Waste Activated Sludge Alkaline Fermentation Liquid as Carbon Source for Biological Nutrients Removal in Anaerobic Followed by Alternating Aerobic-Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactors

Activated sludge process has been widely used to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. However,the nitrogen and phosphorus removal is sometimes unsatisfactory due to the low influent COD.Another problem with the activated sludge process is that large amount of waste activated sludge is produced,which needs further treatment.In this study,the waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid was used as the main carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal under anaerobic followed by alternating aerobic-anoxic conditions,and the results were compared with those using acetic acid as the carbon source.The use of alkaline fermentation liquid not only affected the transformations of phosphorus,nitrogen,intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen, but also led to higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus and nitrogen compared with acetic acid.It was observed that ammonium was completely removed with either alkaline fermentation liquid or acetic acid as the carbon source. However,the former resulted in higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus(95%)and nitrogen(82%),while the latter showed lower ones(87%and 74%,respectively).The presence of a large amount of propionic acid in the alkaline fermentation liquid was one possible reason for its higher phosphorus removal efficiency.Exogenous instead of endogenous denitrification was the main pathway for nitrogen removal with the alkaline fermentation liquid as the carbon source,which was responsible for its higher nitrogen removal efficiency.It seems that the alkaline fermentation liquid can replace acetic acid as the carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal in anaerobic fol- lowed by alternating aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor.

Removal of phenol by activated carbons prepared from palm oil mill effluent sludge

The study was attempted to produce activated carbons from palm oil mill effluent （POME） sludge. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced was evaluated in aqueous solution of phenol. Two types of activation were followed, namely, thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800%, and physical activation at 150% （boiling treatment）. A control （raw POME sludge） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced. The results indicated that the activation temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity by the activated carbon （POME 800） in aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon of POME 800. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values ofpH （2--3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200--300 mg/L）, The equilibrium data were fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of phenol onto the activated carbon POME 800 was studied in terms of pseudo-first and second order kinetics to predict the rate constant and equilibrium capacity with the effect of initial phenol concentrations. The rate of adsorption was found to be better correlation for the pseudo-second order kinetics compared to the first order kinetics.

Enhanced biological nutrient removal in modified carbon source division anaerobic anoxic oxic process with return activated sludge pre-concentration

A pilot-scale modified carbon source division anaerobic anoxic oxic(AAO) process with pre-concentration of returned activated sludge(RAS) was proposed in this study for the enhanced biological nutrient removal(BNR) of municipal wastewater with limited carbon source. The influent carbon source was fed in step while a novel RAS pre-concentration tank was adopted to improve BNR efficiency, and the effects of an influent carbon source distribution ratio and a RAS pre-concentration ratio were investigated. The results show that the removal efficiency of TN is mainly influenced by the carbon source distribution ratio while the TP removal relies on the RAS pre-concentration ratio. The optimum carbon source distribution ratio and RAS pre-concentration ratio are 60% and 50%, respectively, with an inner recycling ratio of 100% under the optimum steady operation of pilot test, reaching an average effluent TN concentration of 9.8 mg·L-1with a removal efficiency of 63% and an average TP removal efficiency of 94%. The mechanism of nutrient removal is discussed and the kinetics is analyzed. The results reveal that the optimal carbon source distribution ratio provides sufficient denitrifying carbon source to each anoxic phase, reducing nitrate accumulation while the RAS pre-concentration ratio improves the condition of anaerobic zone to ensure the phosphorus release due to less nitrate in the returned sludge. Therefore, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulation organisms play an important role under the optimum condition, enhancing the performance of nutrient removal in this test.

From pollutant to solution of wastewater pollution: Synthesis of activated carbon from textile sludge for dye adsorption

Adsorption is an important process in wastewater treatment,and conversion of waste materials to adsorbent offers a solution to high material cost related to the use of commercial activated carbon.This study investigated the adsorption behaviour of Reactive Black 5（RB5）and methylene blue（MB）onto activated carbon produced from textile sludge（TSAC）.The activated carbon was synthesized through chemical activation of precursor followed with carbonization at 650℃ under nitrogen flow.Effects of time（0–200 min）,pH（2–10）,temperature（25–60℃）,initial dye concentration（0–200 mg·L^-1）,and adsorbent dosage（0.01–0.15 g）on dye removal efficiency were investigated.Preliminary screening revealed that TSAC synthesized via H2SO4activation showed higher adsorption behaviour than TSAC activated by KCl and ZnCl2.The adsorption capacity of TSAC was found to be 11.98 mg·g^-1（RB5）and 13.27 mg·g^-1（MB）,and is dependent on adsorption time and initial dye concentration.The adsorption data for both dyes were well fitted to Freundlich isotherm model which explains the heterogeneous nature of TSAC surface.The dye adsorption obeyed pseudo-second order kinetic model,thus chemisorption was the controlling step.This study reveals potential of textile sludge in removal of dyes from aqueous solution,and further studies are required to establish the applicability of the synthesized adsorbent for the treatment of waste water containing toxic dyes from textile industry.

