Analysis of Laser Micro Welding of Copper-Aluminum Dissimilar Metals and Its Mechanism

Micro welding of dissimilar metals can meet many performance requirements for modern engineering structures. In this experiment, laser micro welding of copper-aluminum dissimilar metals was conducted with an HWLW-300A energy negative feedback Nd:YAG pulse laser. By using the overlap welding method with copper on aluminum, with the laser energy being distributed unevenly, good weld joints were obtained. In this paper, the welding mechanism was analyzed from aspects such as welding temperature and the specific heat capacity of the solid metal. Existing defects were identified, and a feasible improvement scheme was proposed.

Microstructures and properties analysis of dissimilar metal joint in the friction stir welded copper to aluminum alloy

This paper mainly concentrated on the feasibility of friction stir welding of dissimilar metal of aluminum alloy to copper （I2） and a preliminary analysis of welding parameters influencing on the microstructures and properties of joint was carried out. The results indicated that the thickness of workpiece played an important role in the welding parameters which could succeed in the friction stir welding of dissimilar metal of copper to aluminum alloy, and the parameters were proved to be a narrow choice. The interfacial region between copper and aluminum in the dissimilar joint was not uniformly mixed, constituted with part of incomplete mixing zone, complete mixing zone, dispersion zone and the most region＇ s boundary was obvious. Meantime a kind banded structure with inhomogeneous width was formed. The intermetallic compounds generated during friction stir welding in the interfacial region were mainly CugAl4, Al2Cu etc, and their hardness was higher than oihers.

Corrosion behavior of aluminum/steel dissimilar metals friction stir welding joint

The corrosion performance of aluminum/steel contact and aluminum/steel FSW joint in 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution were analyzed using potentiostatic tests.The post-corrosion microstructure of the welding joint was characterized by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results showed that the localized corrosion of FSW joint of Al/steel dissimilar metals mainly initiated at the interface transition zone(ITZ).Precipitation of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)and Fe-rich phase particles in ITZ accelerated the corrosion of the FSW joint.This phenomenon has been attributed to distinct corrosion potentials between IMCs and steel,aluminum base metal.The corrosion resistance sequence of IMCs in ITZ is Fe_(3)Al>FeAl>Fe_(2)Al_(5).

Microstructure and thermal properties of dissimilar M300–CuCr1Zr alloys by multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion

Multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) allows manufacturing of parts with 3-dimensional gradient and additional functionality in a single step. This research focuses on the combination of thermally-conductive CuCr1Zr with hard M300 tool steel.Two interface configurations of M300 on CuCr1Zr and CuCr1Zr on M300 were investigated. Ultra-fine grains form at the interface due to the low mutual solubility of Cu and steel. The material mixing zone size is dependent on the configurations and tunable in the range of0.1–0.3 mm by introducing a separate set of parameters for the interface layers. Microcracks and pores mainly occur in the transition zone.Regardless of these defects, the thermal diffusivity of bimetallic parts with 50vol% of CuCr1Zr significantly increases by 70%–150%compared to pure M300. The thermal diffusivity of CuCr1Zr and the hardness of M300 steel can be enhanced simultaneously by applying the aging heat treatment.

Recovering of copper with metallic aluminum

The cementation of copper ions from aqueous copper sulfate solutions by using spherical aluminum metal particles was examined. The effects of the experimental parameters on copper cementation were investigated and evaluated. Reaction rate increases with increasing copper concentration, reaction temperature, stirring speed and decreasing pH. It was observed that the reaction follows the first-order kinetics, and progresses according to the diffusion controlling step.

Microstructure characteristics of dissimilar metal weld between aluminum alloy and brass

Dissimilar metal joining between 5A02 aluminum alloy and H62 brass sheets was conducted by gas tungsten arc welding with Zn-15% Al and Al-12% Si flux-cored filler wires. The microstructure in the weld and distribution of major alloying elements in the intelfacial layer were examined, and the tensile strength of the resultant joints was measured. Pores appeared in the weld made with Zn-15% Al flax-cored filler wire, the interracial layer mainly consisted of AlCu phase, and the specimens fractured through the weld with tensile strength of 129 MPa. When Al-12% Si flux-cored filler wire was used, Cu diffused into the weld and Al2 Cu phase formed, and the specimens fractured along the interfacial layer with tensile strength of 122 MPa.

