Physiological Processes Contributing to the Difference in Grain Amino Acid Content Between Two Hybrid Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Cultivars

Improving grain amino acid content of rice(Oryza sativa L.)is essential for the health of consumers.This study was conducted to identify the physiological processes that contribute to the higher grain amino acid content in hybrid rice cultivar Lingliangyou 268 compared to Luliangyou 996.The results showed that total amino acid content in grains was 9%higher in Lingliangyou 268 than in Luliangyou 996.There was no significant difference in grain nitrogen(N)content between Lingliangyou 268 and Luliangyou 996,while ratio of amino acid to N was 6%higher in Lingliangyou 268 compared to Luliangyou 996.A total of 16 differentially expressed proteins related to amino acid metabolism(e.g.,erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase domain containing protein)were identified in grains between Lingliangyou 268 and Luliangyou 996.The identified proteins were involved in 10 molecular functions.Six of the 10 defined functions were related to binding(heterocyclic compound binding,nucleoside phosphate binding,nucleotide binding,organic cyclic compound binding,protein binding,and small molecule binding)and the other 4 defined functions were catalytic activity,enzyme regulator activity,hydrolase activity,and transferase activity.These results indicate that the higher grain amino acid content in Lingliangyou 268 compared to Luliangyou 996 is attributed to increased efficiency of converting N to amino acid that results from altered expression of proteins related to amino acid metabolism.

Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition in Grains of Wheat-Related Species

The protein content and amino acid composition for 17 wheat-related species （WRS） and three common wheats （control） were determined and analyzed, and the essential amino acids （EAAs） in WRS were evaluated according to FAO/WHO amino acid recommendations. The results showed that the mean protein content for WRS was 16.67%, which was 23.21% higher than that for the control. The mean contents （g 100 g^-1 protein） of most amino acids for WRS were lysine 2.74%, threonine 2.83%, phenylalanine 4.17%, isoleucine 3.42%, valine 3.90%, histidine 2.81%, glutamic acid 29.96%, proline 9.12%, glycine 3.59%, alanine 3.37%, and cysteine 1.57%, which were higher than those for the control. The contents of the other 6 amino acids for WRS were lower than those for the control. The materials （Triticum monococcum L., Triticum carthlicum Nevski, and Triticum turgidum L.） contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs （lysine, threonine, and methionine）. Comparing with FAO/WHO amino acid recommendations, the amino acid scores （AAS） of lysine （49.8%）, threonine （70.7%）, and sulfur-containing amino acids （74.8%） were the lowest, which were considered as the main limiting amino acids in WRS. It was observed that the materials with Triticum urartu Turn. （AA） and Aegilops speltoides Tausch. （SS） genomes had relatively high contents of protein and EAA. The contents of protein （16.91%）, phenylalanine （4.78%）, isoleucine （3.53%）, leucine （6.16%）, and valine （4.09%） for the diploid materials were higher than those for the other materials. These results will provide some information for selecting parents in breeding about nutrient quality and utilization of fine gene in wheat.

Alleviation of Adverse Effects of Salt Stress in Wheat Cultivars by Foliar Treatment with Antioxidant 2—Changes in Some Biochemical Aspects, Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Enzymes and Amino Acid Contents

Ascobin (compound composed of ascorbic acid and citric acid) is considered one of exogenous protectants which may alleviate the harmful effects of salinity stress. Pot experiments were performed at the screen greenhouse of National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt to study the effect of foliar treatment of two cultivars of wheat plant with different concentrations of ascobin (0, 200, 400 and 600 mg/l) on some biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, element contents and amino acid constituents of two cultivars of wheat plant grown under different salinity levels (0.0, 3000 and 6000 mg/l) in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. Salinity with different concentrations levels increased phenolic compounds contents of the two wheat cultivars. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, PPO, AXP and GR) dramatically increased due to salinity stress. Amino acid content was increased in cultivar Sids 1, while the content was decreased in cultivar Giza 168 in all salinity treatments. Increments in the above mentioned parameters compared to the untreated plants at normal and stressed conditions. The magnitude of increments was much more pronounced in response to 600 mg/l of ascobin. It could be concluded that, foliar treatment of wheat cultivars with ascobin could partially alleviate the harmful effect of salinity especially at the lower levels of salinity of the two cultivars of wheat at most of the studied parameters.