Removal of lead(II) from aqueous solutions by activated carbon developed from surplus sludge

Activated carbon(AC) was prepared from surplus sludge using chemical activation method with the assistance of ZnCl2. The influences of process parameters on the AC's specific surface area and adsorption capacity for Pb2+ were examined to optimize these parameters. The optimal conditions for the preparation of AC were determined to be activation temperature of 500 °C, activation time of 1 h, impregnation ratio of 1:1(solid-to-liquid volume) with the 30% ZnCl2 solution(mass fraction), giving the BET surface area of 393.85 m2/g and yield of 30.14% with 33.45% ash. Also, the pyrolysis temperature was found to be the most important parameter in chemical activation. FTIR spectra provided the evidence of some surface structures such as C=C and C—O—C. In the adsorption studies, a rise in solution pH led to a significant increase in adsorption capacity when the pH value varied from 3.0 to 7.0, and the optimal pH for removal of Pb2+ was 7.0. It was observed that the pseudo-second-order equation provided better correlation for the adsorption rate than the pseudo-first-order and the Langmuir model fitted better than the Freundlich model for adsorption isotherm. The adsorption capacity of AC to Pb2+ was 11.75 mg/L at solution pH 7.0, the equilibrium time 480 min and 25 °C. Moreover, the adsorption process is endothermic according to the value of enthalpy change.

Kinetics of continuous biodegradation of pesticide organic wastewater by activated carbon-activated sludge

Organic triazophos wastewater was continuously treated with Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus and activated carbon and activated sludge system(PACT AS) in a plug bioreactor. A kinetic model of PACT AS wastewater treatment system was established to provide an useful basis for further simulate scale up treatment of toxic organic wastewater.

Systematic physicochemical characterization,carbon balance and cost of production analyses of activated carbons derived from(Co)-HTC of coal discards and sewage sludge for hydrogen storage applications

Hydrothermal carbonization(HTC)technologies for producing value-added carbonaceous material(hydrochar)from coal waste and sewage sludge(SS)waste might be a long-term recycling strategy for hydrogen storage applications,cutting disposal costs and solving waste disposal difficulties.In this study,hydrochars(HC)with high carbon content were produced using a combination of optimal HTC(HTC and Co-HTC)and chemical activation of coal tailings(CT),coal slurry(CS),and a mixture of coal discard and sewage sludge(CB).At 850℃and 800℃,respectively,with a KOH/HC ratio of 4:1 and a residence time of 135 min,activated carbons(ACs)with the highest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface(S_(BET))of 2299.25 m^(2)g^(−1)and 2243.57 m^(2)g^(−1)were obtained.The hydrogen adsorption capability of the produced ACs was further studied using gas adsorption isotherms at 77 K.At 35 bars,the values of hydrogen adsorbed onto AC-HCT(AC obtained from HTC of CT),AC-HCS(AC obtained from HTC of CS),and AC-HCB(AC obtained from HTC of the blending of coal discard(CD)and SS)were approximately 6.12%,6.8%,and 6.57%in weight,respectively.Furthermore,the cost of producing synthetic ACs for hydrogen storage is equivalent to the cost of commercial carbons.Furthermore,the high proportion of carbon retained(>70%)in ACs synthesized by HTC from CD and SS precursors should restrict their potential carbon emissions.

