Clinical Features and Prognosis in 21 Patients with Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis

Objective To assess the spectrum of causes, clinical features, differences between disease phases, and prognosis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis （EAA）. Methods Patients with EAA diagnosed at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from August 1983 to May 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. Their medical records were examined to gather clinical, laboratorial, radiological, and histopathological data. Patients were divided to three phases （acute, subacute, and chronic） according to clinical presentations. Follow-up data regarding treatment response, subsequent radio- logical and pulmonary function studies, and clinical outcomes were collected. Results A total of 21 cases were enrolled. Among them, 11 were subacute, 10 were chronic. The most common exposure was pet birds （6 cases, 28.6%）. The primary abnormality of pulmonary function was restriction and/or reduction in diffusing capacity （12 cases, 63.2%）. The most common findings on high-resolution computed tomography （HRCT） were ground-glass opacities （13 cases, 68.4%） and centri- lobular nodules （8 cases, 42.1%）. Airway obstruction in pulmonary function test, emphysema, hmg cysts, and fibrosis on HRCT were more frequently seen in chronic than in subacute patients, though the differences were not statistically significant. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） showed lymphocytosis. The total＇cell count and the percentage of neutrophils were significantly higher in subacute than in chronic patients （P〈0.05）. Nonnecrotizing granulomas were seen in 8 （47.1%） cases. Improvement or normalization in symptoms, radiography, and pulmonary function test after treatment were seen in all 18 patients with avail- able follow-up data. Five patients recurred. Conclusions The characteristic abnormalities of pulmonary function, findings on HRCT, and pa- thology are essential for all phases of EAA, and the atypical manifestations such as obstruction and fibrosis can also be present frequently, particularly in chronic cases. Differential cell counts of BALF are related to the phase of the disease. The treatment response and prognosis of EAA are good.

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRINSIC FABRY PEROT FIBER SENSOR AND ITS APPLICATION TO SMART MATERIALS

In the work of developing extrinsic fabry perot interferometric (EFPI), the key technology of polishing fiber optic endfaces and coating the multilayer of dielectric films on them is raised and resolved to settle the disturbance and stability problem of EFPI, which simplifies the sensing system, improves the sensor performance and reduces the cost. In this paper, the relations between the output interferential light intensity and the F P cavity length are calculated based on the theory of mode field coupling. The EFPI fiber optic sensor is adhered to a distributed smart laminate beam to detect vibration frequency and axial strain value, the results coincident with the results tested by PZT.

Robust visual tracking for manipulators withunknown intrinsic and extrinsic parameters

This paper addresses the robust visual tracking of multi-feature points for a 3D manipulator with unknown intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the vision system. This class of control systems are highly nonlinear control systems characterized as time-varying and strong coupling in states and unknown parameters. It is first pointed out that not only is the Jacobian image matrix nonsingular, but also its minimum singular value has a positive limit. This provides the foundation of kinematics and dynamics control of manipulators with visual feedback. Second, the Euler angle expressed rotation transformation is employed to estimate a subspace of the parameter space of the vision system. Based on the two results above, and arbitrarily chosen parameters in this subspace, the tracking controllers are proposed so that the image errors can be made as small as desired so long as the control gain is allowed to be large. The controller does not use visual velocity to achieve high and robust performance with low sampling rate of the vision system. The obtained results are proved by Lyapunov direct method. Experiments are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Manipulating extrinsic and intrinsic obstacles to axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury（SCI）is a traumatic event that can lead to permanent motor and sensory deficits.After the initial trauma,axons of surviving neurons rapidly retract.While there may be a small degree of abortive sprouting,virtually all attempts at robust regrowth across the lesion site ultimately fail.Thus,neurons below the level of the injury are permanently disconnected from their normal input,resulting in persistent loss of function.

Stable transfection of extrinsic Smac gene enhances apoptosis-inducing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on gastric cancer cells