Determination and Analysis of Amino Acid Content in Maca from Different Habitats and Varieties

[Objectives]To determine and analyze amino acid content in Maca from different habitats and varieties.[Methods]Maca from two habitats and three colors were selected and a kind of turnip commonly used was to fake Maca.After optimizing the hydrolysis conditions,100 mg Maca samples were hydrolyzed in the concentration of 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid at 110℃for 24 h.The content range of amino acids in each sample was detected by HPLC.[Results]The average total content of amino acids in Maca was 9.52 g/100 g.Yunnan yellow Maca contained 16 kinds of amino acids,including 7 kinds of human essential amino acids,accounting for 17.2%of the total amino acids while Yunnan purple Maca held 16 kinds of amino acids,counting 7 kinds of human essential amino acids,accounting for 16.5%of the total amino acids.The amino acid ratio coefficient method also showed that the two kinds of Maca had higher nutritional value than the others.15 kinds of amino acids were detected in Yunnan black Maca,including 6 kinds of essential amino acids,accounting for 9.60%of the total amino acids.Among amino acids in Yunnan Maca,the highest content was Arg.A total of 12 kinds of amino acids,together with 6 essential human amino acids,were determined in Peru black Maca,accounting for 11.6%of the total amino acids.In Peru black Maca the highest concentration of amino acid was Pro.It was noteworthy that the amino acid species were comprehensive in Maca,and high level of amino acids resulted in high nutritional value.Its specific amino acid composition ratio was obviously different from Turnip,the counterfeit goods to deceive customers.[Conclusions]The method of automatic amino acid analyzer is simple and accurate,and can be used for the identification and content determination of amino acids in Maca as amino acid is an essential nutrient in Maca.

Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N^G-nitro-L-arginine on the content of amino acid in ischemic brain tissues of rats

