Investigation on the Cracking Mechanism of Melt Growth Alumina/Aluminum Titanate Ceramics Prepared by Laser Directed Energy Deposition

Oxide melt growth ceramics(OMGCs)exhibit excellent performance and microstructure stability near their melt-ing point and are expected to become a new structural material for long-term stable service in extremely high-temperature water-oxygen environments.Owing to its unique advantages of high efficiency,flexible manufac-turing,and near-net shaping,laser directed energy deposition(LDED)has become a promising technology for the rapid preparation of high-performance OMGCs.However,owing to the limited understanding of the crack-ing mechanism,the severe cracking problem that hinders OMGCs-LDED towards engineering applications has not been resolved.Alumina/aluminum titanate(Al_(2)O_(3)/Al_(x)Ti_(y)O_(z),A/AT)ceramics are prepared using an LDED system and their cracking characteristics are investigated.Subsequently,numerical simulations are conducted to reveal the dominant factors and influencing mechanisms of the cracking behavior.The results demonstrate that the cracking nucleation process is mainly controlled by solidification defects,whereas the cracking propagation process is determined primarily by both the microstructure and stress level.This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of appropriate cracking suppression methods for OMGCs-LDED.

Effect of additives on properties of aluminium titanate ceramics

The influence of some additives on bulk density,phase composition,mechanical strength and thermal shock resistance of aluminium titanate （AT） ceramics was investigated.AT ceramics with different additives of MgO,SiO2 and Fe2O3 were prepared by reaction sintering.Properties of AT ceramics were tested by using Archimedes,three-point bending and thermal cycling tests.It was found that additives of MgO,SiO2 and Fe2O3 or their compound additives are favorable to reduce the porosities of AT,enhance mechanical strength and thermal shock resistance.The role of additives can be rationalized in terms of promotion of sintering process,formation of new phases and influence on lattice constant c of AT ceramics.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured 2050 Al–Li Alloy Wall Deposits

Aluminum–Lithium(Al–Li) alloy is a topic of great interest owing to its high strength and light weight, but there are only a few applications of Al–Li alloy in wire ss, a special AA2050 Al–Li alloy + arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) process. To identify its feasibility in WAAM procewire was produced and employed in the production of straight-walled components, using a WAAM system based on variable polarity gas tungsten arc welding(VP-GTAW) process. The influence of post-deposited heat treatment on the microstructure and property of the deposit was investigated using optical micrographs(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), hardness and tensile properties tests. Results revealed that the microstructures of AA2050 aluminum deposits varied with their location layers. The upper layers consisted of fine equiaxed grains, while the bottom layer exhibited a coarse columnar structure. Mechanical properties witnessed a significant improvement after post-deposited heat treatment, with the average micro-hardness reaching 141 HV and the ultimate tensile strength exceeding 400 MPa. Fracture morphology exhibited a typical ductile fracture.

Review on laser directed energy deposited aluminum alloys

Lightweight aluminum(Al)alloys have been widely used in frontier fields like aerospace and automotive industries,which attracts great interest in additive manufacturing(AM)to process high-value Al parts.As a mainstream AM technique,laser-directed energy deposition(LDED)shows good scalability to meet the requirements for large-format component manufacturing and repair.However,LDED Al alloys are highly challenging due to their inherent poor printability(e.g.low laser absorption,high oxidation sensitivity and cracking tendency).To further promote the development of LDED high-performance Al alloys,this review offers a deep understanding of the challenges and strategies to improve printability in LDED Al alloys.The porosity,cracking,distortion,inclusions,element evaporation and resultant inferior mechanical properties(worse than laser powder bed fusion)are the key challenges in LDED Al alloys.Processing parameter optimizations,in-situ alloy design,reinforcing particle addition and field assistance are the efficient approaches to improving the printability and performance of LDED Al alloys.The underlying correlations between processes,alloy innovation,characteristic microstructures,and achievable performances in LDED Al alloys are discussed.The benchmark mechanical properties and primary strengthening mechanism of LDED Al alloys are summarized.This review aims to provide a critical and in-depth evaluation of current progress in LDED Al alloys.Future opportunities and perspectives in LDED high-performance Al alloys are also outlined.

