CH_(4)/NO_(x) Reduced Mechanisms Used for Modeling Premixed Combustion

This study has identify useful reduced mechanisms that can be used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the flow field, combustion and emissions of gas turbine engine combustors. Reduced mechanisms lessen computational cost and possess the ability to accurately predict the overall flame structure, including gas temperature and species as CH4, CO and NOx. The S-STEP algorithm which based on computational singular perturbation method (CSP) is performed for reduced the detailed mechanism GRI-3.0. This algorithm required as input: the detailed mechanism, a numerical solution of the problem and the desired number of steps in the reduced mechanism. In this work, we present a 10-Step reduced mechanism obtained through S-STEP algorithm. The rate of each reaction in the reduced mechanism depends on all species, steady-state and non-steady state. The former are calculated from the solution of a system of steady-state algebraic relations with the point relaxation algorithm. Based on premixed code calculations, The numeric results which were obtained for 1 atm ≤ Pressure ≤ 30 atm and 1.4 ≤ ф ≤ 0.6 on the basis of the ten steps global mechanism, were compared with those computed on the basis of the detailed mechanism GRI-3.0. The 10-step reduced mechanism predicts with accuracy the similar results obtained by the full GRI-3.0 mechanism for both NOx and CH4 chemistry.

Microstructure of premixed propane/air flame in the transition from laminar to turbulent combustion

In order to explore the flame structure and propagation behavior of premixed propane/air in the transi-tion from laminar to turbulent combustion, the high speed camera and Schlieren images methods were used to record the photograph of flame propagation process in a semi-vented pipe. Meanwhile, the super-thin thermocouple and ionization current probe methods were applied to detect the temperature distribution and reaction intensity of combustion reaction. The characteristics of propane/air flame propagation and microstructure were analyzed in detail by the experimental results coupled with chemical reaction thermodynamics. In the test, the particular tulip flame behavior and the formation process in the laminar-turbulent transition were disclosed clearly. From the Schlieren images and iron current results, one conclusion can be drawn that the small-scale turbulent combustion also appeared in laminar flame, which made little influence on the flame shape, but increased the flame thickness obviously.

Quantitative measurements of one-dimensional OH absolute concentration profiles in a methane/air flat flame by bi-directional laser-induced fluorescence

The one-dimensional （1D） spatial distributions of OH absolute concentration in methane/air laminar premixed flat flame under different equivalence ratios at atmospheric pressure are investigated by using bi-directional laser-induced flu- orescence （LIF） detection scheme combined with the direct absorption spectroscopy. The effective peak absorption cross section and the average temperature at a height of 2 mm above the burner are obtained by exciting absorption on the Q1（8） rotational line in the A2∑＋ （Dt = 0） ←- X2∏ （v = 0） at 309.240 nm. The measured values are 1.86×10-15 cm2 and 1719 K, respectively. Spatial filtering and frequency filtering methods of reducing noise are used to deal with the experi- mental data, and the smoothing effects are also compared using the two methods. The spatial distribution regularities of OH concentration are obtained with the equivalence ratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.3. The spatial resolution of the measured result is 84μm. Finally, a comparison is made between the experimental result of this paper and other relevant study results.

Effect of Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer on the Temperature Measurement by the Thermocouple in Premixed Laminar Flames

In the past 30 years,the effect of thermal radiation and convection heat transfer,which are predominant at high temperature and can affect the measurement accuracy of thermocouple,were not fully considered in the field of laminar flame researches.In this work,the effect of thermal radiation heat transfer was newly calculated by determining the spectral irradiation heat flux from the whole space to thermocouple and the radiation heat loss from thermocouple junction to surroundings.Analysis reveals that the thermocouple itself maintains at high temperature,resulting serious thermal radiation heat loss,which can be compensated via receiving energy from convection-transferred heat as well as thermal radiation emitted by flame and burner surface.Such method was applied to correct the temperatures measured by thermocouple in rich nitromethane flame as reference.The results indicate that the radiation heat loss plays a dominant role,while the radiations emitted by flame and burner surface account for minor contribution with the percentage of 20.78%at the height above burner(HAB)of 0.4 mm,3.63%at HAB of 2.0 mm and even smaller at higher HAB.Temperature correction states that the maximum temperature error is 117.60 K,where the effect of thermal radiation emitted by flame and burner surface is less than 1.75 K.Consequently,it is provably reasonable and feasible to concentrate on the radiation heat loss and ignore the effect of thermal radiation emitted by flame and burner in real combustion processes.

