用免疫组化法、三维重建进行观察。结果：（１）淋巴结中大量次级淋巴小结形成，说明淋巴小结的形成不但与刺激Ｔ细胞有关，而且与活化巨噬细胞有关。（２）１／３量注入组产生的淋巴小结数比全量１次注入组产生的多；但第１２周末不同组别产生的淋巴小结数差别不大，１２周末消退了许多生发中心。可见反应性淋巴小结的形成，不仅与刺激物性状和投入量有关，而且与投入方式有关。

Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride from Water by Heat-Treatment Waterworks Alum Sludge

Alum sludge( AS) is a world-wide by-product generated in the drinking water treatment process when aluminum salts are used as coagulant. Its high Al content makes it a potential adsorbent for flouride removal from water. A high performance adsorbent was fabricated via heat treatment of AS and batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate its flouride adosroption performance. The results indicated that AS treated at 300℃( AS300) for 1 h had the highest adsorption capacity for fluoride( 52. 9% fluoride removal). The adsorption of fluoride by AS300fitted better the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich model. The maximum fluoride adsorption capacity of AS300increased from 4. 0 to 9. 3 mg /g sludge when reaction temperature increased from 15 to 35 ℃. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of fluoride by AS was spontaneous and endothermic.Hence higher temperature was favorable for fluoride adsorption.The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order equation.In addition,the fluoride adsorption on AS300 decreased from 4. 3 to2. 5 mg /g sludge when the solution initial pH increased from 4. 0 to9. 0,which meant that adsorption capacity was greatly dependent upon the initial pH of the solution. The results provide new insight into the resource utilization of AS for fluoride removal.

Effect of Alum-Amended Litter and Stocking Density on Ammonia Release and Footpad and Hock Dermatitis of Broilers

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of alum on ammonia emission,live performance,and health of broilers.In experiment 1,the effect of alum （0,2,and 4%） supplementation on the emission of ammonia was measured.The effects of alum-treated litter and stocking density （12,16,and 20 birds m-2） on the live performance and incidence of footpad and hock dermatitis were investigated in experiment 2.Alum supplementation in chicken excreta significantly decreased pH from 8.06 to 5.27 and 3.62 by 2 and 4% alum treatments,respectively.Ammonia emission rate was reduced 73.0 and 75.8% by 2 and 4% alum treatments,respectively.The suppressed litter urease activity was detected in 4% alum treatment.Alum-amended litter （1 kg m-2） decreased atmosphere ammonia concentrations by 30% in broiler house.Alum-amended litter maintained a lower pH until 35 d of age.Body weight （BW） gain was decreased by alum treatment in the period of 4-7 wk of age.Higher stocking density （20 birds m-2） increased BW gain in the first 3 wk of age but decreased BW gain during the period of 4-7 wk of age.Neither alum nor stocking density treatments had a significant effect on feed intake and feed efficiency.Alum-treated litter had no detrimental effect on the development of footpad and hock burns.In contrast,high stocking density （20 bird m-2） increased the incidence of footpad and hock lesion.The result suggests that the decreased litter pH and suppressed bacterial urease activity by alum treatment is responsible for the decreased ammonia emission.At high stocking density,the increased litter moisture content should be responsible,at least partially,for the development of footpad and hock lesions.

Alum:An efficient catalyst for one-pot synthesis of α-aminophosphonates

Alum （KAl（SOa）E.12H2O） is an inexpensive, efficient, non-toxic and mild catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of α-aminopho- sphonates. A three component reaction of an aldehyde/ketone, an amine and triethyl phosphite was carried out under solvent-free conditions to afford the corresponding α-aminophosphonates in short reaction times and high yields with the green aspects by avoiding toxic catalysts and solvents. 2009 Murlidhar S. Shingare. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of alum-based water treatment residuals used to adsorb reactive phosphorus

Excess reactive phosphorus(PO4)in waterways can lead to eutrophication.A low-cost approach to reducing PO4 levels in surface water was evaluated using the alum-based water treatment residual(Al-WTR)or Al-WTR augmented with powdered activated carbon(PAC-WTR).Batch adsorption-desorption and continuous flow column experiments were performed to assess the specific adsorption capacities under various concentration and flow conditions.Both Al-WTR and PAC-WTR exhibited the ability to adsorb PO4.The overall,cumulative sorbed amount after a 28-d desorption step for Al-WTR was 33.93 mg/kg,significantly greater than the PAC-WTR value of 24.95 mg/kg(p<0.05).The continuous flow column experiments showed a theoretical PO4 uptake of 9.00 mg/g for Al-WTR and 7.14 mg/g for PAC-WTR over 720 h.When surface water was used,the Al-WTR and PAC-WTR columns removed 67.4%and 62.1%of the PO4,respectively.These results indicated that Al-WTR was more effective for in-field evaluation.