Numerical simulation of temperature field in horizontal core-filling continuous casting for copper cladding aluminum rods

The steady-state temperature field of horizontal core-filling continuous casting （HCFC） for producing copper cladding aluminum rods was simulated by finite element method to investigate the effects of key processing parameters on the positions of solid-liquid interfaces （SLIs） of copper and aluminum. It is found that mandrel tube length and mean withdrawing speed have significant effects on the SLI positions of both copper and aluminum. Aluminum casting temperature （TAI） （1003-1123 K） and secondary cooling water flux （600-900 L.h-1） have little effect on the SLI of copper but cause the SLI of aluminum to move 2-4 mm. When TA1 is in a range of 1043-1123 K, the liquid aluminum can fill continuously into the pre-solidified copper tube. Based on the numerical simulation, reasonable processing parameters were determined.

Influence of oxidant KMnO_4 on film-forming process of rare earth metal conversion coating on LY12 aluminum alloy

A Cu/Al galvanic couple was established to study the influence of the oxidantKMnO_4 on the film-forming process of rare earth metal (REM) conversion coating on LY12 aluminumalloy. It is found that the galvanic couple simulative experiment accords with the actual immersion,and it can be substantially used to simulate the behavior of LY12 aluminum alloy in thefilm-forming process. It is showed that the formation of the coating is quickened in CeCl_3 solutioncontaining KMnO_4 compared with that not containing KMnO_4. XPS results reveal that the coatingformed on cathode is composed of oxide or hydroxide of Ce and Mn, so the mechanism of formation ofREM conversion coating changes when KMnO4 is added.

Effect of continuous induction annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-clad aluminum flat bars

Copper-clad aluminum （CCA） flat bars produced by the continuous casting-rolling process were subjected to continuous induction heating annealing （CIHA）, and the effects of induction heating temperature and holding time on the microstructure, interface, and mechanical properties of the fiat bars were investigated. The results showed that complete recrystallization of the copper sheath occurred under CIHA at 460℃ for 5 s, 480℃ for 3 s, or 500℃ for 1 s and that the average grain size in the copper sheath was approximately 10.0 μm. In the case of specimens subjected to CIHA at 460-500℃ for longer than 1 s, complete recrystallization occurred in the aluminum core. In the case of CIHA at 460-500℃ for 1-5 s, a continuous interracial layer with a thickness of 2.5-5.5 μm formed and the thickness mainly increased with increasing annealing temperature. After CIHA, the interracial layer consisted primarily of a Cu9A14 layer and a CuA12 layer; the average interface shear strength of the CCA flat bars treated by CIHA at 460-500℃ for 1-5 s was 45-52 MPa. After full softening annealing, the hardness values of the copper sheath and the aluminum core were HV 65 and HV 24, respectively, and the hardness along the cross section of the CCA flat bar was uniform.

增强体表面改性在高导热金属基复合材料中的应用

随着电子技术的高速发展和电子器件的更新换代,电子封装材料的性能需求越来越高。金属基复合材料,尤其是铝基和铜基复合材料具有高导热、低膨胀、高稳定性等特点,是具有广阔应用前景的电子封装材料。然而,金刚石、石墨烯、硅等增强体与基体的润湿性差,或者在高温下与基体发生有害的界面反应,限制了此类高导热金属基复合材料的开发和应用。本文简述了金属基复合材料的界面研究进展,结合影响金属基复合材料界面结合的因素,提出了几种改善界面结合的方法。增强体表面改性是改善金属基复合材料界面的重要途径之一,常用工艺有磁控溅射法、化学气相沉积法、溶胶凝胶法、化学镀法等;最后,对增强体表面改性在高热导金属基复合材料中的应用进行分析和展望。

Cu对铝/钢CMT熔钎焊接头界面区组织的影响研究

采用冷金属过渡方法,以AlSi5焊丝为填充金属,在5052铝合金和镀锌钢板之间添加铜箔片进行搭接熔钎焊,使用扫描电子显微镜结合能谱分析和拉伸试验机对接头的界面区组织与性能进行研究。结果表明,未加入铜箔时,界面区组织主要由FeAl_(3)金属间化合物组成;铜箔的加入使得界面区组织中新生成了CuAl_(2)金属间化合物,同时改善了Zn在界面区的分布。Zn固溶于Al中,一定程度上抑制了Fe-Al金属间化合物产生。加入铜箔后的试样断裂位置发生改变,接头的承载能力与未加入铜箔的相近。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar Al-Cu joints by friction stir welding

