Significance-based optimization of processing parameters for thin-walled aluminum alloy tube NC bending with small bending radius

Thin-walled aluminum alloy tube numerical control （NC） bending with small bending radius is a complex process with multi-factor coupling effects and multi-die constraints. A significance-based optimization method of the parameters was proposed based on the finite element （FE） simulation, and the significance analysis of the processing parameters on the forming quality in terms of the maximum wall thinning ratio and the maximum cross section distortion degree was implemented using the fractional factorial design. The optimum value of the significant parameter, the clearance between the tube and the wiper die, was obtained, and the values of the other parameters, including the friction coefficients and the clearances between the tube and the dies, the mandrel extension length and the boost velocity were estimated. The results are applied to aluminum alloy tube NC bending d50 mm×1 mm×75 mm and d70 mm×1.5 mm×105 mm （initial tube outside diameter D0 × initial tube wall thickness t0 × bending radius R）, and qualified tubes are produced.

Milling Parameters Optimization of Al-Li Alloy Thin-Wall Workpieces Using Response Surface Methodology and Particle Swarm Optimization

To improve the milling surface quality of the Al-Li alloy thin-wall workpieces and reduce the cutting energy consumption.Experimental research on the milling processing of AA2195 Al-Li alloy thin-wall workpieces based on Response Surface Methodology was carried out.The single factor and interaction of milling parameters on surface roughness and specific cutting energy were analyzed,and the multi-objective optimization model was constructed.The Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm introducing the Chaos Local Search algorithm and the adaptive inertial weight was applied to determine the optimal combination of milling parameters.It was observed that surface roughness was mainly influenced by feed per tooth,and specific cutting energy was negatively correlated with feed per tooth,radial cutting depth and axial cutting depth,while cutting speed has a non-significant influence on specific cutting energy.The optimal combination of milling parameters with different priorities was obtained.The experimental results showed that the maximum relative error of measured and predicted values was 8.05%,and the model had high reliability,which ensured the low surface roughness and cutting energy consumption.It was of great guiding significance for the success of Al-Li alloy thin-wall milling with a high precision and energy efficiency.

Die Casting Mold Design of the Thin-walled Aluminum Case by Computational Solidification Simulation

Recently, demand for the lightweight alloy in electric/electronic housings has been greatly increased. However, among the lightweight alloys, aluminum alloy thin-walled die casting is problematic because it is quite difficult to achieve sufficient fluidity and feedability to fill the thin cavity as the wall thickness becomes less than 1mm. Therefore, in this study, thin-walled die casting of aluminum （Al-Si-Cu alloy： ALDC 12） in size of notebook computer housing and thickness of 0.8 mm was investigated by solidification simulation （MAGMA soft） and actual casting experiment （Buhler Evolution B 53D）. Three different types of gating design, finger, tangential and split type with 6 vertical runners, were simulated and the results showed that sound thin-walled die casting was possible with tangential and split type gating design because those gates allowed aluminum melt to flow into the thin cavity uniformly and split type gating system was preferable gating design comparing to tangential type gating system at the point of view of soundness of casting and distortion generated after solidification. Also, the solidification simulation agreed well with the actual die-casting and the casting showed no casting defects and distortion.

Cross-sectional distortion behaviors of thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary-draw bending process

The cross-sectional distortion usually appears during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube with small bending radius.To study the cross-sectional distortion of the tube,a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment.Then,the cross-sectional distortion behaviors of the tube were investigated.The results show that a zone of larger circumferential stress appears on the tube when bending angle reaches 30°.And in the larger circumferential stress zone,the sagging phenomenon is produced obviously.The maximum cross-sectional distortion is located in the larger circumferential stress zone and the angle between the plane of maximum cross-sectional distortion and the bending reference plane is about 50°.The position of the maximum cross-sectional distortion keeps almost unchanged with the variation of the clearances between dies and tube.