BACKGROUND： Nitric oxide synthase （NOS） inhibrtors have been widely used to investigate the role of NO on cerebral ischemic injury, but the results are controversial. Moreover, it has been considered to aggravate the ischemic neuronal damage with the release of excessively excitatory amino acids （EAA） during cerebral ischemia. On the other hand, some inhibitory amino acid is suggested to be important for the neuronal protection against ischemic brain damage. Our study has recently showed that treatment with the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine （L-NA） reduced focal cerebral ischemic damage. The effect of L-NA on the contents of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid in the rat brain following cerebral ischemia is still unclear. OBJECTIVE： By evaluating the effect of NOS inhibitor, L-NA on the contents of aspartate, glutamate, glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） in striatum, hippocampus and cortex in the rat brain following cerebral ischemia respectively, to investigate the beneficial effect of L-NA on cerebral ischemic injury and the possible mechanism. DESIGN： A randomized and controlled experiment SETTING ： Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Academy of Medical Sciences MATERIALS： A total of 42 male healthy SD rats （grade Ⅱ, weighting 250-300 g） were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Hebei Province （Certification： 04036）. Aspartate, glutamate, glycine, GABA, L-NA and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） were obtained from Sigma Chemicals Co, St Louis, MO, USA. HPLC-ultraviolet detector system consisted of Agilent 1100 HPLC. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in Department of Pharmrcology, Hebei Academy of Medical Sciences from June 2005 to June 2006. Rats were randomly divided into three groups： sham-operated group （n = 6）, ischemic group （n = 18）, L-NA group （n = 18）. The model of focal cerebral ischemia in rat was prepared with intraluminal line occlusion methods. In sham-operated rats, the external carotid artery was surgically prepared, but the filament was not inserted. Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups （n = 6 for each）： drugs were administrated at 2, 6 and 12 hours after the middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） respectively. L-NA （20 mg/kg, ip） was administrated, twice a day, for 3 consecutive days. Same volume of normal saline was administrated in ischemic and sham operation groups. The changes of infarcted volume and the contents of amino acids were respectively assayed. Image analysis software was used for the measurement of the infarcted area. The results were expressed as a percentage of the infarcted volume of cerebral/volume of whole brain （IV%） in order to control for edema formation. The contents of aspartate, glutamate, glycine and GABA in striatum, hippocampus and cortex in the rat brain following cerebral ischemia were respectively measured by HPLC method. All data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Dunnett＇s test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） The volume of cerebral infarction; （2） The contents of aspartate, glutamate glycine and GABA in brain tissue after cerebral ischemia. RESULTS ： All 42 rats were involved in the final analysis. （1） Infarcted volume： Volume was 0 in sham-operated group. When L-NA was administrated at 2 and 6 hours after MCAO, the infarcted volume was （20.13±3.59）% and （23.12±5.84）% in L-NA group, which was not similar to that in ischemic group [（22.10±3.98）%, （25.38± 5.37）%, P〉 0.05]. However, the infarcted volume was markedly decreased compared with that of ischemic group when L-NA was administrated at 12 hours after MCAO [（26.11±3.55）% and （37.15±3.58）%, P 〈 0.01]. Changes of amino acid content： At 2 and 6 hours after ischemia, the contents of aspartate, glutamate, glycine and GABA in striatum, hippocampus and cortex in ischemic group were significantly increased compared with those in sham-operated group （ P〈 0.05-0.01）. However, contents in L-NA group were similar to those in ischemic group （P 〉 0.05）. At 12 hours after ischemia, the contents of aspartate [（0.21 ±0.06）, （0.36±0.05）, （0.29±0.12） mg/g] and glutamate [（0.55±0.06）, （0.78±0.10）, （0.52±0.10） mg/g] in striatum, hippocampus and cortex in L-NA group were significantly decreased compared with those in ischemic group [（0.49±0.17）, （0.63± 0.03）, （0.51±0.15） mg/g; （0.98±0.30）, （1.15±0.15）, （0.93±0.15） mg/g, P〈 0.05-0.01]. Glycine in hippocampus was （0.40±0.07） mg/g, which was higher than that in ischemic group [（0.21±0.07） mg/g, P 〈 0.05]. GABA in striatum, hippocampus and cortex was （0.93±0.10）, （0.62±0.12） and （0.81 ±0.10） mg/g, respectively, which was higher than that in ischemic group [（0.60±0.08）, （0.37±0.17）, （0.59±0.10） mg/g, P 〈 0.05-0.01]. CONCLUSION ： It may be concluded that L-NA have beneficial effect on ischemic cerebral injury in ischemic later stage in rats. The possible mechanism is that L-NA can decrease the contents of aspartate and glutamate, increase the contents of glycine and GABA.

Evolution from Primitive Life to Homo sapiens Based on Visible Genome Structures: The Amino Acid World