AIM: To explore the feasibility of enhancing apoptosis-inducing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on human gastric cancer cells by stable transfection of extrinsic Smac gene. METHODS: After Smac gene was transferred into gastric cancer cell line MKN-45, subclone cells were obtained by persistent G_(418) selection. Cellular Smac gene expression was determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. After treatment with mitomycin (MMC) as an apoptotic inducer, in vitro cell growth activities were investigated by trypan blue-staining method and MTT colorimetry. Cell apoptosis and its rates were determined by electronic microscopy, annexin V-FTTC and propidium iodide staining flow cytometry. Cellular caspase-3 protein expression and its activities were assayed by Western blotting and colorimetry. RESULTS: When compared with MKN-45 cells, the selected subclone cell line MKN-45/Smac had significantly higher Smac mRNA (3.12±0.21 vs 0.82±0.14, t=7.52, P＜0.01) and protein levels (4.02±0.24 vs0.98±0.11, t=8.32, P＜0.01). After treatment with 10 μg/mL MMC for 6-24 h, growth inhibition rate of MKN-45/Smac (15.8±1.2-54.8±2.9%) was significantly higher than that of MKN-45 (5.8±0.4-24.0±1.5%, t=6.42, P＜0.01). Partial MKN-45/Smac cancer cells presented characteristic morphological changes of apoptosis under the electronic microscope with an apoptosis rate of 36.4±2.1%, which was significantly higher than that of MKN-45 (15.2±0.8%, t=9.25, P＜0.01). Compared with MKN-45, caspase-3 expression levels in MKN-45/Smac were improved significantly (3.39±0.42 vs0.96±0.14, t=8.63, P＜0.01), while its activities were 3.25 times as many as those of MKN-45 (0.364±0.010 vs0.112±0.007, t=6.34, P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: Stable transfection of extrinsic Smac gene and its over-expression in gastric cancer cell line can significantly enhance cellular caspase-3 expression and activities, ameliorate apoptosis-inducing effects of mitomycin C on cancer cells, which is a novel strategy to improve chemotherapeutic effects on gastric cancer.

Influence of Ce on the Extrinsic Strengthening Effect of Al-Li Alloy

The influence regular and mechanisms of rare earth element cerium and aged condition on the propertiesand fracture feature of monotonic tension for aluminum-lithium alloy 2090 were researched. The evident plasti-cation effect can be achieved by adding cerium into alloy 2090, and the aged condition has a significant influ-ence on this effect. The plastication effect of cerium at peckaging is strongest, and at underaging and overagingis weader. The mechanisms of strengthening and plastication of cerium for aluminum-lithium alloys were dis-cussed in the theory of the extrinac strengthening and the intrinsic toughening. According to the research results about fracture feature, first the theory of extrinsic strengthening was presented, and then the role of ceri-um on aluminum-lithium alloy 2090 was explored from the unite energy, the anti-phase baundary energy andthe electron bonds.

Dissipationless spin-Hall current contribution in the extrinsic spin-Hall effect

This paper shows that a substantial amount of dissipationless spin-Hall current contribution may exist in the extrinsic spin-Hall effect,which originates from the spin-orbit coupling induced by the applied external electric field itself that drives the extrinsic spin-Hall effect in a nonmagnetic semiconductor （or metal）.By assuming that the impurity density is in a moderate range such that the total scattering potential due to all randomly distributed impurities is a smooth function of the space coordinate,it is shown that this dissipationless contribution shall be of the same orders of magnitude as the usual extrinsic contribution from spin-orbit dependent impurity scatterings （or may even be larger than the latter one）.The theoretical results obtained are in good agreement with recent relevant experimental results.

EFFECTS AND MECHANISMS OF EXTRINSIC STRENGTHENING DURING AGING FOR AL ALLOY 2090+Ce

The influence of aging temperature and time on fracture feature of monotonic tensile samples of alumi-num-Iithium alloy 2090+Ce was investigated.The effects and mechanisms of extrinsic strengthening during aging for this alloy with a flat unrecrystallized structure were discussed.The mechanisms were analysed from four aspects.The theory of extrinsic strengthening from the delamination strengthening was presented.The results in this research show that the strength and ductility of aluminum-lithium alloy with a flat unrecrystallized structure are superior to those with recrystallized structure.Several reasons have been advanced for the ductility improvement effect of flat uncrystallized structure,including wedging action between flat grain,action of short-transverse delamination on impeding the growth of main crack,action on the reduction in the detrimental influence of weak grain boundaries and action on impeding the intergranular fracture on main fracture surface.The strengthening effect of flat uncrystallized structure is attributed to the extrinsic strengthening derived from delamination strengthening.From underage to peakage,the fracture mode of this alloy is transgranular fracture plus short-transverse delamination.The tendency of short-transverse delamination in creases with aging,thereby enhancing the delamination strengtheniag effect.Under overaging condition,the fracture mode is predominately intersubgranular,which results in the loss of delamination strengthening.

