Illite Crystallinity Mapping of Very Low Grade Metamorphism of Triassic Metapelites in the Zoigê Area,Western China

X-ray diffraction methods for estimating the metamorphic grade of diagenetic, anchizone and epizone in metapelites are reviewed and applied to samples from a 7000 m＋ borehole in western China and surface samples from the surrounding Zoige area. Kiibler＇s illite crystallinity （IC） measurements provide more consistent results than calculated values of percentage of illite in the I/S mixed layers and percentage of I/S mixed layers. Down-borehole IC values display a typical burial metamorphic relationship between stratigraphic level and IC. A method for preparing very low grade metamorphic maps is described, and isograds plotted on a regional geological map at selected values of IC, delineating a high temperature diagenetic zone, an anchizone, and an epizone. The map shows that IC values are controlled by stratigraphic level in the north of the study area （i.e. burial metamorphism）, and proximity to an igneous intrusive body in the south （i.e. contact metamorphism）.

K-Ar Dating of Authigenic Illites and Its Applications to the Study of Hydrocarbon Charging Histories of Typical Sandstone Reservoirs in Tarim Basin, China

The Tarim Basin in China comprises eight sets of sandstone reservoirs, five of which are investigated in detail in this study. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the hydrocarbon charging histories of reservoirs by applying K-Ar dating of authigenic illites. The ages of authigenic illites from the Lower Silurian bituminous sandstones in the Central Uplift area range from 383.5 to 235.2 Ma, suggesting that the Silurian oil accumulations were formed from the late Caledonian till the late Hercynian. The ages of authigenic illites from the Upper Devonian Donghe Sandstone reservoirs range from 263.8 to 231.3 Ma, indicating that hydrocarbon accumulations within the Donghe sandstone were formed mainly in the late Hercynian. The authigenic illites ages from the Lower Jurassic Yangxia Group sandstones in the Yinan-2 gas reservoir (Yinan-2, Kuqa Depression) range from 28.1 to 23.9 Ma, suggesting that the initial hydrocarbon charging occurred in the Miocene. The ages of the authigenic illites from the Lower Cretaceous sandstones in the Akemomu gas field (Ake-1, Kashi Sag, Southwest Depression) range from 22.6 to 18.8 Ma, indicating a probable early oil accumulation or early migration of hydrocarbon within this area. The illites from the Paleogene sandstones in the Dina-2 gas reservoir (Dina-201, Kuqa Depression) have a detrital origin; they cannot be used to study the hydrocarbon charging histories. The ages of authigenic illites in the underlying Cretaceous sandstones in the same well (Dina-201) range from 25.5 to 15.5 Ma, indicating that hydrocarbon charging in this reservoir probably occurred within the Miocene. This study highlights the potential of applying K-Ar dating of authigenic illites to investigate the timing of hydrocarbon charging histories of the Tarim Basin reservoir sandstones.

Silurian-Devonian and Jurassic Thermal Events in the Ordos Basin, China: Indications from K-Ar Dating on Illites

In the Ordos basin, two distinct thermal events of different ages have been identified for the first time by means of K-Ar dating combined with illite crystallinity analysis. For the Late Triassic and Late Permian samples, the K-Ar ages of the < 0.2μm fractions (159-173 Ma) reflect an illitization age related to the Yanshanian movement and indicate a short thermal event in the Middle Jurassic; the K-Ar ages of the <2 μm fractions (210-308 Ma) are interpreted as mixed ages of detrital material and authigenic illites. The K-Ar ages of both < 0.2μm and < 2μm fractions of a Middle Cambrian sample (368 Ma and 419 Ma) correspond to the ages of the metamorphism and earliest granite intrusion in the northern Caledonian Qinling fold zone (380-420 Ma) and show a thermal event during Silurian-Devonian time.