Wire and arc additive manufacturing of dissimilar 2319 and 5B06 aluminum alloys

Aluminum alloy is the most widely used light alloy at present.By combining different types of aluminum alloys,their functional properties can be expanded.In the present research,two components composed of 2319(Al-6.5Cu)and 5B06(Al-6.4Mg)dissimilar alloys were fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing(WAAM).The deposited component with the bottom half of 2319 and the top half of 5B06 exhibits better mechanical properties than its counterpart deposited vice versa.Its ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation are 258.5 MPa,139.3 MPa,and 5.6%,respectively,which are only slightly inferior to the mechanical properties of 2319 base metal.The results show that for both components,fracture occurred at a layer thickness above the interface layer during the tensile test,regardless of the deposition order.It appears that the thermal stress due to the long dwell time and the remelting of the S-AlCu Mg phase are the main factors promoting crack initiation.Depending on the deposition order,cracks propagate either along the aggregated pores or stripθ-AlCu phase distributed along the grain boundary.By analyzing the heat input and selecting the appropriate depositing order,the strength of WAAM dissimilar aluminum alloys can be effectively improved through the proper control of microstructure and internal defects.

Wire Oscillating Laser Additive Manufacturing of 2319 Aluminum Alloy: Optimization of Process Parameters, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties

In this study,a wire oscillating laser additive manufacturing(O-WLAM)process was used to deposit 2319 aluminum alloy samples.The optimization of the deposition process parameters made it possible to obtain samples with smooth surfaces and extremely low porosities.The effects of the deposition parameters on the formability and evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties before and after heat treatment were studied.The oscillating laser deposition of 2319 aluminum alloy,especially the circular oscillation mode,significantly reduced the porosity and improved the process stability and formability compared with non-oscillating laser deposition.There were clear boundaries between the deposition units in the deposition state,the interior of which was dominated by columnar crystals with many rod-and point-shaped precipitates.After the heat treatment,theθphase was significantly dissolved.The residual dot-and rod-shapedθ'phases were dispersedly distributed,exhibiting an obvious precipitation-hardening effect.The samples in the as-deposited state had a tensile strength of 245–265 MPa,an elongation of approximately 12.6%,and an 87 HV microhardness.After heat treatment at 530°C for 20 h and aging at 175°C for 18 h,the tensile strength,elongation,and microhardness reached 425–440 MPa,approximately 10%,and 153 HV,respectively.The performance improved significantly without significant anisotropy.Compared with the samples produced by wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM),the tensile strength increased by approximately 10%,and the strength and microhardness were significantly improved.

Influence of travel speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured 2219 aluminum alloy

Wire+arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)was preliminarily employed to fabricate the 2219 aluminum alloy.The influence of the electric arc travel speed(TS)on the macro-morphology,microstructure,and mechanical properties were investigated.The results indicated that as the electric arc TS increased,the size and the volume fraction of equiaxed grain decreased.The high arc TS during WAAM also promoted the precipitation of theθ(Al2Cu)phase.The volume fractions ofθ’’andθ’phases reached maximum values when TS is 350 and 250 mm/min,respectively.The thermal cycle facilitated the precipitation of theθ’phase.In addition,the micro-hardness and tensile strength of the alloy were analyzed,and the results indicated that samples fabricated at TS of 350 mm/min possessed finer equiaxed grain and exhibited higher ultimate tensile strength(273.5 MPa)and yield strength(182.9 MPa)compared to those fabricated at 250 mm/min.

Influence of Interfacial Bonding between Metal Droplets on Tensile Properties of 7075 Aluminum Billets by Additive Manufacturing Technique

7075 aluminum billets were fabricated by micro droplet deposition manufacturing technique, and the influence of interracial bonding between metal droplets on the tensile properties was studied. Three sets of samples were manufactured under different temperature conditions, and their mechanical properties were compared. The results show that the temperature of the metal droplets and substrate significantly affect the tensile strength of the sample. Moreover, with proper temperature setting, the 7075 aluminum billets manufactured by micro metal droplet deposition could achieve very good mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 373 MPa and an elongation of 9.95%, which are very similar to those of an ex truded sample. Moreover, a metallurgical bonding diagram based on numerical calculations of interfacial temperature was established to predict the interfacial bonding state. In addition, the fracture morphologies of these specimens were observed. It is indicated that there was a significant transformation of failure mechanism with the improvement of metallurgical bonding, which agreed well with the numerical results.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC-Reinforced Al–Mg–Sc–Zr Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser Direct Energy Deposition