An experimental study of premixed laminar methane/oxygen/argon flames doped with hydrogen at low pressure with synchrotron photoionization

Laminar premixed stoichiometric methane/hydrogen/oxygen/argon flames were investigated with tun- able synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization and molecular-beam sampling mass spec- trometry techniques. The methane/hydrogen fuel blends with hydrogen volumetric fraction of 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% were studied. All observed flame species, including stable intermediates and radi- cals in the flames, were detected by measuring photoionization mass spectra and photoionization effi- ciency (PIE) spectra. Mole fraction profiles of major species and intermediates were derived by scan- ning burner at some selected photon energies near ionization thresholds. The influence of hydrogen addition on mole fraction of major species and intermediates was analyzed. The results show that the major species mole fraction of CO, CO2 and CH4 decreases with the increase of hydrogen fraction. The mole fraction of intermediates measured in this experiment decreases remarkably with the increase of hydrogen fraction. This would be due to the increase of H and OH radicals by hydrogen addition and the high diffusivity and activity of H radical promoting the chemical reaction. In addition, the increase of H/C ratio with the increase of hydrogen fraction also leads to the decrease of the mole fraction of car- bon-related intermediates and contributes to the decrease of unburned and incomplete combustion products.

Study of low-pressure premixed laminar n-heptane+propane/oxygen/nitrogen flames

Low-pressure premixed laminar n-heptane+propane/oxygen/nitrogen flames were investigated with tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization and molecular-beam sampling mass spectrometry. Three flames with different mass percentage of propane in the fuel blends of 0%, 10%, and 20% were studied. The combustion intermediates were identified by comparing the measured IEs with those values in literatures. Mole fraction profiles of the main species were compared among the three flames. The experimental results provide detailed data in understanding the combustion of n-heptane and n-heptane/propane blends in engine. They are also helpful in establishing and verifying the kinetic models.

Investigation of the Laminar Premixed n-Propylamine Flame

The laminar premixed n-propylamine(NPA)flame with equivalence ratio of 1.70 has been investigated at 4666.28 Pa using tunable synchrotron photoionization and molecular-beam mass spectrometry techniques.Chemical structures and mole fractions of 40 species were determined.Ethenol,allylamine,butadiyne,vinylacetylene,1,3-butadiene,1-butene,2-butene,n-butyl radical,1,3-cyclopentadiene,cyclopentene,2-pentene,benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,2-propen-1-imine,cyclopropanimine,pyrrole,2-butenenitrile and n-butylamine were newly identified in the amine flames.Mole fraction profiles of some species including reactants,intermediates and products in the NPA flame were given.HCN and N_(2)were observed as the primary N-containing products in the NPA flame,which was different from the result that NO was the major N-containing products in previous studies of nitrogen flames.The bond energies of NPA were calculated through quantum chemistry calculations on the basis of density functional theory at the CBS-QB3 level.It showed that the CH_(3)CH_(2)-CH_(2)NH_(2)bond was the weakest and NPA mainly decomposed to CH_(2)NH_(2)and C_(2)H_(5)radicals.The H-abstractions at C_(α)by OH/O(NPA+OH=CH_(3)CH_(2)CHNH_(2)+H_(2)O and NPA+O=CH_(3)CH_(2)CHNH_(2)+OH)had significant promoting effects on NPA consumption.The N conversion chain of NPA under flame conditions was proposed and detailed analysis with respect to intermediates especially the nitrogen-containing species were provided.The results will enrich the understanding of NPA flame and are essential to further establish the kinetic mechanism.

合成气层流预混火焰加速效应实验研究

利用定容燃烧弹可视化实验平台对合成气层流预混火焰加速效应开展了系统研究.通过调整混合气的当量比和氧氮体积比实现自身不稳定性的解耦控制,在此基础上研究了火焰加速阶段、临界点和火焰加速因子.层流预混火焰的加速传播过程呈现出明显的准稳态、过渡态加速、饱和态加速3个阶段.4种临界点的先后顺序为:裂纹分裂临界点≈过渡态加速临界点<均匀细胞化临界点≈饱和态加速临界点.饱和态加速阶段的加速因子数值在1.1~1.2之间,并未与Lewis数和密度比呈现出明显的依赖关系.结果表明,火焰自身不稳定性对层流火焰的加速临界点有显著促进作用,但并不会影响饱和态阶段的火焰加速强度.