The effect of pH on the sorption of gold nanoparticles on illite

Sorption between nanoparticles(NPs)and minerals may critically affect the migration of associated elements as well as the environmental impact of NPs.Since illite is widely present in soil,sediment,and water,we have experimentally investigated the sorption behavior of citrate-coated gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)as model NPs on illite under different pH and mineral mass conditions.We demonstrated that sorption of these negatively charged AuNPs strongly depended on the suspension pH.At pH above 8,which coincided with the apparent point of zero charge(pH 7.9)of our illite sample,only marginal sorption of AuNPs was observed.At pH 3-8,significant sorption of AuNPs on illite was found,with almost complete sorption occurring at more acidic conditions(pH 3-4).TEM observations revealed that sorption took place through the attachment AuNPs on illite edges.At pH 2,AuNPs mostly formed chain-like fused structures and precipitated out of the suspension.Based upon the above pH dependence,residual organic ligand content after sorption,and complementary sorption results with positively charged AuNPs,we conclude that the sorption process is mainly driven by the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged AuNPs and positively charged illite edges,with possible competitive involvement of citrate molecules.We expect that our findings will improve our understanding of NP-mineral interaction and the environmental fate of NPs.

Evaluation of 40^Ar/39^Ar Geochronology of Authigenic Illites in Determining Hydrocarbon Charge Timing： A Case Study from the Silurian Bituminous Sandstone Reservoirs, Tarim Basin, China

The Silurian bituminous sandstones（SBS） in the Tarim Basin, China are important basinwide reservoirs with an estimated area of approximately 249000 km^2. We investigated the ages of authigenic illites in the SBS reservoirs and constrained their formation timing by using the 40^Ar/39^Ar step wise heating method. The age spectra, 39^Ar recoil loss and their controlling factors were investigated systematically. The 40^Ar/39^Ar ages were compared with the conventional K/Ar ages of identical clay fractions. The clay in the SBS reservoirs is dominated by orderly mixed-layer illite/smectite（I/S） with 5%–30% smectite layers. The I/S minerals morphology comprises primarily honeycomb, short filamentous and curved-lath particles, characteristic of authigenic illites. The unencapsulated 40^Ar/39^Ar total gas ages（UTGA） of the authigenic illites range from 188.56 ± 6.20 Ma to 491.86 ± 27.68 Ma, which are 7% to 103% older than the corresponding K/Ar ages of 124.87 ± 1.11 Ma to 383.45 ± 2.80 Ma, respectively. The K-Ar ages indicate multistage accumulations with distinct distribution patterns in the Tarim Basin： older（late Caledonian-early Hercynian） around the basin margin, younger（late Hercynian） in the basin centre, and the youngest（middle to late Yanshanian） in the Ha-6 well-block, central area of the North Uplift. The age difference is believed to have been caused by the 39^Ar recoil loss during the irradiation process. Compared with the K/Ar ages, the estimated 39^Ar recoil losses in this study are in the range from 7% to 51%. The 39^Ar recoil loss appears to increase not only with the decreasing particle sizes of the I/S, but also with increasing percentage of smectite layers（IR） of the I/S, and smectite layer content（SLC） of the samples. We conclude that due to significant 39^Ar recoil losses, UTGA may not offer any meaningful geological ages of the authigenic illite formation in the SBS and thus can not be used to represent the hydrocarbon charge timing. 39^Ar recoil losses during 40^Ar/39^Ar dating can not be neglected when dating fine authigenic illite, especially when the ordered mixed-layer I/S containing small amount of smectite layers（IR30%） in the reservoir formations. Compared with the unencapsulated Ar-Ar method, the conventional K-Ar method is less complicated, more accurate and reliable in dating authigenic illites in petroleum reservoirs.

Electron Diffraction Patterns of Plesiotwinning of Fe-Illite

A new selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern was found from Fe-illite. The lattice of the ED pattern can be described as a compound tessellation of {3,6}[79{3,6}], which is based on a large coincidence-site lattice (CSL) with oriented crystal associations rotated by a non-crystallographic angle 26°. This phenomenon corresponds to the plesiotwinning of Fe-illite and has been never reported in the nature so far.