THE EFFECT OF ALUM AND METALS ON PAPER AGING

Books and archives experience aging which is affected by a variety of factors, such as microorganism, humidity, light and components of paper . Thus, the studies concerning impacts of those factors on paper aging are required. In this paper, an accelerated paper aging was carried out to investigate the effects of acid and metals such as alum, copper (Ⅱ) sulfate, copper (Ⅱ) chloride, and iron (Ⅲ) chloride on paper aging. It was found that both acid and metals had impacts on paper aging. In particular, paper aging was far more accelerated in case that acid and metals were present in paper at the same time.

Optimal Evaluation of Coag-Flocculation Factors for Alum-Brewery Effluent System by Response Surface Methodology

This work investigates coag-flocculation optimization treatment of alum-brewery effluent system via response surface methodology (RSM). To minimize suspended and dissolved particles (SDP), experiments were carried out using nephelometric jar test and 23-factorial design with three star-points, six-center-points and two replications. A central composite design, which is the standard design of RSM, was used to evaluate the effects and interactions of three major factors (coagulation pH, coagulant dosage, settling time) on the treatment efficiency. Multivariable quadratic model developed for the response studied indicates the optimum conditions to be 9, 500mg/l and 20minutes for coagulation pH, coagulant dosage and settling time, respectively. At optimum, the SDP was reduced from 10831.490mg/l to 801.451mg/l, representing 92.601% removal efficiency. RSM has demonstrated to be appropriate approach for the optimization of the coag-flocculation process by statistical evaluation.

Recycling of Alum from Water Treatment Residue and Reuse It as a Flocculating Agent for Raw Water Treatment

The chemical coagulation-flocculation technology is touted as one of the valuable techniques and widely used for wastewater treatment because of its simplicity and effectiveness. So far, a number of flocculants have been fabricated to ameliorate the flocculation process in water treatment such as alum, polyaluminium chloride. Despite its broad application in water treatment, accumulation of alum in sludge has been reported as the main source of a disposal problem. Furthermore, recent studies suggested that the presence of alum in sludge may lead to human health problems. Here in, we have used alkalization method to recover alum present in sludge collected from Kimisagara water treatment plant located in Kigali capital city of Rwanda. The recovered alum was used more than one time and showed excellent flocculation efficiency. Some physical parameters such as pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Conductivity and Turbidity were systematically tested and compared with those of World Health Organization (WHO) and Rwanda Standards Board (RSB) standards for drinking water. The results showed that alum present in sludge can be recovered and reused for multiple times.

Dissolution kinetics of kaolin mineral in acidic media for predicting optimal condition for alum production

The dissolution kinetics and mechanisms of reaction of Batagbon Kaolin in sulphuric and fluosilicic acids were studied. Leaching temperature, acid concentration, particle size, solid-to-liquid ratio, and stirring speed were selected as process parameters. It is observed that the dissolution rate increases with decreasing particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio, and increases with stirring speed, acid concentration, and leaching temperature. The experimental results indicate that the dissolution rate is of mixed control via hydrogen ion [H^+] action, with reaction order of 0.813 and the reaction kinetics can be expressed as K_mt=[1-(1-x)^(1/3)+y/6[(1-x)^(1/3)+ 1-2(1-x)^(2/3)]. The activation energy of the process is determined to be 21.6 k J/mol. The level of the product quality is also evaluated.

Preparation of elastomeric nanocomposites using nanocellulose and recycled alum sludge for flexible dielectric materials

Flexible dielectric materials with environmental-friendly,low-cost and high-energy density characteristics are in increasing demand as the world steps into the new Industrial 4.0 era.In this work,an elastomeric nanocomposite was developed by incor­porating two components:cellulose nanofibrils(CNFs)and recycled alum sludge,as the reinforcement phase and to improve the dielectric properties,in a bio-elastomer matrix.CNF and alum sludge were produced by processing waste materials that would otherwise be disposed to landfills.A biodegradable elastomer polydimethylsiloxane was used as the matrix and the nanocompos­ites were processed by casting the materials in Petri dishes.Nanocellulose extraction and heat treatment of alum sludge were con­ducted and characterized using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy(SEM),thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetric(TGA/DTG)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis.When preparing the nanocomposite samples,various amount of alum sludge was added to examine their impact on the mechanical,thermal and electrical properties.Results have shown that it could be a sustainable practice of reusing such wastes in preparing flexible,lightweight and miniature dielectric materials that can be used for energy storage applications.