It is not too much to say that molecular biology, including genome research, has progressed based on the determination of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. However, these ap-proaches are limited to the analysis of relatively small numbers of the same genes among spe-cies. On the other hand, by graphical presenta-tion of the ratios of the numbers of amino acids present to the total numbers of amino acids presumed from the target gene(s) or genome or those of the numbers of nucleotides present to the total numbers of nucleotides calculated from the target gene(s) or genome, we can readily draw conclusions from extraordinarily huge data sets integrated by human intelli-gence. 1) Assuming polymerization of amino acids or nucleotides in a simulation analysis based on a random choice, proteins were formed by simple amino acid polymerization, while nucleotide polymerization to form nucleic acids encoding specific proteins needed certain specific control. These results proposed that protein formation chronologically preceded codon formation during the establishment of primitive life forms. In the prebiotic phase, amino acid composition was a dominant factor that determined protein characteristics;the “Amino Acid World”. 2) The genome is constructed homogeneou- sly from putative small units displaying similar codon usages and coding for similar amino acid compositions;the unit is a gene assembly en-coding 3,000 - 7,000 amino acid residues and this unit size is independent not only of genome size, but also of species. 3) In codon evolution, all nucleotide alterna-tions are correlated, not only in coding regions, but also in non-coding regions;the correlations can be expressed by linear formulas;y = ax + b, where “y” and “x” represent nucleotide con-tents, and “a” and “b” are constant. 4) The basic pattern of cellular amino acid compositions obtained from whole cell lysates is conserved from bacteria to Homo sapiens, and resembles that calculated from complete genomes. This basic pattern is characterized by a “star-shape” that changes slightly among species, and changes in amino acid composi-tion seem to reflect biological evolution. 5) Organisms can essentially be classified according to two codon patterns. Biological evolution due to nucleotide sub-stitutions can be expressed by simple linear formulas based on mathematical principles, while natural selection must affect species pre- servation after nucleotide alternations. There-fore, although Darwin’s natural selection is not directly involved in nucleotide alternations, it contributes obviously to the selection of nu-cleotide alternations. Thus, Darwin’s natural selection is doubtless an important factor in biological evolution.

不同水分条件下氨基酸添加对温带暗棕壤碳氮含量和甲烷排放的影响

【目的】解析土壤pH值与土壤氮以及CH_(4)排放速率与土壤碳氮含量间的相互关系,为明确碳氮转化及温室气体排放规律、优化温带森林暗棕壤的水分管理提供依据。【方法】以温带森林暗棕壤为研究对象,采用室内培养法,设置水分条件为土壤饱和持水量(WHC)的40%、60%、90%,通过向温带暗棕壤中添加两种不同性质的氨基酸,探讨其对土壤碳氮含量及CH_(4)排放的潜在影响,运用Pearson相关分析法分析土壤碳氮含量、pH值及CH_(4)排放速率间的相关性。【结果】(1)氨基酸处理显著增加了土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)含量及CH_(4)排放速率。亮氨酸处理使DOC、NH_(4)^(+)-N含量分别升高21.39%、45.10%,CH_(4)排放速率较CK升高3.20倍,甲硫氨基酸使DOC、NH_(4)^(+)-N含量分别升高21.39%、72.71%,CH_(4)排放速率较CK升高7.00倍;(2)不同氨基酸对土壤硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)含量的影响存在差异。亮氨酸处理使土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N含量升高了8.41%,但其对于土壤硝化作用的影响可能存在滞后性,而甲硫氨基酸能够显著抑制土壤硝化作用,NO_(3)^(-)-N含量显著降低了37.90%;(3)土壤不同水分条件对土壤DOC、NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N含量及CH_(4)排放速率均存在显著影响。90%WHC使DOC含量升高11.95%~19.91%,使NH_(4)^(+)-N升高19.83%~35.46%,使NO_(3)^(-)-N降低10.05%~23.79%,使CH_(4)排放速率升高至另外两种水分条件的1.48~2.06倍。60%WHC条件使NH_(4)^(+)-N升高13.05%,使NO_(3)^(-)-N含量升高24.62%。60%WHC可能是温带暗棕壤硝化作用的最适含水量,90%WHC条件有利于DOC积累,同时对NO_(3)^(-)-N的产生存在明显抑制作用;(4)土壤pH与N H4+-N含量呈极显著正相关,与NO_(3)^(-)-N含量呈正相关。CH_(4)排放速率与NO_(3)^(-)-N含量呈极显著负相关,与NH_(4)^(+)-N含量呈负相关,与DOC含量呈极显著正相关。【结论】不同性质氨基酸添加在温带森林暗棕壤碳氮含量及CH_(4)排放中发挥的作用不尽相同。一定范围内,土壤水分含量的升高有利于土壤NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、DOC的积累及CH_(4)的排放,但土壤高含水量条件对NO_(3)^(-)-N的产生具有抑制作用。因此,在研究温带森林暗棕壤碳含量、CH_(4)排放及氮转化机制时,建议关注不同氨基酸的差异性作用,同时考虑水分的变化。

