Rain and snow water samples were collected from Sep. 2010 to Jun. 2011 at a semi-rural site in Ya’an, a city located in the rain-belt along the Tibetan Plateau, to characterize the chemical composition and the source...Rain and snow water samples were collected from Sep. 2010 to Jun. 2011 at a semi-rural site in Ya’an, a city located in the rain-belt along the Tibetan Plateau, to characterize the chemical composition and the sources of precipitation. The collected samples were severely acidified with an annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH of 4.03 and an annual acid rain frequency of 79%. SO42- and NH4+ were the most abundant ions, followed by Ca2+, H+, NO3-, Cl-, K+, Na+, F- and Mg2+. The acidity of samples was predominantly generated by H2SO4 and HNO3, which were neutralized by NH4+ and Ca2+ as much as 65%. NH3 played a major role in neutralizing the acid rain. The average ambient concentration of NH3 was 174.2 μg/m3 during sampling periods. Different source apportionment methods, including principle component analysis (PCA), enrichment factor (EF), correlation and back-trajectory analysis were used to track the sources of rainwater. The methods suggested that the pollutants in rainwater were from both local and long-distance transport (1:2.2), or they were from anthropogenic actions (86.4%), sea salts (8.1%) and crustal (5.5%) respectively.展开更多
Ammonia has been considered as a novel fuel for decarbonization purposes.However,emissions from combustion systems are still posing a problem.Therefore,experimental and numerical simulations have been conducted to stu...Ammonia has been considered as a novel fuel for decarbonization purposes.However,emissions from combustion systems are still posing a problem.Therefore,experimental and numerical simulations have been conducted to study the concentration of exhaust emissions(Nitric oxide“NO”,Nitrous oxide“N_(2)O”)from burning the ammonia/hydrogen(NH_(3)/H_(2))blend 85/15(vol%).The effects were measured at various thermal powers ranging 10 to 20 kW and with different Reynolds numbers from 20,000—40,000.The experimental points were numerically investigated in the Ansys CHEMKIN-Pro environment employing seven chemical kinetic mechanisms taken from the literature.All experiments have been undertaken at standard atmospheric conditions.The experimental results showed that both NO and N_(2)O gradually increased when the Reynolds number increased from 20,000 to 40,000.Along with that,the concentration of NO emissions at the exhaust reported minimum level when the Re=20,000 due to lower reactivity radical formation,all that led to a deterioration of the flame characteristics.Also,the integrated radical intensities of NO*,OH*,NH*,and NH_(2)*demonstrate an increasing trend as Re increased from 20,000 to 40,000.In terms of thermal power,N_(2)O suffered an abrupt decrease when the thermal power increased up to 15 kW,while the opposite occurs for NO.In addition,the radicals intensity of OH*,NH*and NH_(2)*figures show an increase in their concentration when the thermal power increased up to 15 kW then decreased with increasing thermal intensity to reach 20 kW,reflecting into increased NO productions and decreased N_(2)O levels.The numerical analysis showed that Stagni,Bertolino,and Bowen Mei were the most accurate mechanisms as these give a good prediction for NO and N_(2)O.The study also showed that the chemical reaction(HNO+O_(2)←→NO+HO_(2))is the main source of NO formation.While the chemical reaction(NH+NO←→N_(2)O+H)is responsible for the formation of N_(2)O by consuming NO and when there will be abundance in NH radicals.Finally,dealing with a blended fuel of high ammonia concentration encourages ammonia chemistry to become more dominant in the flame.It decreases the flame temperature,hence lowering heat loss between the flame and the surrounding.展开更多
文摘Rain and snow water samples were collected from Sep. 2010 to Jun. 2011 at a semi-rural site in Ya’an, a city located in the rain-belt along the Tibetan Plateau, to characterize the chemical composition and the sources of precipitation. The collected samples were severely acidified with an annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH of 4.03 and an annual acid rain frequency of 79%. SO42- and NH4+ were the most abundant ions, followed by Ca2+, H+, NO3-, Cl-, K+, Na+, F- and Mg2+. The acidity of samples was predominantly generated by H2SO4 and HNO3, which were neutralized by NH4+ and Ca2+ as much as 65%. NH3 played a major role in neutralizing the acid rain. The average ambient concentration of NH3 was 174.2 μg/m3 during sampling periods. Different source apportionment methods, including principle component analysis (PCA), enrichment factor (EF), correlation and back-trajectory analysis were used to track the sources of rainwater. The methods suggested that the pollutants in rainwater were from both local and long-distance transport (1:2.2), or they were from anthropogenic actions (86.4%), sea salts (8.1%) and crustal (5.5%) respectively.
基金supported by the SAFE-AGT pilot(no.EP/T009314/1)with funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC).
文摘Ammonia has been considered as a novel fuel for decarbonization purposes.However,emissions from combustion systems are still posing a problem.Therefore,experimental and numerical simulations have been conducted to study the concentration of exhaust emissions(Nitric oxide“NO”,Nitrous oxide“N_(2)O”)from burning the ammonia/hydrogen(NH_(3)/H_(2))blend 85/15(vol%).The effects were measured at various thermal powers ranging 10 to 20 kW and with different Reynolds numbers from 20,000—40,000.The experimental points were numerically investigated in the Ansys CHEMKIN-Pro environment employing seven chemical kinetic mechanisms taken from the literature.All experiments have been undertaken at standard atmospheric conditions.The experimental results showed that both NO and N_(2)O gradually increased when the Reynolds number increased from 20,000 to 40,000.Along with that,the concentration of NO emissions at the exhaust reported minimum level when the Re=20,000 due to lower reactivity radical formation,all that led to a deterioration of the flame characteristics.Also,the integrated radical intensities of NO*,OH*,NH*,and NH_(2)*demonstrate an increasing trend as Re increased from 20,000 to 40,000.In terms of thermal power,N_(2)O suffered an abrupt decrease when the thermal power increased up to 15 kW,while the opposite occurs for NO.In addition,the radicals intensity of OH*,NH*and NH_(2)*figures show an increase in their concentration when the thermal power increased up to 15 kW then decreased with increasing thermal intensity to reach 20 kW,reflecting into increased NO productions and decreased N_(2)O levels.The numerical analysis showed that Stagni,Bertolino,and Bowen Mei were the most accurate mechanisms as these give a good prediction for NO and N_(2)O.The study also showed that the chemical reaction(HNO+O_(2)←→NO+HO_(2))is the main source of NO formation.While the chemical reaction(NH+NO←→N_(2)O+H)is responsible for the formation of N_(2)O by consuming NO and when there will be abundance in NH radicals.Finally,dealing with a blended fuel of high ammonia concentration encourages ammonia chemistry to become more dominant in the flame.It decreases the flame temperature,hence lowering heat loss between the flame and the surrounding.