In order to refine the microstructure and improve the performance of direct energy deposited(DED)additively manufactured Al–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy,TiC-modified Al–Mg–Sc–Zr composites were prepared by DED and the effect of TiC content on the microstructure and performance was studied.In the absence of TiC particle,the microstructure of Al–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy prepared by DED consisted of fine grains with average size of 8.36μm,and well-dispersed nano-Al;(Sc,Zr)particles inside the grains and Mg;Si phase along the grain boundaries.With the addition of 1 wt%TiC,the microstructure of TiC/Al–Mg–Sc–Zr prepared by DED became finer apparently compared with that without TiC;while the further increase of TiC content to 3 wt%,the microstructure of TiC/Al–Mg–Sc–Zr prepared by DED became coarser with appearance of a new kind of needle-like(Ti,Zr);Si;phase.Also,the addition of TiC decreased the porosity of Al–Mg–Sc–Zr prepared by DED.Simultaneously,after the addition of TiC,the tensile strength increased from 283.25 MPa to 344.98–361.51 MPa,and the elongation increased from 3.61%to 9.58–14.10%.The potential mechanism of the microstructure evolution and strength improvement was discussed.This research will provide new insights into the available metal matrix composites by laser additive manufacturing(LAM).

Optimization of cold spray additive manufactured AA2024/Al_(2)O_(3) metal matrix composite with heat treatment

In this study,the effects of annealing and solution aging heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray additive manufactured(CSAMed)AA2024/Al_(2)O_(3) composite were investigated.The results showed that both annealing and solution aging enhanced the interfacial bonding between the deposited AA2024 particles in the composite.The tensile properties of CSAMed AA2024/Al_(2)O_(3) composite were significantly improved by 13.8%for ultimate tensile strength and 47.8%for elongation after solution aging.Microstructural examination and fractographic analysis showed that the fracture mechanism between the adjacent AA2024 particles changed from brittle to ductile-dominant mode after heat treatment.However,the interfacial bonding between the AA2024 and Al_(2)O_(3) particles cannot be improved.For the improvement of mechanical properties,the solution aging was slightly better than annealing.In addition,low-temperature annealing greatly reduced the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of CSAMed AA2024/Al_(2)O_(3) composite.

激光增材高强铝合金工艺、性能及组织的研究进展

高强铝合金作为一种轻质材料因强度高、耐腐蚀、耐高温等性能优越,在众多领域拥有广泛的应用前景,如航空航天、汽车制造、模具生产等。然而由于高强铝合金存在热导率高、对激光反射率大、容易氧化以及热裂倾向大等缺点,使得传统制造业难以一次成形复杂结构。作为增材制造的高精密加工工艺,激光选区熔化(SLM)技术以逐层堆叠原理为基础,可将复杂的结构件一次成型,从而突破造型、结构等方面的局限,开辟出一条全新的高强铝合金制造之路。此文主要从SLM工艺优化以及添加形核材料等过程总结了工艺、力学性能、显微组织等方面的变化,并阐述了未来的展望。

沉积策略对电弧增材制造5356铝合金显微组织、缺陷和力学性能的影响

基于电弧增材制造技术(WAAM)研究往复扫描(RS)、振荡扫描(OS)和垂直扫描(VS)3种沉积策略对5356铝合金(AA5356)构件的影响,探讨5356铝合金构件的显微组织、缺陷和力学性能。结果表明:相比于RS和OS策略,VS策略使得构件的热量分布均匀。VS策略的显微组织主要由等轴晶组成,使得显微硬度最高值达到HV 77.25。VS策略使得构件的气孔率和微孔尺寸分别下降了45.52%和19.81%,从而改善了拉伸性能。因此,VS策略为获得显微组织均匀、力学性能优异的AA5356构件提供了一种新的解决方案。

