Antiproliferative effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using amla on Hep2 cell line

Objective:To synthesize silver nanoparticles by amla extract,screen the cytotoxic,oxidative stress and apoptotic effect of silver nanoparticles（AgNPs） on Hep2 cell line（laryngeal carcinoma cells） in vitro,and to compare the effect of Phyllanthm emblica（P.emblica）（amla） with AgNPs synthesized by amla and 5-FU.Methods:AgNPs was synthesized by P.emblica（aqueous extract） and nanoparticles were characterized UV-Vis spec,the presence of biomoloecules of amla capped in AgNPs was found by FT-IR analysis,shape and size were examined by SEM and DLS.Cytotoxicity of experimental drugs was tested to find IC50 value.ROS generation in cells have been measured by DCFH-DA staining.AO-EtBr,Rhodamine-123 staining and DNA fragmentation were performed to assess apoptotic cell death,mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptotic DNA damage,respectively.Oxidative stress was analyzed by measuring lipid peroxides and antioxidants level lo understand the cancer cell death by pro-oxidant mechanism. Results:PE-AgNPs was synthesized and confirmed through kinetic behavior of NPs.The shape of PE-AgNPs was spherical and cubic since it was agglomerated,and the nanoparticle surface was complicated.Average particle size distribution of PE-AgNPs was found to be 188 nm.Potent biomolecules of P.emblica such as polyphenols were capped with AgNPs and reduced its toxicity. In cytotoxicity assay the concentration in which the maximum number of cell death was 60μg/mL and 50μg/mL for P.emblica（alone） and AgNPs,respectively and IC50 values were fixed as 30μg/mL and 20μg/mL.ROS generation,apoptotic morphological changes,mitochondrial depolarization.DNA damage and oxidative stress was observed as more in AgNPs treated cells than in P.emblica（30μg/mL）（alone） treated cells and 5-FU treated cells gave similar result. Conclusions:The results suggest that the AgNPs are capped with biomolecules of amla enhanced cytotoxicity in laryngeal cancer cells through oxidative stress and apoptotic function on Hep2 cancer cells.

Efficacy and safety of Amla(Phyllanthus emblica L.) in non-erosive reflux disease:a double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background： Gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） is one of the most common gastrointestinal com- plaints. GERD, caused by the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, leads to troublesome symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. It is classified into two types： erosive esophagitis, characterized by visible esophageal mucosa erosion in endoscopy, and non-erosive reflux disease （NERD）. GERD is a chronic and recurrent disease that impairs the quality of life and imposes socioeco- nomic and therapeutic burdens to both patients and society. Objective： Due to the failure of the conventional treatments for GERD and to the traditional use of Amla （Phyllanthus emblica L.）, in addition to beneficial effects shown in recent studies, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of Amla tablet for improvement of symptoms of patients with NERD. Design, setting, participants and interventions： We designed a double-arm, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sixty-eight patients who had classic symptoms of GERD （heartburn, regurgitation and epigastralgia） for at least three months before the start of the trial were randomized in two parallel groups. Patients in the Amla group received two 500 mg Amla tablets twice a day, after meals, for 4 weeks. In the control group, patients received placebo tablets similar to the Amla prescription. Main outcome measures： The patients were visited at baseline, and at the end of the 2nd and 4th weeks of intervention; their symptoms were measured on a frequency and severity scale for the symptoms of NERD, according to the quality of life in reflux-associated disease questionnaire. Results： Frequencies of heartburn and regurgitation in both groups of the study were significantly reduced after intervention （P 〈 0.001）. Repeated measures logistic regression analysis showed that, in the Amla group, there was a more significant reduction in regurgitation frequency, heartburn frequency, regurgita- tion severity and heartburn severity during the study period, compared with the placebo group （P 〈 0.001 ）. Conclusion： This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that Amla could reduce frequencies of heartburn and regurgitation and improve heartburn and regurgitation severity in patients with NERD.