蜜环菌人工菌棒基质碳氮比对乌天麻产量及营养品质的影响

目的分析蜜环菌人工菌棒基质碳氮比对乌天麻产量及基本营养成分含量的影响,并对乌天麻氨基酸品质进行评价。方法通过大棚内随机区组实验,测定不同种植模式下乌天麻的基本营养成分含量,对其进行单因素方差分析和多重比较,通过氨基酸评分法对乌天麻中氨基酸营养价值进行评价。结果蜜环菌人工菌棒基质碳氮比对乌天麻的产量、基本营养成分含量及氨基酸的营养品质均有显著影响;蜜环菌人工菌棒基质碳氮比为75.94时种植的乌天麻,其各项营养指标接近对照种植的乌天麻的各项营养指标,显著大于蜜环菌人工菌棒基质碳氮比为60.69、126.39时种植的乌天麻的各项营养指标。蜜环菌人工菌棒基质碳氮比为75.94时种植的乌天麻,其必需氨基酸含量与总氨基酸含量的比值为37.03%,接近40%;必需氨基酸含量与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为58.79%,接近60%;必需氨基酸的氨基酸比值、必需氨基酸的比值系数分、必需氨基酸比值系数与联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织提出的氨基酸理想模式较接近。结论利用蜜环菌人工菌棒种植乌天麻可以获得基本营养成分含量高、氨基酸丰富、必需氨基酸的组成比例相对合理、符合人体吸收利用需求、具有较高营养价值的乌天麻。

不同产地金耳中氨基酸含量分析及营养价值评价

目的测定不同产地金耳中氨基酸的组成及含量,并评价其营养价值。方法利用氨基酸分析仪测定云南、陕西、福建、西藏和甘肃金耳中氨基酸的含量,比较不同产地金耳中氨基酸组成和含量之间的差异,并采用氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)、氨基酸比值(amino acid ratio,RAA)、氨基酸比值系数(ratio coefficient of amino acid,RC)和氨基酸比值系数评分(score of RC,SRC)以及主成分分析等对不同产地金耳中氨基酸的营养价值进行综合评价。结果不同产地金耳中均检出17种氨基酸,其氨基酸总含量在9.25~19.50g/100g之间;必需氨基酸含量在2.72~6.07g/100g之间,占总氨基酸含量在26.6%~31.7%之间;非必需氨基酸含量在6.33~13.43 g/100 g之间,占总氨基酸含量在68.3%~73.4%之间。5个产地金耳中4种呈味氨基酸含量由高到低依次为:甜味氨基酸>鲜味氨基酸>苦味氨基酸>芳香族氨基酸,而不同产地金耳中呈味氨基酸总含量由低到高依次为:陕西<云南<福建<甘肃<西藏。利用主成分分析对不同产地金耳中17种氨基酸含量进行评价,共提取1个主成分,累积方差贡献率达到95.94%。结论不同产地金耳中氨基酸含量之间虽有差异性,但均含有种类丰富的氨基酸,其营养价值高,可作为优质蛋白的植物资源。

不同品种山药氨基酸组成成分分析及综合评价

目的探究不同品种山药中氨基酸的含量差异。方法参照GB5009.124—2016《食品安全国家标准食品中氨基酸的测定》,利用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定山药中氨基酸含量,通过相关性、主成分分析进行数据分析及综合性评价。结果20种山药中均检测出16种氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为7.21~8.71 g/100 g,必需氨基酸占比为27.86%~34.89%。各地均以精氨酸和谷氨酸含量最高,总含量分别为20.77 g/100 g和26.18 g/100 g。采用主成分分析法提取3个主成分,累积方差贡献率为82.78%,综合评分排名前3位的品种分别是利川山药、西施山药、云岭山药。结论通过主成分分析法区分不同品种山药中氨基酸差异,为山药中氨基酸评价、食药资源的开发利用、良种选育、种植技术改良等方面提供可行性参考。