电弧增材镍铝青铜的组织与性能

镍铝青铜合金由于其在海水中的高耐腐蚀性能、抗生物污染性能和良好的抗空化冲击性能,被广泛运用于船舶螺旋桨的制造,但传统的铸造镍铝青铜由于材料成本过高,并且性能已不再适用于现今越来越高的要求.为了获得性能优异的镍铝青铜构件,采用了电弧增材制造技术成功制造了镍铝青铜合金构件,研究了铸造镍铝青铜和电弧增材的镍铝青铜的微观组织和力学性能的差异.结果表明,与铸态镍铝青铜合金相比,电弧增材制造的镍铝青铜合金有更细小的微观组织,κⅠ相的析出被抑制,绝大多数的β′相转变为α+κⅢ的共析组织,元素分布更均匀.与铸态镍铝青铜相比(545 MPa,20%),电弧增材制造的镍铝青铜构件展现了更加优异的力学性能,极限抗拉强度达到700 MPa,断后伸长率达到38%.

CMT电弧增材制造2319铝合金微观组织与力学性能分析

采用CMT(冷金属过渡)技术电弧增材制造了2319铝合金直壁墙,并分别对沉积态和热处理态2319铝合金组织和性能进行分析。沉积态2319铝合金,层内区域为等轴晶组织,层间区域气孔缺陷较多,同时晶粒分布为粗大柱状晶和等轴晶的交混组织,沉积态2319铝合金纵向抗拉强度251 MPa,横向抗拉强度255 MPa。将沉积态2319铝合金进行热处理强化,优化固溶和时效制度,根据硬度确定最佳热处理制度:固溶温度535℃、固溶时间1 h、时效温度175℃和时效时间12 h,经过热处理后的2319铝合金,可引入高密度、细小、针状分布的θ″-Al2Cu相,产生析出强化效应,使得合金抗拉强度达449 MPa,较沉积态提升了76%。

搅拌摩擦沉积增材2219铝合金组织及性能

在主轴转速250~350 r/min、横向移动速度50~150 mm/min工艺参数下进行2219-T87铝合金搅拌摩擦沉积增材(additive friction stir deposition,AFSD)实验,探究工艺参数与多层热循环对沉积层宏观成形、微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在主轴转速250 r/min,移动速度100 mm/min工艺参数下可获得成形良好的单道16层增材试样。增材区晶粒尺寸发生显著细化,在4~6μm之间,细小等轴晶组织取代沉积棒料粗大的无规则晶粒组织。增材试样发生剧烈的动态再结晶,整体再结晶晶粒在80%以上,试样底部(第1层)受到多次热循环影响,再结晶晶粒达到91.8%。增材区域织构基本由Cube、Copper、P和RtB四种再结晶织构以及S、T和Brass织构构成。增材试样的硬度和抗拉强度相比于沉积棒料都明显降低,其中,第16层沉积层硬度最大为80HV,约为沉积棒料母材的55.6%;第1~8层沉积层硬度均匀在60HV。增材区水平(longitudinal direction,LD)方向第9~16层和1~8层的平均抗拉强度分别为243.0 MPa和219.3 MPa,约为母材的60.0%和52.9%;平均伸长率为19.4%和24.5%,分别约为母材的181.1%和229.0%。增材试样LD方向断裂模式均为韧性断裂。

CMT电弧增材制造的5356铝合金薄壁件力学性能及其强化机理研究

采用CMT电弧增材制造了5356铝合金单道多层薄壁件,研究了5356铝合金薄壁构件的力学性能。并探讨不同电流情况下不同沉积高度的熔池形貌变化以及组织变化。结果表明,5356铝合金显微组织主要为α(Al)基体与β相,强化机理主要为细晶强化和析出相强化。5356铝合金组织和性能在不同沉积高度有差异。构件底部由于受到热循环更多,晶粒较为粗大,二次相较多且连续分布,而顶部受到热循环较少,晶粒相对细小且二次相主要呈点状析出。随着电流升高,薄壁构件力学性能逐渐降低。