Displacement of shale gas confined in illite shale by flue gas: A molecular simulation study

The shale gas is an unconventional supplementary energy to traditional fossil energy,and is stored in layered rocks with low permeability and porosity,which leads to the difficulty for exploration of shale gas.Therefore,using CO_(2) gas to displace shale gas has become an important topic.In this work,we use molecular simulations to study the displacement of shale gas by flue gas rather than CO_(2),in which flue gas is modeled as a binary mixture of CO_(2) and N_(2) and the shale model is represented by inorganic Illite and organic methylnaphthalene.CH_(4) is used as a shale gas model.Compared to the pure CO_(2),flue gas is easily available and the cost of displacement by flue gas would become lower.Results indicate that the pore size of shale is an important factor in the process of displacing shale gas and simultaneously sequestrating flue gas,while the flue gas N_(2)-CO_(2) ratio shows a small effect on the process of CH_(4) displacement,because the high partial pressure of flue gas is the main driving force for displacement of shale gas.Moreover,the geological condition also has a significant effect on the process of CH_(4) displacement by flue gas.Therefore,we suggest that the burial depth of 1 km is suitable operation condition for shale gas displacement.It is expected that this work provides a useful guidance for exploitation of shale gas and sequestration of greenhouse gas.

Spectroscopic study on variations in illite surface properties after acid-base titration

FT IR, Raman microscopy, XRD, 29 Si and 27 Al MAS NMR, were used to investigate changes in surface properties of a natural illite sample after acid base potentiometric titration. The characteristic XRD lines indicated the presence of surface Al Si complexes, preferable to Al(OH) 3 precipitates. In the microscopic Raman spectra, the vibration peaks of Si O and Al O bonds diminished as a result of treatment with acid, then increased after hydroxide back titration. The varied ratio of signal intensity between IV Al and VI Al species in 27 Al MAS NMR spectra, together with the stable BET surface area after acidimetric titration, suggested that edge faces and basal planes in the layer structure of illite participated in dissolution of structural components. The combined spectroscopic evidence demonstrated that the reactions between illite surfaces and acid leaching silicic acid and aluminum ions should be considered in the model description of surface acid base properties of the aqueous illite.

Study of the Stacking Sequences of an Irregular Mixed-Layer Illite/Smectite (I/S) Clay Mineral—with a Discussion on the Existence of Minerals with Two-Dimentional Lattice and One-Dimentional Quasi-Lattice

There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed-layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mixed-layer illite/smectite clay minerals (I/S) are widespread in nature. While studying the clay minerals from the Permian-Triassic (P/T) boundary bed, the authors found that I/S clay minerals are developed in all P/T boundary clay layers in areas from the northwest to southeast of China. Systematic mineralogical studies of the I/S clay minerals from Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Zhejiang were made by means of X-ray, infrared spectroscopic, electron microscopic and chemical analyses and a deepened study of the stacking sequences of their structural unit layers was conducted by the MacEwan one—dimentional direct Fourier transform. It was found that the stacking of the illite and smectite crystal layers along the c axis can be derived from Fibonacci sequences. Hence, the authors propose that such I/S clay minerals are possessed of two—dimentional crystal lattice and one—dimentional quasicrystal lattice.

A Comparison Study of Synkinematic Illite Isolation,Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffraction,and K-Ar Dating for Direct Fault Gouge Analyses

K-Ar dating of synkinematic illite is increasingly recognized as a central method to constrain the timing of shallow crustal faulting.Methods of efficient sample preparation and quantitative identification of illite polytypes are critical to acquiring K-Ar isotope data for authigenic clays.In this respect,we compared the commonly used clay size separation method through centrifugation with vacuum filtration technology,showing that the former is prone to extract fractions with finer particle sizes under similar conditions,thus improving the error in the authigenic end-member age.Additionally,we demonstrated that the side-packed mounting method for X-ray diffraction analysis can significantly enhance the randomness in powder samples,thus improving the quantification accuracy compared with the front-packed and back-packed methods.The validity of our quantification method was confirmed by comparing Profex■modeling patterns with a suite of synthetic mixtures of known compositions,yielding an average analytical error of 3%.Dating results of these artificial mixtures and the reference materials indicated that a large range in percentages of detrital illite and a sufficient amount of age data will produce reliable results for ages of both extrapolated end-members.However,if the range is limited,the extrapolated age close to those of datasets is still reliable.