中红外层析吸收光谱技术应用于甲烷掺氨层流预混火焰温度测量

氨(NH3)是一种代表性的零碳燃料,其完全燃烧产物为水(H_(2)O(g))和氮气。由于其独特的零碳排放优势,近年来,NH3已在热力锅炉、内燃机和工业窑炉中实现高比例掺烧的减排应用。由于火焰温度与燃烧效率和污染物生成密切相关,因此亟须精准的实验数据以实现对燃烧过程的主动控制。本文开发了基于中红外层析吸收光谱技术的测量系统,通过跃迁谱线分析,优选了H_(2)O在基频谱带(v3)内2482 nm附近的吸收谱线开展吸收光谱测量。采用多个Voigt线型函数实现H_(2)O光谱重叠吸收特征的精确拟合,并结合阿贝尔逆变换和正则化技术实现了不同掺氨比燃烧工况下火焰温度的免标定、定量测量。实验结果表明纯氨燃料和甲烷/氨气混合燃料的火焰面位置位于燃烧器上方高度的0.5~2 mm之间,当体积掺氨比从20%向100%增大时,火焰面逐渐远离燃烧器,同时火焰最高温度大约从1600 K上升至2000 K。本文开发的测量方法与系统,不仅能捕捉到层流预混火焰沿着轴向和径向的非均匀温度分布,还能分辨出不同燃烧工况下的火焰温度差异,特别适合零碳氨燃料火焰温度测量。

乙醇—空气预混层流火焰特性的试验研究

利用纹影高速摄像技术,在定容燃烧弹内试验研究了温度为358~500 K,当量比从0.7到1.4的乙醇—空气预混层流火焰的传播特性。通过研究乙醇—空气火焰传播速度与层流火焰拉伸的关系,获得了乙醇—空气火焰无拉伸层流燃烧速度。结合先前研究结论,总结得出了乙醇—空气层流火焰无拉伸层流燃烧速度的经验公式。通过计算乙醇—空气层流火焰质量燃烧速率,确定了乙醇—空气层流火焰的全局活化温度以及Zeldovich数随混合气当量比的变化关系,并由此提出了乙醇—空气层流火焰燃烧速度的的替代拟合公式。通过比较,发现本研究结论与以前结果很吻合。

多孔介质内层流预混燃烧的数值模拟

燃气与固体构架之间强烈的换热,使多孔介质内的燃烧与自由流中的燃烧有很大不同．模拟了甲烷／空气预混气在多孔介质内的一维层流燃烧过程,详细考察了多孔介质构架中的辐射换热和气固之间对流换热,并使用了详细化学反应机理,其计算结果能够较好地预测多孔介质内的各种燃烧特性．

Tulip火焰形成过程中的细微结构特性

为揭示预混火焰传播的动力学过程以及Tulip火焰的形成规律,采用高速纹影摄像系统并结合离子电流探测等技术手段,对管道内丙烷-空气预混火焰传播过程中的细微结构进行了实验研究.结果表明,在Tulip火焰形成过程中,伴随着层流火焰向湍流转变以及火焰结构的变化;层流火焰中的小尺寸涡流增大火焰厚度,而随后大尺寸涡流使火焰发生褶皱与分层;Tulip火焰结构的形成是流动与火焰共同作用的结果,它标志着层流向湍流转变的充分发展.

乙烯-氧化亚氮层流预混燃烧过程研究

采用PREMIX模块模拟乙烯-氧化亚氮(C_2H_4-N_2O)预混体系在0. 1～1. 5 MPa下层流火焰传播速度,得到不同压力和氧/燃比下乙烯-氧化亚氮体系的火焰传播速度、火焰温度和燃烧质量流率变化。同时,采用层流火焰传播测试仪器对乙烯-氧化亚氮预混体系的层流火焰传播速度进行实际测定,通过对比火焰传播速度的测量值与计算值,验证选用模型的准确性和计算方法的可靠性。试验结果表明:所选用的USC机理模型可适应于研究预混气体层流火焰燃烧计算,当量比等于1. 18,压力0. 1 MPa时层流火焰传播速度达到最大值;当量比等于1. 18,压力1. 5 MPa时层流质量燃烧流量达到最大值;当量比为1. 35,压力1. 5 MPa时层流火焰达温度到最大值。

甲烷-正庚烷混合物的预混层流火焰研究

利用球形传播火焰试验和一维平面火焰数值模拟对0.1 MPa、393 K条件下甲烷-正庚烷混合物的预混层流燃烧特性进行了研究,其中当量比从0.7到1.5、甲烷含量从0到100%,.结果表明:随着甲烷含量的提高,甲烷-正庚烷混合物的层流燃烧速度和Markstein长度首先基本保持不变,呈现出与正庚烷类似的特性,当甲烷含量达到75%,时,其层流燃烧速度和Markstein长度开始不同于正庚烷,逐渐发生变化.结合层流燃烧速度的敏感性分析,对混合物一维平面火焰中主要自由基的浓度和主要基元反应的反应速率随甲烷含量的变化进行了研究,发现当甲烷含量增至75%,时,主要自由基(·H、·OH和·O)的摩尔分数峰值和基元反应(R1 H+O_2=O+OH、R24 CO+OH=CO_2+H)的反应速率峰值都开始发生变化.