熔滴复合电弧增材制造2219铝合金组织与性能

为了提高铝合金电弧增材制造的质量和效率,采用新型的电弧增材制造工艺——熔滴复合电弧增材制造(DAAM)技术来制造铝合金样品.采用全新的熔滴生成系统(DGS)代替传统的送丝系统,使得材料的添加与电弧能量相互独立.成形的材料为2219铝合金,通过熔滴系统添加了微量Mg元素.利用熔滴复合电弧增材制造设备沉积了薄壁结构,沉积速率较传统电弧增材制造技术大幅提升(约为160 mm^(3)/s).观察和分析薄壁结构截面的微观组织表明,薄壁结构的晶粒形态以柱状晶为主,呈现层内柱状晶和层间等轴晶的周期性分布规律.经过T6热处理后,试样水平和垂直方向的平均抗拉强度分别为455.4和417.0 MPa,屈服强度分别为342.4和316.4 MPa.较之前的研究结果对比表明,Mg元素的添加提升了2219铝合金的屈服强度,但导致延伸率降低.

电弧增材制造纳米TiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料组织与性能研究

在金属材料中引入第二相粒子是提高金属材料力学性能的重要手段之一。本文提出一种Al6061铝箔包裹TiC和Al6061的混合粉末形成一种特殊填料焊丝的TiC/Al6061复合材料电弧增材制造的新方法,并分别研究质量分数为1%、2%和3%的TiC颗粒对制备的铝基复合材料组织与性能的影响。结果表明,TiC质量分数为3%的复合材料与基体材料相比,试样的平均晶粒尺寸由45.5μm减小到25.3μm,细化了44.4%;抗拉强度和屈服强度由148.5 MPa和118.0 MPa提升到178.1 MPa和157.3 MPa,分别提升了19.9%和33.3%;平均显微硬度由50.5HV增加至65.2HV,提升了29.1%。理论结合及试验分析表明,TiC的载荷传递强化和晶粒细化以及Orowan强化机制,是材料力学性能提高的主要原因。

6061铝合金搅拌摩擦沉积增材修复工艺及修复区性能

为了探讨修复工艺及模拟凹槽缺陷尺寸对搅拌摩擦沉积增材(additive friction stir deposition,AFSD)修复区组织及性能影响规律,对5 mm厚AA6061-T6板进行AFSD修复工艺试验.结果表明,对于3 mm深度、6~24 mm不同宽度凹槽缺陷,采用主轴转速400 r/min、移动速度150~300 mm/min修复工艺均能实现沉积层与基板的有效冶金连接.当凹槽宽度小于送料棒直径时,可以获得完全致密无缺陷的修复区;修复区附近可划分为修复沉积区、热力影响区、热影响区及母材.沉积区完全由细小等轴晶组成,晶粒尺寸相当于基材晶粒尺寸的9.1%~12.8%;在沉积区内主要强化相β"相几乎全部溶解,平均硬度为母材硬度的71.6%.在400 r/min和300 mm/min工艺下,凹槽宽度12 mm修复态力学性能最佳,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为197.4 MPa和10.92%,试样均断裂于母材热影响区与热力影响区的交界处,具有韧性断裂模式.当凹槽宽度为24 mm大于送料棒直径时,在400 r/min和150 mm/min工艺下力学性能最佳,修复态抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为178.9MPa和7.74%,此时产生于沉积层与基材结合界面的弱连接是影响修复性能关键因素.

激光粉末床熔融增材制造耐热铝合金的研究进展

随着航空航天工业的快速发展,人们对高性能耐热铝合金的需求逐渐增加。为了实现复杂构件的一体化成型,激光粉末床熔融(Laser powder bed fusion,L-PBF)增材制造技术成为目前的研究热点。相比传统铸造成型,采用激光粉末床熔融增材制造的构件具有更优异的综合性能。目前,对L-PBF增材制造传统高强韧铝合金已开展较为深入的研究,而针对耐热铝合金的研究还处于起步阶段。本综述首先介绍了激光粉末床熔融增材制造技术的特点,随后总结了近年来针对耐热铝合金体系及相应高温性能的研究,对目前存在的问题与难点进行了概括,最后对未来的主要研究方向进行了展望。