Investigation of Refractory Bricks and Oxide Materials Heated in Hydrogen Reduction Conditions

This study aims to provide the basic knowledge for furnace refractory design by investigating refractory property changes occurred in a hydrogen atmosphere.Since refractory bricks are thermodynamically stable in a hydrogen atmosphere at 1100°C,we tried to find out the minute changes.In this experiment,a refractory brick was prepared by andalusite,mullite chamotte,and clay as raw materials and heated to 1100°C in a 100%hydrogen atmosphere for 72 h.It was found that the strength of the brick was decreased and the color was changed to black by the reduction of impurities.And in addition,this study covered research on the slaking risk of MgO raw materials because the minimum temperature is expected to 400°C in fluidized reduction furnaces unlike shaft furnaces.

Evaluation of Cost Effectiveness of Onibode Fire-Clay for Production of High Quality Refractory Bricks

In establishing a plant or factory, the cost-benefit analysis is needed to determine the viability for such financial investment on the project. In this paper, the cost establishing a factory of 200,000 bricks per annum capacity, for the production of high quality refractory bricks from locally available raw materials in Nigeria was evaluated. The evaluation was conducted on the virgin refractory material (100%) as well as with varied percentages (10% - 40%) of alumina additions. The result of cost benefit analysis indicated that, the project was viable, with the highest cost at N1,203.66 per brick as against N1,800 (at 3 years projections) of the imported brick. The payback period for the capital investment was very short (within two years). The findings will aid investors in decision makings.

Silica Refractory Bricks

1 Scope This standard specifies the classification, technical requirements, test methods, quality appraisal procedures, packing, marking, transportation, storage, and quality certificate of silica refractory bricks.

Shaped Insulating Refractory Product—High Alumina Bricks

1 Scope This standard specifies the classification, shape and dimension, technical requirements, test methods, quality appraisal procedure, packing, marking, transportation, storage, and quality certificate of high alumina insulating bricks.

High Alumina Refractory Bricks for Electric Arc Furnace Roofs

This standard specifies the sort, technical requirement, test method, inspection rules, marking, packing, transportation, storage and quality certification of high alumina refractory bricks for electric arc furnace roofs.

Kaolinite Refractory Bricks for Blast Furnaces

This standard is suitable to the fireclay bricks for blast furnace.

Fireclay Refractory Bricks for Hot Blast Stove

This standard specifies the classification, shape, dimension, technical requirements, test method, inspection rules, packing, marking, transportation, storage and quality certification of fireclay refractory bricks for hot blast stove.

Fireclay Refractory Bricks for Glass Melting Furnace

This standard is applicable to fireclay refractory bricks with unit weight ≥ 50 kg for glass melting furnaces.

Fireclay Refractory Bricks

This standard specifies the classification, brand, shape, dimension, technical requirements, test methods, quality appraisal procedures, packing, marking, transportation, storage, and quality certificate of fireclay refractory bricks.

Silica Refractory Bricks for Glass Melting Furnace

1 Scope This standard specifies the classification, technical requirements, test method, inspection rules, marking, packing, transportation, storage and quality certification of silica refractory bricks for glass melting furRaces.

Bauxite Based Refractory Bricks for Blast Furnaces

This standard is applicable to the bauxite based refractory bricks under the bosh for blast furnaces.

Bauxite Based Refractory Bricks for Hot Blast Stove

This standard specifies the technical require-ments, test method, inspection rules, packing, marking, transportation, storage and quality certificate of bauxite based refractory bricks for hot blast stove.

Chinese Standard on Refractories——Silica Brick for Coke Oven

This standard specifies the classification,specification, test method, quality appraisal procedure,labeling, packing, transportation, storage and quality certification of silica brick for coke oven.

Damage Mechanism and Structure Analysis of Used Clay Checker Bricks for Regenerators of Coke Ovens

During long-term use,the clay checker bricks for regenerators of coke ovens on gas side react with the impurities containing Fe and K20,causing foaming,softening and deformation,which is not only related with the impurity content and properties of the clay checker bricks,but also related with the type and the composition of the dust in the gas.After long term use,the clay checker bricks of coke ovens on air side have relative lower impurities containing Fe and K20.The inferior clay checker bricks,with high impurity content and high porosity,are easy to pulverize and deteriorate due to the oxidationreduction reaction with the iron oxide and the gas.The gas quality shall be concerned for long service life of the coke oven regenerators.