Preparation and Thermal Properties of a Novel Modified Ammonium Alum/Expanded Graphite Composite Phase Change Material

Thermal energy storage(TES)using phase change materials(PCMs)is a powerful solution to the improvement of energy efficiency.The application of Ammonium alum(A-alum,NH4Al(SO_(4))_(2)·12H_(2)O)in the latent thermal energy storage(LTES)systems is hampered due to its high supercooling and low thermal conductivity.In this work,modified A-alum(M-PCM)containing different nucleating agents was prepared and further adsorbed in expanded graphite(EG)to obtain composite phase change material(CPCM)to overcome the disadvantages of A-alum.Thermal properties,thermal cycle stability,microstructure and chemical compatibility of CPCM were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry,thermal constant analysis,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The cold rewarming phenomenon of CPCM was established and explained.Results showed that the latent heat and melting point of CPCM were 187.22 J/g and 91.54℃,respectively.The supercooling of CPCM decreased by 9.61℃,and thermal conductivity increased by 27 times compared with pure A-alum.Heat storage and release tests indicated that 2 wt%calcium chloride dihydrate(CCD,CaCl_(2)·2H_(2)O)was the optimum nucleating agent for A-alum.The result of TG and 30 thermal cycles revealed that CPCM exhibited favorable thermal stability and reliability during the operating temperature.The prepared modified A-alum/EG CPCM has a promising application prospect for LTES.

The recombinant truncated envelope protein of West Nile virus adjuvanted with Alum/CpG induces potent humoral and T cell immunity in mice

West Nile virus(WNV)is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus distributed globally for decades and can cause disease in humans and animals.So far,no WNV vaccine has been licensed for human use.Therefore,the development of novel candidate vaccines and the improvement of vaccination strategies is imperative.As the WNV envelope(E)glycoprotein plays an important role in mediating viral binding to cellular receptors and virus-cell membrane fusion,it is a critical target for the host humoral response.Here,we prepared a recombinant truncated envelope protein of WNV(rWNV-80E)and developed a WNV subunit vaccine formulation with a combination of aluminum hydroxide(alum)and a synthetic oligonucleotide CpG as adjuvants.C57BL/6 mice were immunized twice intramuscularly at 28-day intervals with 5μg purified rWNV-80E adjuvanted with Alum/CpG.WNV E-specific IgG was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)was detected using single-round infectious particles of WNV.Furthermore,T cell immunity was detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and intracellular cytokine staining assay.Notably,rWNV-80E was highly immunogenic and elicited potent humoral and cell immunity,as evidenced by significant levels of IFN-γ and TNF-αsecretion in the T cells of mice.In summary,the Alum/CpG-adjuvanted rWNV-80E subunit vaccine elicited potent and balanced B-and T-cell immunity in mice,and therefore it is a promising candidate vaccine that warrants further investigation for use in human or veterinary applications.

Formulation and Evaluation of Yemeni Potash Alum as Hydrophilic Topical Preparations against Candidiasis and Aspergillosis

Background:Skin and soft tissue infections are frequent.Candidiasis and Aspergillosis are the most common cutaneous fungal infections.Yemeni alum(Aluminium Potassium Sulphate)is a natural mineral with antifungal and antibacterial properties.Objective:This study aimed to confirm Yemeni alum’s antifungal effectiveness against selected fungal strains and develop useful topical formulations.Methods:Using different alum concentrations,we prepared twenty-three formulations,including four non-adjusted aqueous solutions,eight adjusted pH aqueous solutions,eight glycerite solutions,and three Oil/Water cream formulations.Then,we examined the antifungal activity against the suggested fungus.The animal skin irritation test evaluated the local skin sensitivity reactions that might happen upon using the formulations we pre-pared on the intact animal’s skin.Additionally,this study also included six weeks of stability testing to estimate the expected shelf life(t90)of the selected formulations.Results:Alum exerted antifungal effect against Candida albicans,Aspergillus niger,and Aspergillus flavus.The animal’s skin was not irritated by any of the formulations examined.The 5%alum aqueous solution and the 10%alum Oil/Water cream exhibited promising results among all tested formulations.The approximate formulation’s shelf-lives(t90)were 2 and 1.52 years with alum content(%)ranging between 105.75%to 106.02%,respectively.Conclusion:Based on the results we found,10%alum Oil/Water cream is a promising formulation for large-scale manufacture.

Effects of aluminum potassium sulfate on learning,memory,and cholinergic system in mice

目的：研究硫酸铝钾中的铝对正常及ＡＦ６４Ａ小鼠学习、记忆的影响．方法：被动回避反射仪测避暗潜伏期（ＳＴＬ）；原子吸收分光光度法测血、脑铝；化学发光法测脑乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）；放射化学法测脑胆碱乙酰基转移酶（ＣｈＡＴ）．结果：１ｇ·ｋｇ－１组３０日时，血脑铝升高；６０日伴ＳＴＬ、ＡＣｈ、ＣｈＡＴ分别下降４６４％，８５％，２２６％；９０日ＳＴＬ、ＡＣｈ、ＣｈＡＴ分别下降５００％，１１１％和２７８％．０２５ｇ·ｋｇ－１只有血铝升高．１ｇ·ｋｇ－１使ＡＦ６４Ａ模型小鼠血、脑铝升高，其他无改变．结论：硫酸铝钾１ｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１６０日使小鼠学习。