基于造纸污泥的活性炭对恩诺沙星的吸附研究

本研究首先从造纸污泥制备炭化物(CCP),再利用磷酸/硝酸混合液活化CCP,制备造纸污泥基活性炭(ACPMS)。将ACPMS用于抗生素恩诺沙星(ENF)的吸附去除。结果表明,ENF在ACPMS上的吸附过程符合朗格缪尔等温线模型和准二阶动力学模型,最大吸附能力为46.8 mg/g,表明ACPMS可以高效吸附ENF,是一种从环境基质中去除抗生素的有效工具。

废纸制浆造纸废水好氧生物强化增效处理研究

以竹炭为载体制备氮铈掺杂改性且固定化微生物及微量元素的生物增效材料,采用生物强化增效技术对废纸制浆造纸废水的好氧处理进行优化,通过降低生化处理出水浓度来降低深度处理的难度和成本。利用SEM和16S rRNA测序等手段对活性污泥表面形貌及结构和微生物菌落结构进行分析,综合评价了生物强化增效技术对废纸制浆废水好氧生物处理性能的影响。研究结果表明:该技术可以提高污染物生物降解能力,提高生物处理效果。普通生化处理出水COD平均值140 mg/L、氨氮平均值2.3 mg/L,色度平均值260倍,平均COD去除率86.47%、平均氨氮去除率88.83%、平均色度去除率33.33%;同等条件下,生物增效处理出水COD平均值72.2 mg/L、氨氮平均值0.95 mg/L、色度平均值50倍,平均COD去除率93.02%、平均氨氮去除率达到了95.39%、平均色度去除率87.18%,处理效果明显优于普通生化处理。生物增效处理出水采用传统PAC或PFS处理均可达到排放标准,且PFS的处理成本低至0.63元/m^(3);而普通生化处理只能采用芬顿处理才能达到排放标准,且处理成本达3.27元/m^(3)。SEM分析结果显示:生物增效处理的活性污泥絮体结构紧凑,具有更高的生物量;与普通生化处理的污泥相比,生物增效处理的污泥中脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)丰度增加了3.07和2.29个百分点,unclassified_o_PB19属增加了2.96个百分点,说明生物增效材料的投加能帮助一些具备特殊降解功能的微生物创造有利生存环境并激活其生长,提高了反应体系的定向降解能力。

Dynamic membrane bioreactor performance enhancement by powdered activated carbon addition:Evaluation of sludge morphological,aggregative and microbial properties

The effects of powdered activated carbon(PAC) addition on sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties in a dynamic membrane bioreactor(DMBR) were investigated to explore the enhancement mechanism of pollutants removal and filtration performance. Sludge properties were analyzed through various analytical measurements. The results showed that the improved sludge aggregation ability and the evolution of microbial communities affected sludge morphology in PAC-DMBR, as evidenced by the formation of large, regularly shaped and strengthened sludge flocs. The modifications of sludge characteristics promoted the formation process and filtration flux of the dynamic membrane(DM) layer. Additionally, PAC addition did not exert very significant influence on the propagation of eukaryotes(protists and metazoans)and microbial metabolic activity. High-throughput pyrosequencing results indicated that adding PAC improved the bacterial diversity in activated sludge, as PAC addition brought about additional microenvironment in the form of biological PAC(BPAC), which promoted the enrichment of Acinetobacter(13.9%), Comamonas(2.9%), Flavobacterium(0.31%) and Pseudomonas(0.62%), all contributing to sludge flocs formation and several(such as Acinetobacter) capable of biodegrading relatively complex organics. Therefore, PAC addition could favorably modify sludge properties from various aspects and thus enhance the DMBR performance.

H_(2)SO_(4)/ZnCl_(2)复合活化微波法制备污泥活性炭研究

以城市剩余污泥为原料,H_(2)SO_(4)和ZnCl_(2)为复合活化剂,采用微波法制备污泥活性炭,研究微波活化温度、功率、辐照时间及固液比对污泥活性炭碘吸附值影响,并利用TG、BET、FTIR、SEM等对产物进行表征。结果表明:当固液比1∶1.5、微波功率2000 W、活化温度600℃和辐照时间20 min时,污泥活性炭碘吸附值最高约为1360 mg·g^(-1)。与干污泥相比,加活化剂干污泥的热解仍为3个阶段,但半焦生成焦炭阶段的失重有较大提高,污泥活性炭的比表面积约为331 m^(2)·g^(-1),表面可见大小不一且未被堵塞的孔洞,平均孔径约为13 nm,有相对较多的含氧官能团。