Desilication from illite by thermochemical activation

Illite occurs widely in bauxite ores and results in low alumina grade of the ores. Differential thermal analysis （DTA）, thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA） and X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD） show the OH groups split off from the structural framework of illite between 500 ℃ and 700 ℃. With the increase in temperature up to about 1 100 ℃, the layer structure of illite breaks up and Si in the layers is transformed into the amorphous state. Meanwhile, mullite comes out at 1 100 ℃. Quartz occurring in illite keeps unchanged in structure in the range of （500（1 200 ℃.）） A desilication process from illite by thermochemical activation followed by alkali leaching is therefore developed on the basis of the behavior that amorphous silica is alkali soluble. The investigation finds that the optimum parameters for desilication are activation temperature of 1 1001 150 ℃, activation time of 90120 min, leaching temperature of 95110 ℃, leaching time of 90120 min and concentration of caustic soda （Na2Ok） 120150 g/L. An overall desilication about 45% is attained under these conditions. XRD analysis confirms that the active amorphous SiO2 has been dissolved in the alkali solution and removed from the samples, while quartz and mullite have not. The investigation also shows that the formation of mullite during activation and formation of sodium hydroaluminosilicates (Na96Al96Si96O384 and 0.95Na2O·Al2O3·3.25SiO2·4.79H2O) during leaching lead to the relatively low desilication of illite.

Dating Model of Illite Grain Rb-Sr Isochron and Its Application to Precambrian Stratigraphy

This paper discusses the Rb-Sr geochemical behaviour of illites in the sedimentary process, and points out that illites of the lmd and lm types could reach Sr-isotopic equilibrium with its environmental medium during the sedimentary process and initial stage of diagenesis, and illite grains of different sizes have various Rb contents. A new dating method for sedimentary rocks----a dating model of illite grain Rb-Sr isochron----is established, in consideration of the geochemical process of Sr-isotopic homogenization and differentiation in the course of their formation and evolution. In addition, the paper concerns the application of the dating model to the Precambrian unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks in western Henan Province, which gives satisfactory results coincident with the geological facts.

Origin of Illites at Dexing Porphyry Copper Deposit, Jiangxi Province, East China: Implications for Alteration Zoning and Ore-Forming Fluid Evolution

According to differences in features of illites including spatial distribution, crystallinity index, volume of swelling layer, polytype and relationship between its index and copper grade, two typical kinds of illite can be classified within the Tongchang porphyry copper deposit, Dexing County, East China. One is a kind of hydrothermally altered minerals within the hydrothermal alteration zone, including altered granodiorite\|porphyry and altered metamorphic tuffaceous phyllite near the contact zone with porphyry rockbody. The illite crystallinity and expandability are mainly affected by water/rock ratio or fluid flux, and hydrothermal illite is formed by illitization of plagioclase and/or micas during hydrothermal fluid evolution within the porphyry body and near the contact zone with wall rocks. The other is a product of low\|grade metamorphism itself by illitization of smectite, whose crystallinity index is lower than the hydrothermal illite and which is of 2M\-1 polytype with no swelling layer, in the altered metamorphic tuffaceous phyllite far from porphyry rockbody (>2 km). Moreover, the negative correlation between illite index and copper grade indicates that, within the alteration zone, the smaller the illite crystallinity, the stronger the alteration degree, and the higher the copper grade due to higher water/rock ratio. At lower levels of the porphyry body, however, the illite crystallinity (IC) values are controlled mainly by temperature and time.