Dissimilar friction stir welding between 1060 aluminum alloy and annealed pure copper sheet with a thickness of 3 mm was investigated. Sound weld was obtained at a rotational speed of 1050 r/min and a welding speed of 30 mm/min. Intercalation structure formed at the crown and Cu/weld nugget （WN） area promotes interracial diffusion and metallurgical bonding of aluminum and copper. However, corrosion morphology reveals the weak bonding mechanism of internal interface, which causes the joint failing across the interface with a brittle-ductile mixed fracture mode. The tensile strength of the joint is 148 MPa, which is higher than that of the aluminum matrix. Crystal defects and grain refinement by severely plastic deformation during friction stir welding facilitate short circuit diffusion and thus accelerate the formation of A14Cu9 and A12Cu intermetallic compounds （IMCs）. XRD results show that A14Cu9 is mainly in Cu/WN transition zone. The high dislocation density and formation of dislocation loops are the major reasons of hardness increase in the WN.

6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究6A01-T5铝合金和304不锈钢异种金属间的缝隙腐蚀行为规律。方法 采用常温常压浸泡腐蚀方法,结合SEM、EDS、XRD和白光干涉检测,对6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙结构在碱性Na Cl溶液中的腐蚀行为进行研究。结果 6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙腐蚀表现为在缝口处产生沿缝口方向的凹陷渠,在缝内,以局部减薄和腐蚀坑为主,并随着腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀程度逐渐加重。不同区域腐蚀产物的形貌和成分组成不尽相同,缝外暴露区的腐蚀产物表现为晶体颗粒状,主要成分为Ca CO3和Al(OH)3等铝的腐蚀产物。缝口附近沿缝口方向形成一层有明显界线的腐蚀产物覆盖层,缝隙内部的腐蚀产物相对较少,表现为尺寸相对较小的结块,主要成分为Al(OH)3等铝的腐蚀产物。结论 在6A01-T5铝合金与304不锈钢非电连接情况下,6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙内2种金属分别独立发生缝隙腐蚀,因2种金属在腐蚀过程中争夺O2,使得304不锈钢对6A01-T5铝合金的缝隙腐蚀起到抑制作用。

铝/钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊性能改善方法及其研究现状

铝合金与钢的复合结构具有质量轻、强度高、成本低等特点,广泛应用于航空航天、船舶重工、汽车制造等领域。搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding,FSW)作为一种新型固相连接技术,具有高效、节能、环保等优势,但利用传统搅拌摩擦焊获得的铝/钢异种接头仍然存在诸多缺陷。基于铝/钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的优化,本文对目前已经在铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊方面取得成果的辅助方式进行总结归纳,将其划分为机械结构式辅助FSW、中间过渡层辅助FSW、温度控制型外源辅助FSW和超声振动辅助FSW,并在此基础上进一步展望了铝/钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊优化方法的发展方向。

VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)高熵合金中间层真空扩散连接TC4钛合金和T2铜

根据伪二元合金设计策略和共晶高熵合金设计理念,设计并制备了VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)共晶高熵合金中间层用于真空扩散连接TC4钛合金和T2铜,研究了不同连接温度对TC4/T2扩散连接接头微观组织和力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,所有接头界面结合良好无缺陷产生,在TC4侧的连接界面附近发生了部分相变,由α-Ti向β-Ti进行转变,并且形成了部分魏氏体组织.Ti_(2)(Co,Ni),Ti_(2)(V,Cr,Al),Ti(V,Cr,Co)和(V,Cr)(Al,Ni,Co)相形成在TC4/VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)界面上,而VCrAl_(1.21)Ni_(0.93)Co_(1.85)/T2界面上形成了(V,Cr)(Al,Ni,Co)和(V,Cr)(Cu,Ni,Co)_(3)相.界面上形成高熵微观组织结构起到高熵固溶强化作用,扩散层Ⅰ和Ⅱ对应的生长激活能分别为229 kJ/mol和191 kJ/mol,接头抗剪强度在880℃时达到最大为194 MPa,接头主要沿着BCC基体相和B2相交替位置断裂,断口表面出现河流花样特征,属于一种典型的解理断裂模式.