甲醇空气预混层流燃烧的简化化学反应动力学机理

基于甲醇氧化的详细反应历程，利用敏感性分析的方法，提出了一个用于描述甲醇空气预混层流燃烧速度的包含18种组分、28步基元反应的简化化学反应动力学机理．研究发现，在甲醇的氧化过程中，甲醇的分解反应及H、OH等自由基的链锁反应具有十分高的敏感性，其中HCO＋M和H＋O2分别是产生H、OH自由基的主要反应．计算结果与实验结果对比表明，该简化机理可以较合理地模拟当量比为0．6～1．2以及不同初始温度下的层流燃烧速度和火焰结构．与详细机理相比，该机理更适合与CFD三维数值模拟软件耦合．

非均匀电场对火焰传播速率的影响

在定容燃烧装置上,通过改变加载电压和电极结构形成了不同的非匀强电场,由此研究了电场对预混层流火焰形状和传播速率的影响.结果表明:在非均匀电场下,尖-网电极对应的火焰形状发生了显著变化,尖-柱电极对应的火焰形状变化较小;受离子风的影响,沿电场方向的火焰水平方向传播速率增加,加载电压越大,火焰水平方向传播速率增加得越多;当加载电压为-5kV、-10kV、-12kV时,尖-网电极对应的水平方向平均传播速率分别增加了10.4%、23.7%、34.1%,尖-柱电极对应的水平方向平均传播速率分别增加了2.5%、7.5%、8.8%;加载电压相同时,尖-网电极比尖-柱电极对应的火焰水平方向传播速率增加得更多.

采用速度匹配法研究本生灯火焰的稳定点位置

采用理论预测与实验研究的方法分析了本生灯火焰的稳定点位置与气流速度的关系,因为火焰稳定点的存在与否直接决定了火焰的存在与否.理论预测采用速度匹配法,通过分析本生灯出口附近冷态流场中气流速度分布与火焰传播速度分布的相对关系,并引入壁面淬熄的影响,预测出火焰稳定点的空间位置并得到了经验关系式.实验则以甲烷-空气的预混层流本生灯火焰为研究对象,确定了火焰稳定点位置与气流速度的相对关系.实验结果与Bernard Lewis的预测不同,即随流速增大,火焰稳定点会朝向射流的下游和射流中心线方向移动.而根据得到的经验关系式预测出的火焰稳定点位置与实验结果符合良好,精度在±20%以内,表明速度匹配法能够准确预测火焰稳定点的位置.

协流部分预混燃烧器设计及激光诊断测量

针对液体燃料层流燃烧的实验测量需要,设计一个边界条件可控的、稳定的液体燃料层流部分预混燃烧器.选取正庚烷与甲苯混合后的液体燃料作为验证火焰的实验燃料.火焰直接成像、双色法测温、激光诊断测量结果均与类似的部分预混火焰测量结果相近,表明了所设计燃烧器火焰的可靠性.激光诊断的研究结果清晰地表明了火焰在不同高度下碳烟及其前驱物多环芳香烃(PAHs)的生成氧化历程,为验证和发展液体燃料浓预混条件下的碳烟生成氧化机理提供数据支撑.

CH_4/空气含氮燃烧的14步简化机理

从含氮的详细机理GRI2 11出发,通过分析确定了主要物质后,利用敏感性分析和自动简化机理的计算程序,构造出一套含氮反应的CH4 空气燃烧14步总包简化机理,该简化机理包括18种组分和14个总包反应,其中,总包反应速率通过准稳态假设由准稳态物质的关系式来确定。利用良搅拌反应器和层流预混火焰的燃烧问题对其进行了检验。通过与详细机理的计算结果比较表明,该简化机理能在大范围热力学参数变化范围内很好地预测燃烧现象以及NO的生成量。

层流预混火焰PAHs形成的反应机理模型

本文着重讨论层流预混火焰中,碳黑的先驱多环芳烃(PAHs)形成的化学反应动力学机理。该机理包括101种组分、546个基元反应。通过与实验结果的比较表明,该模型能够较好地预报碳氢燃料预混火焰中PAHs的生成过程。计算结果还表明当量比和压力PAHs的生成与排放具有重要影响,且存在一个化学当量比,在此当量比下,PAHs的浓度达到极大值。