Illite-smectite Mixed-layer Minerals in the Alteration Volcanic Ashes under Submarine Environment

The clay mineralogy of the clay intervals interbedded with siliceous mudstones across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in Pengda, Guiyang, Guizhou province, was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The clay mineral assemblages of the sediments are mainly I/S clays and minor smectite, kaolinite, and illite as reveled by XRD analyses. The peak-shape parameters BB1 and BB2 of I/S clays of the representative clay bed PL-01 are 4.7° and 4.4°, and the peak position of the low angle reflection is at 6.8° 2θ (13.6 ), suggesting that the I/S clays has a IS type of ordering. However, the presence of multi-order reflections and their intensities are different from those of completely ordered 1∶1 mixed-layer I/S clay rectorite, indicating that I/S clays of the Pengda section have partially ordered IS structures. HRTEM observations show that most of the I/S clays exhibit an IS stacking ordering. However, in some areas within a IS particle, smectite layer is observed in doublets, triplets, and quartets, which are interstratified by various amounts of illite layers, suggesting the presence of other irregular stacking in addition to the major 1∶1 IS ordered stacking. Transformation of smectite layer into illite layers is also observed in the I/S clays, suggesting that the Pengda I/S clays are derived from smectite illitization, in good agreement with the clay mineral assemblage. The I/S clays of the Pengda section contain up to 45% to 95% smectite layer, the notably higher contents of smectite layer relative to those of other PTB stratigraphic sets in south China can be attributed to difference in alteration and smectite illitization processes due to different sedimentary environments.

天然富有机质含铵伊利石高温高压稳定性研究

含铵伊利石等含铵黏土矿物是地壳中重要的储氮矿物,研究其高温高压稳定性对地球壳–幔圈层间氮循环具有重要意义。本研究通过高温高压(HTHP)模拟实验,初步探索了天然富有机质(具类石墨结构)的含铵伊利石矿物结构及其携带的C、N元素的稳定性。结果表明,在高温(600)℃常压环境下,含铵伊利石层状结构发生塌陷,结构羟基脱失,层间NH_(4)^(+)脱失,其表面类石墨的结构有序度下降,部分含C、N官能团脱失,但仍有近一半得以保存。伊利石层间NH_(4)^(+)的热稳定性受矿物层状结构的制约,当伊利石因高温发生层间塌陷时,NH_(4)^(+)失去伊利石片层保护后受热发生分解。而不同形态有机氮的热稳定性主要与其在类石墨有机质芳香结构中的位置有关。含铵伊利石结构在高温高压(600℃、2 GPa)下保持稳定,类石墨的有序度以及石墨化程度均增强,表明压力在一定程度上补偿了温度的影响。此外,伊利石表面具网状片层结构的类石墨有机质对矿物结构有物理保护作用。同时,有机质中的部分C、N元素在高温高压下与伊利石结构中的Al和O等元素形成稳定的化合键,亦可增强有机质的稳定性。含铵伊利石在高温高压下的稳定性表明,含铵黏土矿物很有可能是携带地壳中的氮经俯冲进入地球深部的载体矿物。有机质中C、N元素的高温高压稳定性表明,地层中含N类石墨有机质可成为地球深部C、N元素的潜在来源。

鄂尔多斯盆地中-上元古界—下古生界热演化程度:来自伊利石结晶度及伊蒙混层的指示

由于缺乏有效的古温标,对鄂尔多斯盆地中-上元古界—下古生界热演化程度一直以来了解十分有限。本文通过对盆地内20余口钻井中-上元古界—下古生界开展自生伊利石结晶度和伊蒙混层系统性测试,试图从新的角度分析盆地中-上元古界—奥陶系热演化程度及分布规律。结果表明:盆地不同部位伊利石结晶度与深度关系存在明显的差异,整体具有随深度增大而减小的趋势,主要受控于古埋深及古地温梯度。盆地沉积盖层伊利石结晶度普遍大于0.25,未达到绿片岩相浅变质阶段;盆地下古生界奥陶系伊利石结晶度大于0.42,表明处于成岩演化阶段;寒武系样品结晶度略小于奥陶系,整体处于成岩带中-晚期到极低级变质作用阶段;中元古界伊利石结晶度相对更低,对应热演化程度更高。此外,我们对比了伊利石结晶度和等效镜质体反射率分别恢复的地层最大古地温结果,两者在误差范围内基本一致,表明这一方法对研究我国古老地层热演化程度具有明显的可行性。