Property Optimization of Kaolin-Rice Husk Insulating Fire Bricks

In this work, the suitability of using Kaolin-Rice husk-plastic clay to produce insulating firebrick was experimentally investigated and the optimal ratio of these constituents determined. Ten brick samples of different compositions were fired at 1200℃. Three of the samples （samples 6, 7, and 8） crumbled during firing. The surviving samples gave the following limits of results： shrinkage： 9. 7% -13.6% ; effective moisture content： 28. 34% -32.52% ; modulus of rupture： 4.26kgf/cm^2 - 19. 10kgf/cm^2 ; apparent porosity： 56% -95. 93% ; water absorption： 42. 27% - 92. 12% ; bulk density： 1.04g/cm^3 - 1. 41g/cm^3; apparent density： 2. 56g/ cm^3 -5. 77g/cm^3 ; and thermal conductivity： 0. 005W/ mK 0. 134W/mK. The results showed that they all had good insulating characteristics. Samples 1 -5 and 10 showed good level of refractoriness, while mixing ratio of 4 ： 1 ： 2 （ representing weight in grams of Kaolin, plastic clay and rice husk respectively） for sample 4 gave the optimum performance values in terms of refractoriness, thermal conductivity, modulus of rupture, shrinkage and bulk density and the effective moisture content.

RUL of Un-burnt High Purity Silica Bricks Used in Glass Industry

High purity silica bricks have stable physical properties,except for the RUL （0.2 MPa） exhibiting extreme two different levels of high-level RUL T0.6 of 1 683-1 686 ℃ and low-level RUL T0.6 of1 174-1 184 ℃.The low RUL phenomenon was researched,the formation reasons and solutions were analyzed in this paper.The low-level RUL T0.6 of 1 174-1 184 ℃ of the un-burnt high purity silica bricks is a pseudo RUL T0.6 phenomenon for the transformation of crystalline morphology.The real RUL T0.6 of the specimen hot treated at 1 093 ℃ is ＞ 1 680 ℃.Therefore,the un-burnt high purity silica bricks shall be hot treated at about 1 100 ℃ firstly before testing RUL.For the heating up of the lining of glass tank arch,baking curves with long holding time at 1 100 ℃ shall be strictly obeyed to avoid the obvious shrinkage negatively influencing the lining stability.

Development of Thermal Shock Resistant and Low Creep Bricks for Hot Blast Stove

The paper describes the ries with high thermal shock development of brick seresistance and low creep rate for hot blast stove, including research target and research plan on the basis of analysis on how to enhance the thermal shock resistance and to lower creep rate of the bricks. Efforts have been made on the selection of starting materials such as corundum, mullite, andalusite and sillimanite etc., together with some measures taken on multi-grade formulation, homogenizing of the matrix of bricks and addition of some special additives. The results indicated that the bricks were with characteristics such as higher thermal shock resistance of 〉 30 cycles under quenching in water from 1000℃, and creep rate of 0. 2 under 1400℃ for 20 -50hrs with load of 0.2 MPa. Now a series of products of this kind have been developed and produced. The application of the products in Wuhan Iron and Steel Co. showed very prospective results. Now most of domestic large sized blast furnaces say ≥- 1000m^3, including those of Baoshan Iron and Steel Co. , have selected the series products made by Gongyi No. 5 Refractories Head Factory（GYWN） for their hot blast stoves.

Chinese Standard on Refractories——High Alumina Brick

This standard specifies the classification,dimensions, technical requirement, testing method.inspection principle, package, marking, packing,transportation, storage and quality certificate.

高炉热风炉不同部位定形耐材选用探讨

高炉热风炉可以根据温度高低分为几个温度区间,分析各区间部位的工况条件,选用合适的耐材至关重要。简要分析了热风炉耐火材料使用范围及使用工况,重点分析了各温度区间,硅砖、高铝砖和黏土砖等几种定形耐火材料的选用。认为:根据工况条件,在合适的地方使用合适的耐火材料是基本原则,“高标低配”或“低标高配”的做法均是错误的;在应用耐材的同时应加强对耐材基础性能的研究,有助于从源头上了解耐材的使用规则,从而达到既节省投资又满足使用寿命的目的。

垃圾焚烧锅炉一通道耐火材料采取浇注料与挂砖方式的对比研究

为了加强垃圾焚烧余热锅炉辐射受热面吸热能力,降低水平烟道入口烟温,分析了一烟道耐火材料采用挂砖方式的可行性。目前一烟道耐火材料采用浇注料方式,存在导热性能不足和抗氧化性能弱等问题,无法适应垃圾高热值变化。以单条线处理规模750 t/d、设计低位热值8372 kJ/kg的生活垃圾焚烧余热锅炉为计算对象,对比两种方式在材质检验、换热效果、经济效益等方面的差别。计算结果表明:采取挂砖方式,受热面总的传热系数是浇注料的1.3~1.67倍,从而锅炉最大连续出力工况下,一烟道出口烟温可降低32℃,同时烟气停留时间满足850℃、2 s环保监测要求。