低热-NaOH联合处理破解浓缩活性污泥释放碳源的试验研究

以低热-NaOH联合处理破解剩余活性污泥,考察NaOH投加量、加热温度、反应时间对污泥破解释放碳源的影响,通过总氮去除率分析污泥破解液代替生物脱氮外加碳源的效率,并研究该方法对污泥减量化的效果。结果表明:SCOD溶出率随NaOH投加量、加热温度和反应时间的增加而增大;当NaOH投加量为3.0g/L、加热温度为70℃、反应时间为24h时剩余活性污泥的破解效果最佳,污泥上清液中SCOD浓度可达1.829×10^(4)mg/L,总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和总磷浓度分别达到943、419、487、204mg/L;污泥破解前后固体残渣中TSS含量由61.70 g/L下降至29.25g/L,VSS含量由31.95g/L下降至6.95g/L,生物减量化效果非常显著;污泥破解前后中值粒度D50分别为30.2、8.7μm,污泥破解过程中产生了大量的粒径为0.15μm左右的超细颗粒;扫描电镜结果显示污泥絮体和微生物细胞被破坏;在反硝化试验中,以最佳破解条件下释放的污泥破解液作为反硝化试验的补充碳源,结果显示COD利用率为83.4%,总氮的去除率为60.1%,脱氮的效果显著。低热-NaOH联合处理可在较低能耗下实现剩余活性污泥的碳源充分释放,且污泥减量化和资源化的效果优异,可为优化热碱法预处理剩余活性污泥提供依据。

城市污水厂脱水污泥好氧发酵强化技术及效果

以市政污水厂脱水污泥为主要原料,采用温度反馈控制的污泥好氧发酵设备,研究了翻抛模式、菌种以及活性炭辅料对污泥好氧发酵强化工艺的影响效果。试验结果表明:堆体翻抛模式在升温期采用时间控制,而在高温期温度控制,能缩短升温期延长高温期;添加耐高温菌种和活性炭能提升堆体升温速率,12 h内快速升温至60℃以上,高温期温度可提升至70℃以上,促进发酵产物快速腐熟;添加活性炭能增加堆体孔隙率,促进堆体内部充氧,提升好氧反应效率,同时实现水厂的废弃活性炭资源化利用。发酵产物参考有机肥料要求,用于种植油菜和波斯菊,通过对比试验看出,发酵产物明显增加植物生长速度,提升密度,强壮茎叶。发酵产物可用于园林绿化,提升土壤肥力,实现污泥资源化利用。

污水生化处理工艺发展阶段化技术特征及未来趋势

百余年来,伴随人类社会和科技日新月异,污水生化处理技术也在实现快速发展与不断迭代,新工艺与新反应器、新功能微生物与新生化代谢途径不断被提出、发现和解析,并进一步推动了污水处理技术的进步与升级。回顾了过去百余年污水生化处理技术发展历程,就典型污水生化工艺,结合技术研发进展、技术成熟度及案例应用情况,给出了不同生化处理工艺代际划分与技术发展期“S曲线”,分析了近些年来新涌现出的一些革新性污水生化处理工艺的技术原理、技术特征,结合实际案例分析了工艺技术特征、技术优势与总体效能,从工艺强化、绿色低碳与集约高效等方面总结了未来污水处理发展的技术趋势,以期为“双碳背景”下排水系统提质增效工作、未来国内前瞻性污水厂工艺设计与运行提供参考和借鉴。

基于高负荷活性污泥法城市污水碳捕获研究进展

首先综述了HRAS工艺特点,对溶解氧(DO)、污泥龄(SRT)等工艺参数对碳捕获效率的影响进行了总结;其次阐明了工艺碳重定向路径与碳捕获机理;然后介绍了化学强化高负荷活性污泥法(CEHRAS)等组合工艺的研究进展;最后提出了急需解决的问题并阐述了未来的发展前景。

提标升级对乡镇污水处理厂碳排放特征的影响

在碳达峰、碳中和和流域水污染防治的背景下,乡镇污水处理厂减污降碳协同势在必行。基于成都市某乡镇市政污水处理厂2016—2022年水质水量数据,分析提标升级前后化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、总氮的时间变异性,利用《IPCC 2006国家温室气体清单指南》(2019年修订版)、《城镇水务系统碳核算与减排路径技术指南》评估直接、间接碳排放强度特征,探究提标升级前后碳排放量对季节、水质及污染物削减量的响应。结果表明:1)污水处理厂主体工艺从周期循环活性污泥法(CASS)升级为厌氧-缺氧-好氧-膜生物反应器法(AAO-MBR)后,出水水质满足DB 51/2311—2016《四川省岷江、沱江流域水污染物排放标准》,升级后通过增加碳源、利用MBR膜截留污泥等措施,使出水水质指标更加稳定,对污染物的处理效率更高;2)提标升级后,直接、间接碳排放强度分别为0.296和1.082 kg/m^(3)(以CO_(2)当量计),分别增加41.59%和105.70%,且夏季碳排放强度显著低于其他季节(P<0.01),升级前后的间接碳排放强度均高于直接碳排放强度;3)提标升级后,总碳排放强度增加了0.643 kg/m^(3)(以CO_(2)当量计),工艺升级导致的电耗增加,使得间接碳排放强度变化更显著。乡镇污水处理厂提标升级在提高处理效能的同时也增加了碳排放量,建议在工艺改造中协同考虑污染物去除与能耗控制,以实现减污降碳协同增效。