“2+3”模式下种鸽氨基酸理想模式的研究

试验旨在探究“2+3”模式下种鸽氨基酸理想模式。依据扣除法原理,根据现有氨基酸需要量标准和目前的研究结果规划出一种氨基酸模式,依次将模式中赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)、色氨酸(Trp)、苏氨酸(Thr)、亮氨酸(Leu)各扣除20%,而非扣除的氨基酸保持其水平不变来确定扣除某一种氨基酸后对“2+3”模式下种鸽生产性能和血液氨基酸含量的影响,确定出理想的氨基酸比例。试验选择同一批次的144对种鸽随机分为两组,一组为72对种鸽哺乳4日龄乳鸽,另一组为72对种鸽哺乳10日龄乳鸽,两试验分别各设6个处理组,为6种氨基酸模式,每个处理12对种鸽(重复),按照50%颗粒料+50%的原粮配制种鸽饲粮。结果表明:各处理乳鸽平均日增重无显著差异(P>0.05),但扣除20%赖氨酸处理较高,且该组乳鸽死亡率低;各处理种公鸽血液氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05),而种母鸽血液中天冬氨酸含量以扣除20%赖氨酸处理最低,且显著低于扣除20%蛋氨酸、色氨酸和亮氨酸处理(P<0.05)。综上,“2+3”模式下种鸽理想氨基酸模式是赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸水平为0.88%、0.55%、0.65%、0.2%和1.5%。

瓜蒌皮注射液及其中间体中17种氨基酸含量测定及其变化规律研究

目的测定瓜蒌皮注射液及其中间体中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、瓜氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、鸟氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、脯氨酸的含量,并分析其变化规律。方法OPA-FMOC在线衍生化分析采用Waters XBridge C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5μm);流动相磷酸盐缓冲液-[甲醇-乙腈-水(45∶45∶10)],梯度洗脱;体积流量1 mL/min;柱温45℃;检测波长262、338 nm。主成分分析、热图分析对10道工序相应中间体的6批样品进行化学模式识别。结果17种氨基酸在各自范围内线性关系良好(R^(2)>0.9980),平均加样回收率83.4%~119.5%,RSD 0.91%~7.94%。相同工序不同批次样品较聚集,不同工序相应中间体聚为3组。醇沉和阳离子交换柱对氨基酸组成影响最大。结论本实验可为瓜蒌皮注射液质量控制的关键因素提供重要参考,以保证终产品的稳定性和均一性。

超高温瞬时灭菌对米酒品质的影响

目的:使经过超高温瞬时灭菌的米酒既符合商业上无菌要求也满足消费者对米酒质量的要求。方法:对朝鲜族米酒进行超高温瞬时灭菌,在贮藏期每周测定其理化指标、感官指标以及微生物指标以确定该灭菌法的最佳灭菌条件,并分析此灭菌方法处理的朝鲜族米酒在贮存20周后的品质和功能性成分的变化。结果:超高温瞬时灭菌的最佳参数为125℃灭菌5 s。贮存20周后,米酒中总氨基酸含量为0.70 mg/100 mL,有机酸含量为321.68 mg/100 mL。结论:超高温瞬时灭菌方法对氨基酸含量有一定负面影响,但能在保证米酒风味的同时高效灭菌。