埃迪卡拉纪晚期特有化石Shaanxilithes的埋藏学研究:来自华北克拉通和柴达木板块的化石材料

布尔吉斯页岩型宏观化石为我们探索早期生命演化以及古代海洋生态系统提供了重要窗口。然而,关于布尔吉斯页岩型化石库的埋藏学研究尚存在较大争议,特别是对于化石相关的黏土矿物成因及其在化石埋藏保存中的作用存在不同理解。鉴于此,本文通过微观岩石学和电子显微镜对产自我国北方的埃迪卡拉纪晚期非矿化管状化石Shaanxilithes开展化石埋藏学研究。研究显示,Shaanxilithes的保存方式与布尔吉斯页岩型埋藏方式较为相似,即化石可以呈与黏土矿物密切相关的碳质压膜形式保存。研究在一定程度上扩展了布尔吉斯页岩型宏观化石的岩相学分布,即Shaanxilithes化石可以保存在砂岩、粉砂岩、页岩和白云岩等多种类型的沉积岩中。同时,研究认为黏土矿物对于生物非矿化组织的保存起到了至关重要的作用,而这些黏土矿物在随后的成岩作用以及后期的风化作用中经历了一系列的动态转化过程。

西藏南部极低级变质岩及其地质与资源意义

极低级变质作用(very low-grade metamorphism)是当代地球科学的前沿研究课题之一。极低级变质岩(very low-grade metamorphic rocks)既是地质过程的记录,又在资源环境方面有实用意义。西藏南部广泛分布着处于成岩-极低级变质-低级变质阶段的岩石。它们记录了从新特提斯到青藏高原形成发展的诸多信息,并为在西藏南部寻找油气资源提供了有用的线索。本文对采自西藏南部不同地点和构造单元的71件珍贵的富含黏土矿物的岩石样品进行了XRD分析,获得了71套以伊利石结晶度(Ic)为主的黏土矿物数据。数据表明,这些岩石的伊利石结晶度(Ic)在0.21°~1.61°(Δ2θ)范围内,分别落在低级成岩区、高级成岩区、极低级变质区、低级变质区。不同构造单元显示不同的变质特点。北喜马拉雅碳酸盐台地P_(2),J-K,K_(2)均属极低级变质,N显示早期成岩阶段特征。拉轨岗日被动陆缘盆地发育P1,T_(1),T_(2),T_(3),J_(1),J-K,K_(1),K_(2)地层,绝大多数均遭受极低级变质,总的趋势是随着时代变新变质程度逐渐降低,具有埋藏变质的特点。也有部分样品的Ic落在成岩带内,提供了寻找油气的线索。从雅鲁藏布蛇绿(混杂)岩带中的沉积岩样品获得两组数据:一组相当于成岩阶段;另一组相当于极低级变质。初步解释,前者可能反映蛇绿岩形成时的古环境条件,后者可能代表蛇绿岩碰撞定位阶段的记录。日喀则弧前盆地中K_(2)(日喀则群)虽然有较强的褶皱变形,但变质程度不高,属高级成岩带,可能说明晚白垩世弧前盆地沉积并未卷入俯冲作用。冈底斯岩浆弧中侵入岩、火山岩、沉积岩均发育,沉积岩的伊利石结晶度(Ic),落入低级变质-极低级变质-成岩作用带的较宽范围,并显示埋藏变质与岩浆作用叠加的特点。西藏南部成岩阶段沉积岩-极低级变质岩中还蕴藏着有关石油天然气的信息。特别是,白垩纪中期发生的全球性的缺氧事件,也影响了西藏南部地区,已经在岗巴-定日盆地发现典型的黑色页岩,厚度巨大。前人研究还认为,定日-岗巴被动大陆边缘、羌塘周缘前陆盆地、冈底斯弧背盆地具有良好含油气前景。本文对西藏南部极低级变质作用和极低级变质岩做了初步研究,期望今后有更深入的研究。