余甘果保存技术的探讨研究

余甘果是营养价值丰富的药食两用植物,长期食用对人体有益。但其成熟果实保鲜期较短,易霉变腐败,本文讨论其保存技术的发展和应用,旨在探讨其较优的保存方法。通过评价对比几种常见的余甘果保存技术,并就新型保存技术——冻干技术在余甘果保存中的应用进行研究实验,调查冻干果与鲜果制成的饮料的感官体验。结果表明,冻干余甘果在色泽、结构和口感等方面与鲜果更接近,且保存期更长,冻干果制成的饮料与鲜榨果汁感官体验基本一致。

Effects of green tea-and amla extracts on quality and melanosis of Indian white prawn(Fenneropenaeus indicus,Milne Edwards,1837)during chilled storage

Effect of ethanol extracts of green tea(Camellia sinensis L.)and amla(Phyllanthus emblica Linn)were investigated on quality and melanosis of chilled stored Indian white prawn(Fenneropenaeus indicus)during 28 days.Extracts were subjected to antioxidant assays viz.1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical reducing power methods(DPPH),total antioxidant capacity(TAC),total phenolic content(TPC)and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)to evaluate antioxidant potentiality and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)to identify organic constituents.Polyphenol oxidase(PPO)inhibition was assessed to check the efficacy of the extracts as anti-melanogenic agents.Biochemical(total volatile nitrogen,free fatty acid and peroxide values),bacteriological(aerobic counts),melanosis inhibition and sensory quality of chilled stored shrimp were addressed to investigate the efficacy of extracts as preservative and anti-melanogenic remedy.Free reducing power of green tea-and amla extracts were in a range of 28.72-65.67%and 17.38-66.95%,respectively.Phenolic content level was almost same for green tea and amla extract(2.46±0.002 and 2.51±0.036 mg GAE/gram).Total antioxidant capacity of green tea(210.33±4.63 mg EqAsc/g)was slightly higher than that of amla extracts(145.56±1.98 mg EqAsc/g).FRAP value revealed that green tea(477.49±3.25 mgE Fe(II)/g)had more ferric reducing power than amla(324.39±5.85 mgE Fe(II)/g).FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of essential organic bioactive compounds,which play an important role in reducing lipid oxidation and quality loss,and both extracts possess an encouraging PPO inhibition ability.Treatment by green tea-and amla extracts on chilled stored shrimp showed promising effects on biochemical and microbiological parameters followed by melanosis inhibition and enhanced sensory attributes.Treated Indian white prawn with green tea-and amla extract revealed significantly(P<0.05)lower value of biochemical indices and microbial load during chilled storage compared to untreated sample.

Muscadine or amla extracts standardized to ellagic acid content ameliorate glucolipotoxicity associatedβ-cell dysfunction via inhibition of IL-1βand improved insulin secretion

Glucolipotocixity induces IL-1βsecretion which impairs pancreaticβ-cell insulin secretion.Ellagic acid and urolithin A have strong anti-inflammatory effect on cells.Muscadine and amla are very good sources of ellagic acid.The present study examined the effect of ellagic acid,ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extract,or urolothin A on inflammation inβcells under glucolipotoxic conditions.Rat NIT-1βcells were incubated in glucolipotoxic conditions(33.3 mM glucose,250μM palmitic acid or 33.3 mM glucose+250μM palmitic acid with or without ellagic acid,ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts standardized to its ellagic acid content,or urolithin A).Inflammatory status was evidenced by ELISA analysis of insulin and IL-1βsecretion.Ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts dose-dependently stimulated insulin secretion and down-regulated IL-1βbetter than pure ellagic acid,or urolithin A.Urolithin A did not statistically stimulate insulin secretion and did not inhibit IL-1β.