基于柱前衍生GC-MS法比较不同工艺制备黄精的氨基酸含量

建立了柱前衍生GC-MS法测定黄精中15种氨基酸含量的方法。测定经不同工艺制备的黄精鲜品、干品及炮制品样品中氨基酸的含量,并运用多元数据统计对这3种不同黄精样品中的氨基酸进行综合分析。结果表明:三种黄精制品中的15种氨基酸在33min内有良好的分离效果,在线性范围内线性关系良好(r:0.9983〜0.9999),平均加样回收率为95.66%〜105.55%(n=6)。说明该方法能准确测定黄精中多种氨基酸的含量,且黄精鲜品氨基酸含量明显高于干品及炮制品。聚类及正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析结果表明,黄精鲜品、干品和炮制品可以明显聚为不同三类,说明上述三种黄精制品的氨基酸含量有明显差异性,并筛选出赖氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸和络氨酸作为区分黄精鲜品、干品和炮制品的标志物。

外源氨基酸对液态发酵法白酒风味品质的影响

在液态法发酵白酒的基础上,添加不同质量浓度的甘氨酸(Gly)、亮氨酸(Leu)、缬氨酸(Val)、苯丙氨酸(Phe),探究外源氨基酸对液态法发酵白酒产生的酒精度、总酸、总酯和主要风味物质的影响。结果表明,甘氨酸对白酒酒精度、辛酸乙酯含量的影响最大,最大值比空白组分别增加了7.14%、69.75%;亮氨酸对总酸、总酯、异戊醇的影响最大,最大值比空白组分别增加了8.10%、12.07%和92.94%;缬氨酸对异丁醇的影响最大,最大值比空白组增加了404.28%;Phe对苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯的影响最大,最大值比空白组分别增加了81.54%、32.66%;随着四种氨基酸添加量的增加,酒精度和总酸产量先升高后降低,其中甘氨酸和亮氨酸添加量分别为400 mg/L时,酒精度和总酸最大分别为12%vol和0.227 g/L;四种氨基酸对白酒总酯的生成影响明显,其中亮氨酸添加量为600 mg/L时总酯产量最大,为0.43 g/L;由挥发性风味物质聚类结果可知,亮氨酸、缬氨酸和苯丙氨酸对液态发酵法白酒风味物质生成影响较大。在液态发酵法白酒制备中合理添加氨基酸,可明显提高液态发酵法白酒酒精、总酸、总酯的含量,有效调节高级醇产生。

巫山县庙宇党参地上部分与根中氨基酸和微量元素的含量测定及对比分析

目的测定并比较分析巫山县庙宇党参地上部分与根中氨基酸和微量元素的含量。方法提取分离获得庙宇党参地上部分与根的提取物,根据国家药典标准,分别用全自动氨基酸分析仪和原子吸收分光光度计测定其中的氨基酸和微量元素。结果庙宇党参地上部分和根均检出17种氨基酸,其中地上部分水解氨基酸组分总量为(77.72±6.83)mg/g,根水解氨基酸组分总量为(38.98±9.32)mg/g,庙宇党参地上部分水解氨基酸含量明显高于根。庙宇党参地上部分和根均检出13种微量元素,地上部分微量元素总量为(911.532±29.983)mg/kg,根微量元素总量为(992.366±24.994)mg/kg,庙宇党参地上部分微量元素含量是根的91.85%。结论庙宇党参地上部分氨基酸和微量元素组成多样,含量丰富,营养价值高,具有综合应用和开发价值。

滨海白首乌发酵片工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

目的:优化滨海白首乌发酵片工艺参数,开发一款新型滨海白首乌发酵产品。方法:以滨海白首乌完整切片为原料,以感官评分、总酸含量为指标,优化滨海白首乌发酵片工艺参数,并对其抗氧化活性及氨基酸含量进行检测。结果:滨海白首乌发酵片最佳工艺参数为料液比(m_(白首乌片)∶m_(无菌水))1∶1,发酵温度31℃,混合菌液接种量9.6%,发酵时间25 h,此条件下滨海白首乌发酵片感官评分为89.33分,总酸含量为0.726 g/100 g。当滨海白首乌发酵片醇提液质量浓度为10 mg/mL时,总抗氧化能力可达2.05 U/mL、对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除率分别为32.18%,45.89%。发酵前后,白首乌片中芳香味氨基酸含量上升了47.22%。结论:最佳工艺参数下制得的滨海白首乌发酵片形态结构完整,色泽均匀,酸甜协调,有宜人的酒香味和白首乌特征风味,具有一定的抗氧化活性。