活性炭联合正弦波电场促进污泥脱水

利用活性炭联合正弦波电场促进污泥脱水,通过对泥饼电流、温度及泥饼、滤液的性质分析探究活性炭对污泥脱水的促进机理。结果表明,活性炭可以提升污泥导电性,增强污泥中的电化学反应,从而降低了泥饼含水率。在占空比为100%,投加量为5%污泥干重时,泥饼含水率为43%;活性炭可以吸附滤液中有机物组分,相比未投加,投加5%活性炭的总有机碳值降低了1.708g/L,降低了滤液处理成本。

In-situ sludge reduction based on Mn^(2+)-catalytic ozonation conditioning:Feasibility study and microbial mechanisms

To improve the sludge conditioning efficiency without increasing the ozone dose,an in-situ sludge reduction process based on Mn^(2+)-catalytic ozonation conditioning was proposed.Using ozone conditioning alone as a control,a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor coupled with ozonated sludge recycle was evaluated for its operating performance at an ozone dose of 75 mg O_(3)/g VSS and 1.5 mmol/L Mn^(2+)addition.The results showed a 39.4%reduction in MLSS and an observed sludge yield of 0.236 kg MLSS/kg COD for the O_(3)+Mn^(2+)group compared to the O_(3)group (15.3%and 0.292 kg MLSS/kg COD),accompanied by better COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN and TP removal,improved effluent SS and limited impact on excess sludge properties.Subsequently,activity tests,BIOLOG ECO microplates and 16S rRNA sequencing were applied to elucidate the changing mechanisms of Mn^(2+)-catalytic ozonation related to microbial action:(1) Dehydrogenase activity reached a higher peak.(2) Microbial utilization of total carbon sources had an elevated effect,up to approximately 18%,and metabolic levels of six carbon sources were also increased,especially for sugars and amino acids most pronounced.(3) The abundance of Defluviicoccus under the phylum Proteobacteria was enhanced to 12.0%and dominated in the sludge,they had strong hydrolytic activity and metabolic capacity.Denitrifying bacteria of the genus Ferruginibacter also showed an abundance of 7.6%,they contributed to the solubilization and reduction of sludge biomass.These results could guide researchers to further reduce ozonation conditioning costs,improve sludge management and provide theoretical support.

蓝藻-污泥复合型活性炭的制备及其应用

以生活污水处理厂未回流的活性污泥为主要制备原材料,添加蓝藻作为增碳剂,采用葵瓜子壳灰烬的浸取液为活化剂,共同制备蓝藻-污泥复合型活性炭,并与KOH做活化剂制备出的蓝藻-污泥复合型活性炭进行吸附性能的比较。结果表明,当污泥-蓝藻的投配比为5∶5、炭化温度500℃、甲基绿模拟废水800 mg/L、震荡时间40 min、400 g葵瓜子壳燃烧后的灰烬所浸取出的浸取溶液做活化剂,在上述的最佳条件下制备出的复合型活性炭对甲基绿分子染料的吸附量达到了323 mg/g比用KOH做活化剂制备的复合型活性炭在相同的吸附条件下吸附量高出26.7 mg/g。充分说明了蓝藻-污泥复合型活性炭的可能性,同时也为制备廉价的活性炭提供了思路。

粉末活性炭改善MBBR处理效果的工程应用实例

在某炼化企业高浓度污水处理系统的MBBR反应器中投加75 mg/L的粉末活性炭,从工程应用的角度考察了活性炭投加后MBBR的运行效果。工业装置运行结果表明,在MBBR系统的缺氧单元空床停留时间4 h、好氧MBBR反应器空床停留时间16 h、进水COD≤600 mg/L、氨氮≤40 mg/L、TN≤45 mg/L的运行条件下,MBBR系统保持了长期稳定运行,出水水质满足了设计要求。该工程实例表明,在MBBR装置中少量投加粉末活性炭,是提高在用MBBR装置运行稳定性和处理效果的一个简单、可行且有效的方法。