Phytochemistry and ethnomedicinal qualities of metabolites from Phyllanthus emblica L.:A review

Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry is an integrated part of Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicines.For several decades,the well-known ancient herb has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine to cure diseases like fever,diabetes,constipation,jaundice,ulcers,biliousness,anemia,anorexia,and dyspepsia.In the traditional system,Indian gooseberry has various ethnomedicinal applications.In the Ayurvedic system,different methods of administration(anupan)have shown different ethnomedicinal properties of Indian gooseberry.Seventy well-known chemical components in Indian gooseberry have been identified through phytochemical evaluation,among which the flavonoids and phenols are most prominent.From the toxicity perspective,it is considered a safe herb in India,and is taken as a food supplement in European countries.The wide-spectrum pharmacological activities of the crude extracts and isolates of Indian gooseberry are attributed to the predominance of phenols and flavonoids.Thus,it is important to study the exact mechanism of the activity of the phytochemicals in Indian gooseberry,especially in anti-cancer activities.Extract of Indian gooseberry enhances proliferation in several cancer cells in vitro,including stem cells like ovarian cancer(OC)cells,and also has been observed to possess anti-proliferative characteristics in vivo.This review intends to explore the therapeutic potential of Indian gooseberry based on scientific reports and attempts to find the gaps for future research.

余甘花粉形态观察

对余甘16个品种的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。余甘花粉粒为球形,平均轴径17.82—21.19μm,以4、5孔沟为主,花粉粒表面具有网状纹饰。不同品种的花粉粒大小有极显著差异,而且与果实大小之间有中度正相关(r=0.8269),表面纹饰特征也有一定差别。这些差别可作为品种鉴别的参考。余甘花粉粒的孔沟类型,不论是种内还是品种内,都具有多样性,这也反映出其所属的大戟科及叶下珠属花粉多类型的特点;余甘品种间花粉粒形态的差异尚无明显的类群之分,与地理位置不同也无密切联系,这似乎表明,各品种的系统发育过程仍处于半野生的大致相同的水平。

ICU病区泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌OXA-23基因与ArmA甲基化酶基因的研究

目的：了解我院泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（PDR—AB）碳青霉烯酶OXA-23基因及介导氨基糖苷类高水平耐药的ArmA甲基化酶基因的存在状况，为有效的临床治疗和医院感染控制提供实验室依据。方法：收集我院2013-2015年从ICU病区分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共60株，经VITEK2-Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验，采用PCR检测OXA-23基因及AnnA甲基化酶基因，并对其扩增产物进行基因测序。结果：60株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌所携带的OXA-23基因阳性率83．3％（50／60），ArlnA基因阳性率为98．3％（59／60）。同时携带2种基因型有50株。结论：我院ICU分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中，广泛存在着OXA-23基因及AmL4甲基化酶基因，应引起临床医生高度重视，防止在院内其他的临床科室流行传播。

Sound quality evaluation of high-speed train interior noise by adaptive Moore loudness algorithm

An online experiment to acquire the interior noise of a China Railways High-speed （CRH） train showed that it wasmainly composed of middle-low frequency components and could not be described properly by linear or A-weighted soundpressure level （SPL）. Thus, the appropriate way to evaluate the high-speed train interior noise is to use sound quality parameters,and the most important is loudness. To overcome the disadvantages of the existing loudness algorithms, a novel signal-adaptiveMoore loudness algorithm （AMLA） based on the equivalent rectangular bandwidth （ERB） spectrum was introduced. The valida-tion reveals that AMLA can obtain higher accuracy and efficiency, and the simulated dark red noise conforms best to thehigh-speed train interior noise by loudness and auditory assessment. The main loudness component of the interior noise is below27.6 ERB rate （erbr）, and the sound quality of the interior noise is relatively stable between 300-350 km/h. The specific loudnesscomponents among 12-15 erbr stay invariable throughout the acceleration or deceleration process while components among20-27 erbr are evidently speed related. The unusual random noise is effectively identified, which indicates that AMLA is anappropriate method for sound quality assessment of the high-speed train under both steady and transient conditions.