Experimental and numerical assessment of energy absorption capacity of thin-walled Al 5083 tube produced by PTCAP process

The energy absorption capacity of the Al5083 thin-walled tube produced by parallel tubular angular pressing(PTCAP) process was evaluated. Also, microstructure, mechanical properties, and anisotropy coefficients were studied in the peripheral and axial directions. Results showed that values of energy absorption decreased with processing pass increasing and the values for the unprocessed, first and second passes were obtained to be 167, 161.4 and 160.7 J, respectively. The differences between the simulation results for the energy absorption values and their experimental values for the unprocessed, the first and the second PTCAP passes samples are about 5%, 10%, and 13%, respectively. The energy absorption capacity was related to the anisotropy coefficient and microstructure. The results demonstrated that grain refinement occurred and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and microhardness after the first and second PTCAP passes were enhanced, while the increase rate in the first pass was much severer. Also, by applying PTCAP, the deformation modes were altered, such that the deformation mode of the annealed tube was quite symmetrical and circular while for the first and second passes there have been triple and double lobes diamond. The results of the numerical simulation for the deformation mode of the annealed and PTCAPed tubes were consistent with the experimental results. The deformation mode of tubes is dependent on their mechanical properties and variation of the mechanical properties during PTCAP process.

Machining Deformation Prediction of Thin-Walled Part Based on Finite Element Analysis

For the problems of machining distortion and the low accepted product during milling process of aluminum alloy thin-walled part,this paper starts from the analysis of initial stress state in material preparation process,the change process of residual stress within aluminum alloy pre-stretching plate is researched,and the distribution law of residual stress is indirectly obtained by delamination measurement methods,so the effect of internal residual stress on machining distortion is considered before finite element simulation. Considering the coupling effects of residual stress,dynamic milling force and clamping force on machining distortion,a threedimensional dynamic finite element simulation model is established,and the whole cutting process is simulated from the blank material to finished product,a novel prediction method is proposed,which can availably predict the machining distortion accurately. The machining distortion state of the thin-walled part is achieved at different processing steps,the machining distortion of the thin-walled part is detected with three coordinate measuring machine tools,show that the simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data.

Residual Stress Relaxation of Thin‑walled Long Stringer Made of Aluminum Alloy 7050‑T7451 under Transportation Vibration

Thin-walled long stringer made of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 is prone to deformation during transportation,so a research of residual stress relaxation was launched in this paper.The transport resonance stress of long stringer was analyzed based on the power spectral density of road transport acceleration.The residual stress relaxation experiment of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 under different equivalent stress levels was designed and carried out.According to the amount of residual stress relaxation in the experiment,an analytical model was established with the equivalent stress level coefficient.The deflection range of long stringer was evaluated under different damping ratios.The results show that when the equivalent stress exceeds 0.8σ0.2,the residual stress relaxation of the thin-walled samples occurs.The residual stress relaxation increases linearly with the equivalent stress,which is logarithmically related to the loading cycle.The deformation caused by residual stress relaxation of the long stringer is proportional to the square of the length and the bending moment caused by stress rebalance,and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the structure.As the damping ratio decreases from 0.03 to 0.01,the total deflection of the long stringer increases from 0 to above 1.55 mm.

Forming limits under multi-index constraints in NC bending of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes with large diameters

With increasing diameters of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes (AATTs), the tube forming limits, i.e. the minimum bending factors, and their predictions under multi-index constraints including wrinkling, thinning and flattening have been being a key problem to be urgently solved for improving tube forming potential in numerical control (NC) bending processes of AATTs with large diameters. Thus in this paper, a search algorithm of the forming limits is put forward based on a 3D elastic-plastic finite element (FE) model and a wrinkling energy prediction model for the bending processes under axial compression loading (ACL) or not. This algorithm enables to be considered the effects of process parameter combinations including die, friction parameters on the multi-indices. Based on this algorithm, the forming limits of the different size tubes are obtained, and the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are also revealed. The followings are found: the first, within the appropriate ranges of friction and clearances between the different dies and the tubes enabling the bending processes with smaller bending factors, the ACL enables the tube limit bending processes after a decrease of the mandrel ball thickness and diameters; then, without considering the effects of the tube geometry sizes on the tube constitutive equations, the forming limits will be decided by the limit thinning values for the tubes with diameters smaller than 80 mm, while the wrinkling for the tubes with diameters no less than 80 mm. The forming limits obtained from this algorithm are smaller than the analytical results, and reduced by 57.39%; the last, the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are verified by experimental results.