Gatifloxacin inducing apoptosis of stromal fibroblasts through cross-talk between caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

AIM: To reveal the cytotoxicity and related mechanisms of gatifloxacin(GFX) to stromal fibroblasts(SFs) in vitro.METHODS: SFs were treated with GFX at different concentrations(0.009375%-0.3%), and their viability was detected by MTT method. The cell morphology was observed using light/transmission electron microscope. The plasma membrane permeability was measured by AO/EB double-staining. Then cell cycle, phosphatidylserine(PS) externalization, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential(MTP) were analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA damage was analyzed by electrophoresis and immunostaining. ELISA was used to evaluate the caspase-3/-8/-9 activation. Finally, Western blotting was applied for detecting the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins.RESULTS: Morphological changes and reduced viability of GFX-treated SFs demonstrated that GFX above 0.009375% had cytotoxicity to SFs with dependence of concentration and time. GFX-treating cells also showed G1 phase arrest, increased membrane permeability, PS externalization and DNA damage, which indicated that GFX induced apoptosis of SFs. Additionally, GFX could activate the caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, induce MTP disruption, downregulate B-cell leukemia-2(Bcl-2) and B-cell leukemiaXL(Bcl-XL), and upregulate Bcl-2 assaciated X protein(Bax), Bcl-2-associated death promoter(Bad), Bcl-2 interacting domain(Bid) and cytoplasmic cytochrome C in SFs, suggesting that caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways were related to GFX-contributed apoptosis of SFs.CONCLUSION: The cytotoxicity of GFX induces apoptosis of SFs through triggering the caspase-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Automatic Evaluation Strategies for Paraphrase Generation Systems

Paraphrase is an expression of a text with alternative words and orders to achieve a better clarity. Paraphrases have been found vital for augmenting training dataset, which aid to enhance performance of machine learning models that intended for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Thus, recently, automatic paraphrase generation has received increasing attention. However, evaluating quality of generated paraphrases is technically challenging. In the literature, the importance of generated paraphrases is tended to be determined by their impact on the performance of other NLP tasks. This kind of evaluation is referred as extrinsic evaluation, which requires high computational resources to train and test the models. So far, very little attention has been paid to the role of intrinsic evaluation in which quality of generated paraphrase is judged against predefined ground truth (reference paraphrases). In fact, it is also very challenging to find ideal and complete reference paraphrases. Therefore, in this study, we propose semantic or meaning oriented automatic evaluation metric that helps to evaluate quality of generated paraphrases against the original text, which is an intrinsic evaluation approach. Further, we evaluate quality of the paraphrases by assessing their impact on other NLP tasks, which is an extrinsic evaluation method. The goal is to explore the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation methods. To ensure the effectiveness of proposed evaluation methods, extensive experiments are done on different publicly available datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation strategies are promising. The results further reveal that there is a significant correlation between intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation approaches.

TURBO DECODER USING LOCAL SUBSIDIARY MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD DECODING IN PRIOR ESTIMATION OF THE EXTRINSIC INFORMATION

A new technique for turbo decoder is proposed by using a local subsidiary maximum likelihood decoding and a probability distributions family for the extrinsic information. The optimal distribution of the extrinsic information is dynamically specified for each component decoder.The simulation results show that the iterative decoder with the new technique outperforms that of the decoder with the traditional Gaussian approach for the extrinsic information under the same conditions.

An Extended Extrinsic Mechanism for Anomalous Hall Effect

The extrinsic mechanism for anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnets is extended to include the contributions both from spin-orbit-dependent impurity scattering and from the spin-orbit coupling induced by external electric fields. The results obtained suggest that, within the framework of the extrinsic mechanisms, the anomalous Hall current in a ferromagnet may also contain a substantial amount of dissipationless contribution independent of impurity scattering. After the contribution from the spin-orbit coupling induced by external electric fields is included, the total anomalous Hall conductivity is about two times larger than that due to soin-orbit dependent impurity scatterings.

Generational Gap： Intrinsic （Non-monetary） Versus Extrinsic （Monetary） Rewards in the Workforce

Traditionally, organizations assume that compensation/pay and monetary benefits are what all employees need to work harder, be productive, or remain with the company. According to Abraham Maslow, within every person is a hierarchy of five needs： physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs Organizations must be able to identify what employees desire to secure optimum performance and to meet the needs of both employees and employers. This research focuses on the generational gap and the significance of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in the workforce. The purpose and objective of this research are to test the significance of monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the organization. A self-designed questionnaire distributed to a multi-generational group of employees of selected organizations was used to collect the analyzed data. Sixty-five （65%） responses were obtained. Secondary data were used to elucidate the needs in this area of study. Because the workforce is predicted to become more diverse in terms of age, organizations will be unlikely to implement one set of rewards for the multiple generations. This is due to the differing expectations and requirements among the generations. However, the results indicate no significant difference in monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the workforce.