不同种类氨基酸对蛹虫草发酵液中虫草素含量的影响

[目的]研究液体培养基中添加氨基酸对蛹虫草发酵液中虫草素含量的影响,并确定8种氨基酸最佳添加浓度。[方法]考察24种氨基酸(添加浓度为1 g/L)对虫草素含量的影响,采用DPS V18.10软件进行差异显著性分析,并对促进虫草素合成作用显著的8种氨基酸添加浓度进行研究。[结果]L-赖氨酸、L-半胱氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-天门冬酰胺、L-甘氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-丝氨酸、L-苏氨酸、L-组氨酸、肌氨酸对蛹虫草发酵液中虫草素含量具有不同程度的提高作用;4 g/L的L-甘氨酸对虫草素的合成促进作用最强,发酵液中虫草素含量为1022.25 mg/L。[结论]该研究为蛹虫草液体发酵生产虫草素提供参考依据。

3个地区可口革囊星虫营养成分及重金属含量的分析与评价

通过对广西北海、广东湛江和福建宁德3个地区可口革囊星虫的脂肪酸、水解氨基酸、游离氨基酸和重金属含量等进行测定,了解可口革囊星虫的肌肉品质、呈味特征并进行食用健康风险评价。在脂肪酸组成方面,在3个地区的可口革囊星虫中均检测出22种脂肪酸,其高胆固醇血症指数(hypercholesterolemia index,HI)分别为北海13.11、湛江14.09、宁德16.64;致动脉粥样硬化指数(atherogenic index,AI)分别为0.49、0.49、0.56;致血栓形成指数(thrombosis index,TI)分别为0.62、0.75、0.81。在水解氨基酸组成方面,在3个地区的可口革囊星虫中均含有17种水解氨基酸,总氨基酸含量(total amino acids,TAA)分别为北海159.70mg·g^(−1)、湛江155.97mg·g^(−1)、宁德161.49mg·g^(−1),且无显著性差异;根据联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Word Health Organization,FAO/WHO)评分模式,以氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)和化学评分(chemical score,CS)为标准时,3个地区的可口革囊星虫的第一、第二限制性氨基酸均分别为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸、缬氨酸;另外,必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acid index,EAAI)分别为11.14、10.62、11.37,说明3个地区可口革囊星虫均可作为理想的蛋白源。在游离氨基酸组成方面,北海可口革囊星虫含15种游离氨基酸,湛江和宁德可口革囊星虫均含16种游离氨基酸,游离氨基酸总含量差异显著(p<0.05);根据味道强度值(taste activity value,TAV)分析得知,3个地区游离氨基酸中谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸的TAV值均大于1,说明这3种氨基酸对呈味贡献最大。在重金属含量方面,北海、湛江的可口革囊星虫体内各重金属元素含量大体呈现出Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cd>Hg的规律,而宁德地区的重金属含量规律为Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd>Hg,3个地区的可口革囊星虫都受到重金属Pb的重度污染,其中宁德地区的最为严重;综合污染指数(P)表明,北海地区的可口革囊星虫的重金属污染接近轻度污染的警戒水平,综合污染指数为0.96;宁德和湛江两地的可口革囊星虫受到重金属的轻度污染,综合污染指数1<P<2;3个地区可口革囊星虫的单一重金属危害系数(target hazard quotient,THQ)及复合重金属危害系数(compound target hazard quotient,TTHQ)均小于1,说明成人和儿童食用这些可口革囊星虫不存在健康风险。