Effect of blank quenching on shear spinning forming precision of 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components

The quenching-spinning(Q-S)process,i.e.,shear spinning after blank quenching,has been increasingly utilized to form 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components.However,the changes in material property,shape and stress of the blanks after quenching will affect the spin-ning forming precision.In this study,the rules and mechanisms of these effects are investigated based on a combined finite element(FE)model including blank quenching and component spinning process.The results indicate that the increase of material strength and the existence of distortion of the quenched blank lead to a notable increase in the non-uniformity of the circumferential compres-sive stress in the spinning area and the increase of the flange swing height during spinning.These changes result in an increase in the wall thickness and component-mandrel gap of the components.The quenching residual stress has little effect on wall thickness and roundness but can noticeably reduce the component-mandrel gap.This is because that the existence of quenching residual stress of the blank can lead to the decrease of the maximum circumferential compressive stress of the workpiece in spinning and an obvious drop in the maximum compressive stress after reaching the stress peak.Quenching distortion is the main factor affecting the roundness.Moreover,the opti-mized installation way of the blank for spinning is obtained.

Effect of depressurizing speed on mold filling behavior and entrainment of oxide film in vacuum suction casting of A356 alloy

The effect of depressurizing speed on mold filling behavior and entrainment of oxide film of A356 alloy was studied. Themold filling behavior and velocity fields were recorded by water simulation with particle image velocimetry. The results show thatthe gate velocity first increased dramatically, then changed with the depressurizing speed: the gate velocity increased slowly atrelatively high depressurizing speed; at reasonable depressurizing speed, the gate velocity kept unchanged; while at lowerdepressurizing speed, the gate velocity decreased firstly and then kept unchanged. High gate velocity results in melt falling backunder gravity at higher speed. The falling velocity is the main factor of oxide film entrainment in vacuum suction casting. The designcriterion of depressurizing rate was deduced, and the A356 alloy castings were poured to test the formula. The four-point bend testand Weibull probability plots were applied to assessing the fracture mechanisms of the as-cast A356 alloy. The results illuminate amethod on designing suitable depressurizing speed for mold filling in vacuum suction casting.

焊接参数对异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的影响

为了研究焊接参数对异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的影响,采用显微硬度测试、拉伸力学性能测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析测试手段研究了不同焊接工艺参数下的A356与AA6061异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接头的力学性能及组织。结果表明,工件间隙从0 mm增至1 mm,焊接头抗拉强度显著下降,并产生肉眼可见的焊接缺陷;搅拌头规格保持不变,将焊接速度从120 mm/min降至80 mm/min,可促进材料流动从而提高对工件间隙的容限;搅拌针直径从4 mm增至6 mm,可提高焊接的公差容限,且材料融合程度明显提高,不再出现分层现象。

舰船高反光小组立构件智能机器人焊接系统研究

目前国内舰船制造企业的铝制小组立等高反光工件焊接主要以人工为主,自动化程度不高,对人力资源和能源浪费严重。加快研发面向高反光工件的智能焊接机器人系统,在铝制舰船建造过程推广应用小组立焊接机器人,实现铝制小组立的智能制造具有重要意义。针对国内某骨干船厂的铝制小组立工件智能焊接需求,设计了适用于高反光铝合金工件的智能机器人焊接系统,该系统采用双目工业相机和线激光传感器相结合的方案,实现焊缝的粗定位和精定位,并通过高精度相机标定算法、灰度分割和Harris角点检测算法实现焊缝智能识别。同时,系统采用基于标定板指导图的双相机标定法,保证了全局图像一致性。通过在船厂的实际生产应用,验证了系统的高效性和可靠性,焊缝质量良好,有效提升了舰船制造的自动化水平和生产效率。

航空铝合金薄壁件铣削加工变形的预测模型

为预测航空铝合金薄壁件的铣削加工变形,建立三维有限元模型。通过有限元软件MSC.MARC,向有限元模型添加初始应力场、对节点施加铣削力、控制铣刀路径和对模型的网格进行自适应网格细化。使用该模型进行薄壁零件的铣削仿真。仿真结果表明:铣削之后,薄壁零件呈中间凹陷、四周翘起的盆形。同时,零件的薄壁向内部凹陷。为检验仿真结果的正确性,设计验证实验以测量加工后零件的变形。实验的结果与仿真结果相吻合,证明本文提出的有限元模型可有效预测航空铝合金薄壁件的加工变形。该有限元模型可用来选择合适的加工策略以减小航空铝合金薄壁件的加工变形。