Describe the factors affecting extrinsic motivation and make suggestions as to what a teacher could do to increase motivation

What is motivation? What is extrinsic motivation? What are thefactors affecting extrinsic motivation? Does extrinsic motivation haveanything to do with teachers’teaching and students’learning?Motivation is something that can raise one’s strong reason to dothings,or to arouse the desire to learn and the desire to please.It canbe subdivided into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Intrinsic motivation,generally speaking,is concerned with biogenic,complex inherited

Bubbling analysis for extrinsic biharmonic maps from general Riemannian 4-manifolds

In this paper, we study the blow-up analysis of extrinsic biharmonic maps from a general Riemannian4-manifold into a compact Riemannian manifold. We prove that the energy identity and the no neck property hold with the aid of a Pohozaev identity over general Riemannian manifolds.

Effects of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure on work of breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective To investigate the effects of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPe) on work of breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their corresponding mechanism.Methods Ten ventilated patients with COPD were included in the study. A Bicore CP-100 pulmonary monitor (Bicore Monitoring System, USA) was used for monitoring respiratory mechanics. First, dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi,dyn) was measured when PEEPe was zero, which was called PEEPi,dynz. Then the PEEPe was set randomly at 0%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of PEEPi,dynz respectively. Pulmonary mechanics and other parameters (heart rate, blood pressure and blood gas analysis) were measured 30 minutes after the level of PEEPe was changed.Results Work of breathing patient (WOBp), pressure time product, difference of esophageal pressure and PEEPi,dyn decreased significantly when PEEPe was applied, and continued decreasing as PEEPe was increased. Work of breathing ventilator increased significantly when PEEPe was increased to 80% and 100% of PEEPi,dynz. Significantly positive linear correlation was found between the changes in WOBp and in PEEPi,dyn.Conclusions WOBp decreases gradually as PEEPe is increased. WOBp decreases by narrowing the difference between the alveolus pressure and the central airway pressure at the end of expiration when PEEPe is applied.

Effects of extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure on cardiopulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective To choose one optimal extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPe) for ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to compare two methods for choosing the optimal level of PEEPe.Methods Ten ventilated patients with COPD were included in the study. First, static intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi,st) was measured when PEEPe was zero, and the PEEPi,st was called PEEPi,stz. PEEPe at 0%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of PEEPi,stz, respectively, were applied randomly. Respiratory mechanics, hemodynamics, and oxygen dynamics were recorded 30 minutes after the level of PEEPe was changed.Results When PEEPe was not higher than 80% of PEEPi,stz, no measurement changed significantly. When PEEPe was increased to 90% and 100% of PEEPi,stz, PEEPi,st, peak inspiratory pressure, plateau pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and central venous pressure increased significantly, P<0.01. Cardiac output and left ventricular work index decreased significantly, P<0.01. Oxygen delivery decreased significantly, P<0.05. When PEEPe was increased to 100% of PEEPi,stz, the right ventricular work index decreased significantly, P<0.05.Conclusion Eighty percent of PEEPi,stz was the upper limit of PEEPe. The results of the two methods used to set the level of PEEPe were identical.

激光雷达与相机联合标定进展研究

针对激光雷达与相机标定精度会极大地影响定位初始化,融合定位算法对标定参数的准确性非常敏感,会严重降低融合定位算法的性能和可靠性等问题,提出一种激光雷达与相机联合标定分类方法:论述激光雷达与相机联合标定领域的最新的研究进展;重点分析和总结基于特征的标定方法、基于运动的标定方法、基于互信息的标定方法和基于深度学习的标定方法的突出研究成果;总结出4种标定方法的开源代码工具集,并对这4种标定方法的特点、标定精度和自动化程度进行分析比较;最后,展望激光雷达与相机联合标定研究的发展趋势。

临近空间飞行高温真空光纤绝压传感器设计

研制了一种用于临近空间飞行器在高温环境下的蓝宝石非本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪(extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer,EFPI)型光纤绝对压力传感器。蓝宝石晶片压力传感头由3片厚度不同的蓝宝石晶片键合构成,形成复合法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot,FP)腔,可以同时测量温度和绝对压力,通过实时监测温度,对压力测量进行温度补偿,去除温度对压力测量的影响。实验结果表明:900℃内的每个温度点下,密封FP腔的光学腔长随压力线性变化;室温下,压力灵敏度为11.6 nm/kPa,压力灵敏度随温度的上升略微升高,压力测量的分辨率达到86 Pa。

一种改进的基于110 GHz在片S参数测试的HEMT器件寄生电阻提取方法

提出了一种改进的高电子迁移率晶体管寄生电阻提取方法,该方法利用了特殊偏置点(V_(gs)>V_(th),V_(ds)=0V)的等效电路模型,推导了寄生电阻的表达式,采用半分析法对寄生电阻进行了优化。1~110 GHz S参数实测结果和仿真的S参数一致,证明该方法是有效的。