C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石抑制甲烷爆炸的实验研究

为研发新型环保高效的甲烷爆炸抑制剂,基于自主研发的透明亚克力管道爆炸实验平台,测试五氟乙烷(C_(2)HF_(5))气体、伊利石粉体单相抑爆剂及C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石粉体两相抑爆剂对甲烷-空气预混气体的抑爆效果和爆炸特性参数的影响,并通过电镜扫描、粒径分析对伊利石粉体进行了表征分析。结果表明:五氟乙烷及伊利石粉体单独作用时均对甲烷-空气预混气体有抑爆作用,C_(2)HF_(5)的抑爆效果随其体积分数的增大而增大,当体积分数大于6%时完全抑爆,伊利石粉体存在最佳抑爆质量浓度,为0.16 g/L;C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石粉体两相抑爆剂共同作用下的抑爆效果更佳,具有气体和粉体的双重抑爆性,且C_(2)HF_(5)存在临界体积分数,当高于临界体积分数时,添加较低质量浓度的伊利石粉体即可完全抑爆,该临界体积分数为3%~4%。最后,结合气体、粉体抑爆剂的热解特性及伊利石粉体的结构表征和元素组成分析了C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石抑制甲烷-空气混合气体爆炸的机理,可为瓦斯爆炸灾害新型抑爆剂的开发利用提供参考。

高压条件下蒙脱石层间域对氮的保护效应

含铵(NH_(4)^(+))蒙脱石不仅存在于陆地土壤中,还广泛存在于蚀变洋壳、远洋和陆源沉积物中,是N的主要载体矿物,对地表N向地球深部的传输路径和效率具有重要影响。本文利用微区和粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)、漫反射傅里叶红外光谱(DRIFT)和元素分析等表征技术,研究了不同温度(25~700℃)和压力(常压和2.5 GPa)条件下含铵蒙脱石的物相及结构演化,以及N的赋存状态和N含量的变化特征。结果表明,在常压条件下,温度上升会导致蒙脱石层间距从1.20 nm(25℃)逐渐减小至0.96 nm(700℃)。同时,蒙脱石Al_(2)–OH(914 cm^(−1))和AlMg–OH(844 cm^(−1))振动峰强度在升温过程中逐渐减弱,表明蒙脱石结构羟基逐渐脱失;在500℃时,蒙脱石结构羟基完全脱失,并导致层间完全坍塌。在高压(2.5 GPa)条件下,温度上升会造成蒙脱石层间距从1.20 nm(25℃)逐渐减小至1.02 nm(700℃),但蒙脱石结构羟基在700℃时依然存在。在此过程中,蒙脱石膨胀性逐渐降低,表明蒙脱石逐渐向伊利石转变。在常压加热条件下,随着温度升高,含铵蒙脱石N含量从初始的1.52%减少到0.10%;而在高压条件下,温度升高对含铵蒙脱石的N含量影响极小,保持在约1.26%。这两者的差异可能与产物层间域结构的变化有关,即常压下温度升高会导致蒙脱石层间域逐渐坍塌,NH_(4)^(+)失去赋存空间,分解逃逸;而高压下温度升高并不破坏蒙脱石层间域,而是逐渐转变为伊利石,从而为NH_(4)^(+)提供储存空间。因此,高压条件下蒙脱石的层间域对NH_(4)^(+)具有高温保护效应,表明黏土矿物可将N元素向地球更深部输送。该发现为揭示地表N向地球深部运移机制提供了新思路。