A357铝合金大型复杂薄壁构件的淬火温度场、残余应力及变形的有限元分析(英文)

基于ABAQUS软件,采用有限元模拟计算的方法对A357铝合金大型复杂薄壁构件的淬火过程进行研究。通过采用传统的反传热方法,对不同淬火介质在不同温度下的换热系数进行精确求解。精确的换热系数确保对A357铝合金大型复杂薄壁构件淬火过程中温度场预测的准确性。采用3种淬火介质(水、机油,5%-UCON淬火试剂A)。通过综合考虑淬火介质及温度因素,对薄壁构件的残余应力及变形的分布和大小进行有限元预测,得到构件淬火结束后的最大残余应力及变形。

铝合金板成形性分析

在分析铝合金成形过程中的摩擦机理与润滑特点的基础上,论述了影响铝合金工件成形的主要因素,阐述了工件质量与工件材质、变形条件、应力状况、润滑剂类型等的相互关系,并指出了改善铝合金工件应注意的问题。

冲压回弹仿真结果的工艺知识发现技术研究

数值模拟技术已广泛应用到回弹预测研究中,但大量分析结果中存在许多隐含知识,目前还缺乏有效的方法对其进行深层次的归纳分析,从而造成了知识的浪费。本文针对铝合金U形件,结合变压边力技术对回弹量进行了大量的数值模拟实验,提出了一种基于粗糙集的工艺知识发现技术,并通过具体算例验证了方法的有效性,从大量实验数据中得到了冲压回弹的隐含知识。

7075铝合金工件水平超声振动电火花复合加工试验研究

7075铝合金由于其机械性能好、抗腐蚀性强等优点在塑料模具中被广泛应用。由于塑料模具的结构通常比较复杂,一般采用电火花成型加工,但会出现加工速度慢、加工精度低等一些不足。针对上诉不足,提出了工件水平超声振动电火花复合加工。运用正交试验法,对7075铝合金分别进行普通电火花加工和工件水平超声振动电火花复合加工,综合分析两种电火花加工的正交试验结果。分析结果为7075铝合金复杂结构的高精度高效率加工提供了重要的指导意义。

芯模转速对铸态7075铝合金强力热反旋筒形件壁厚分布的影响

针对铸态7075铝合金常温下加工塑性较差、晶粒粗大、变形抗力大的特性,本文建立了其强力热反旋成形的三维热力耦合有限元模型。基于ABAQUS/Explicit平台对其成形过程进行了强力热反旋成形数值模拟,并通过试验验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上,研究了芯模转速对筒形件壁厚不均匀分布的影响,并揭示了相关作用机理。结果表明,强力热反旋是成形铸态7075铝合金薄壁筒形件行之有效的方法之一,当第1、3道次的芯模转速为2 r/s时,壁厚不均匀度取得最小值;第2、4道次的壁厚不均匀度随芯模转速增大而增大。

基于减小表面粗糙度的铝合金薄壁件切削参数优化

以某铝合金薄壁件为对象,研究通过优化切削用量三要素(切削深度、进给量、切削速度)提高表面粗糙度的方法。针对薄壁件的半精加工和精加工阶段,根据经验切削参数分别设计了16组和25组车削试验,并测量了与之对应的薄壁件表面粗糙度。根据试验结果,建立了表面粗糙度与切削用量三要素之间的关系,并求解出使表面粗糙度最小的切削参数。使用优化后的参数进行车削加工,缺陷率和废品率分别由16.03%和14.23%降至11.25%和7.5%,优化后的切削参数显著提高了薄壁件的合格率。

铸态铝合金筒形件强力热反旋的显微组织及硬度

对铸态7075铝合金筒形件进行了多道次强力热反旋试验。通过硬度测试研究了工艺参数对铝合金显微组织和显微硬度的影响。结果表明,旋压变形后,晶内或晶界处黑色块状和细小的点状组织分布不均匀。随着第4道次压下量的增加,平均显微硬度先升高后下降。随着筒形件预热温度的升高或旋轮进给速度的增大,平均显微硬度先快速升高后缓慢下降。随着芯模转速的增大,平均显微硬度先缓慢升高后缓慢下降。涂抹石墨时筒形件的平均显微硬度比涂抹MoS_2时平均显微硬度略高。