铝/铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀行为研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术实现了3 mm厚6061-T6铝合金与T2紫铜的焊接,研究了Al/Cu搅拌摩擦焊接头的宏观成形、电化学腐蚀以及浸泡腐蚀行为。结果表明,Al/Cu搅拌摩擦焊接接头成形良好,未见裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。Cu的腐蚀电位高于Al,导致Al/Cu之间形成宏观电偶。Al/Cu接头的腐蚀电位低于两种母材,腐蚀电流密度大于两种母材,接头中的宏观电偶效应加速了接头的腐蚀。在浸泡24 h内,接头的腐蚀主要发生在铝合金侧,其中铝侧热影响区的腐蚀最严重,形成的点蚀坑尺寸较大。铝侧焊核区和铝母材也发生了局部点蚀,腐蚀程度相对较轻。铝侧表面腐蚀产物为Al(OH)3/Al2O3。

Structural changes and volatility correlation in nonferrous metal market

The GARCH and DCC-GARCH models are used to study the volatility aggregation and dynamic relevance of China’s three kinds of nonferrous metals （copper, aluminum and zinc） pricesincorporating structural changes. The results show that copper, aluminum and zinc returns have many structure breaks points, and nonferrous metals have the greatvolatilityrisk during financial crisis. From the resultsof GARCH with and without structural changes,it isfoundthat the volatility clustering of single nonferrous metal is overvalued when ignoring the structural mutation, and the return of aluminum isthe most overvalued, indicating that aluminum market is more susceptible to external shock.Furthermore,it is also foundthatdynamic volatility correlation exists in the three prices of nonferrous metals, and the structural changes have no significant effect on the volatility correlation of thethree nonferrous metals.

6061铝合金/DP600钢CMT熔钎焊接头的组织及力学性能

铝合金/钢异种金属连接结构有着广阔的应用前景。采用ER4043焊丝对6061铝合金与DP600钢异种金属进行CMT焊和脉冲电弧焊,并用高速摄影仪研究了焊接过程,分析了焊接模式和工艺参数对搭接接头的组织、界面层及力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,与脉冲电弧焊相比,CMT焊接能在低热输入下实现铝合金与钢的熔钎焊,有效控制金属间化合物的生成,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成型连续美观,焊接效率更高。随着CMT焊和脉冲电弧焊热输入的增加,界面层厚度均逐渐增加,当CMT焊的电流为65 A,热输入为1.97 kJ/cm时,钢侧界面层的厚度约为3μm,搭接接头强度最高。

铜中间层对不锈钢-铝合金激光搭接焊质量的影响

探讨了不同厚度铜中间层对301L不锈钢和6082-T6铝合金激光焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响。试验采用10 kW光纤激光器,机器人自动化焊接,并设定了不同的焊接功率和速度。结果表明,添加铜中间层后,在焊接速度为31 mm/s、激光功率3.1~3.5 kW时均能获得外观质量良好的焊缝;随着焊接热输入量的增加,焊缝形貌由V形向钉子形转变,而当铜中间层厚度为0.1 mm时,焊缝出现明显的缩颈;添加铜中间层后,焊缝边缘硬度降低,韧性和力学性能提高,裂纹减少;拉剪强度随焊接参数增加先升后降,当铜中间层厚度为0.05 mm、激光功率3.1 kW、焊接速度31 mm/s时,焊缝拉剪强度最高;不同厚度铜中间层的最佳焊接参数不同;铜中间层能有效改善不锈钢和铝合金激光焊缝的质量,提高接头力学性能,但需选择适宜的铜中间层厚度和焊接参数。

纳米颗粒增强的铝铜异种金属等离子弧熔钎焊接头性能优化研究

铝铜异种金属连接技术因工程应用的需求而备受关注,但传统焊接方法难以满足日益增长的性能要求。纳米颗粒增强技术为优化铝铜异种金属焊接接头性能提供了新的可能。研究通过向铝铜异种金属等离子弧熔钎焊接头中添加不同种类和浓度的纳米颗粒,深入分析其对接头力学性能、微观组织和耐腐蚀性的影响。实验结果表明,适量和适当种类的纳米颗粒可以显著提高接头的力学性能、微观组织稳定性和耐腐蚀性,为铝铜异种金属等离子弧熔钎焊接头的性能优化提供了有效解决方案。