Radio Direction Finding Method to Mitigate Tsunami Risk in Sierra Leone

In this study,the Radio Direction Finding method is proposed for the detection of electromagnetic signals,in the VLF band,to try to anticipate the occurrence of potentially destructive geophysical events.The experimentation concerns the interception of electromagnetic anomalies in Sierra Leone,in the five-day time window,associated with seismic events that could potentially generate tsunamis.The area of investigation is Sierra Leone,whose coastline is subjected to tidal wave hazards triggered by earthquakes generated in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Although Sierra Leone is not affected by recurrent earthquakes,there is nevertheless a low probability,estimated at 2 percent,of the occurrence of destructive earthquakes in the next 50 years.Also in estimates,the risk of rogue and potentially damaging waves is estimated to strike the Sierra Leone coast at least once in the next 10 years.The Radio Direction Finding experiment carried out continuously 24/7,has shown a close relationship between increased radio-anomalies,in the frequencies of 6,000 Hz,a time window between electromagnetic anomaly detection and the imminence of an earthquake,and higher frequency times for the risk of earthquake occurrence in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Direction finding of coexisted independent and coherent signals using electromagnetic vector sensor

The existing direction of arrival （DOA） estimation algorithms based on the electromagnetic vector sensors array barely deal with the coexisting of independent and coherent signals. A two-dimensional direction finding method using an L-shape electromagnetic vector sensors array is proposed. According to this method, the DOAs of the independent signals and the coherent signals are estimated separately, so that the array aperture can be exploited sufficiently. Firstly, the DOAs of the independent signals are estimated by the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques, and the influence of the co- herent signals can be eliminated by utilizing the property of the coherent signals. Then the data covariance matrix containing the information of the coherent signals only is obtained by exploiting the Toeplitz property of the independent signals, and an improved polarimetric angular smoothing technique is proposed to de-correlate the coherent signals. This new method is more practical in actual signal environment than common DOA estimation algorithms and can expand the array aperture. Simulation results are presented to show the estimating performance of the proposed method.

Antenna geometry strategy with prior information for direction-finding MIMO radars

The antenna geometry strategy for direction finding （DF） with multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） radars is studied. One case, usually encountered is practical applications, is consi- dered. For a directional antenna geometry with a prior direction, the trace-optimal （TO） criterion （minimizing the trace） on the av- erage Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） matrix is employed. A qualitative explanation for antenna geometry is provided, which is a combi- natorial optimization problem. In the numerical example section, it is shown that the antenna geometries, designed by the proposed strategy, outperform the representative DF antenna geometries.

DESIGN OF VIRTUAL UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAYS FOR EFFICIENT DIRECTION FINDING

The problem considered in this paper is to interpolate a virtual uniform array froma real two-dimensional array with arbitrary geometry via an interpolation matrix. The key to thisproblem is how to arrange these virtual sensors. It is shown that the virtual uniform linear arrayshould have the same main-lobe beam-pattern as the real array over an angular sector of interest.Simulation results are presented to illustrate the application of virtual array in direction finding.

Research on Bayesian Method of Direction Finding

In this paper, Bayesian technique of direction finding based on two different priorities is described. Some useful formulas are deduced. The performance of the method and the influence of the priors on direction finding are demonstrated by computer simulations.

Genetic algorithm-based wide-band deterministic maximum likelihood direction finding algorithm

The wide-band direction finding is one of hit and difficult task in array signal processing. This paper generalizes narrow-band deterministic maximum likelihood direction finding algorithm to the wideband case, and so constructions an object function, then utilizes genetic algorithm for nonlinear global optimization. Direction of arrival is estimated without preprocessing of array data and so the algorithm eliminates the effect of pre-estimate on the final estimation. The algorithm is applied on uniform linear array and extensive simulation results prove the efficacy of the algorithm. In the process of simulation, we obtain the relation between estimation error and parameters of genetic algorithm.

Two-Dimensional Direction Finding via Sequential Sparse Representations

The problem of two-dimensional direction finding is approached by using a multi-layer Lshaped array. The proposed method is based on two sequential sparse representations,fulfilling respectively the estimation of elevation angles,and azimuth angles. For the estimation of elevation angles,the weighted sub-array smoothing technique for perfect data decorrelation is used to produce a covariance vector suitable for exact sparse representation,related only to the elevation angles. The estimates of elevation angles are then obtained by sparse restoration associated with this elevation angle dependent covariance vector. The estimates of elevation angles are further incorporated with weighted sub-array smoothing to yield a second covariance vector for precise sparse representation related to both elevation angles,and azimuth angles. The estimates of azimuth angles,automatically paired with the estimates of elevation angles,are finally obtained by sparse restoration associated with this latter elevation-azimuth angle related covariance vector. Simulation results are included to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.

THE FOURTH-ORDER CUMULANTS BASED SPECTRALESTIMATION METHOD AND ITS APPLICATIONTO DIRECTION-FINDING

Traditional approaches of spatial spectral estimation are usually based on the second-order statistics. The higher-order cumulants and the poly-spectrum contain more information and are capable of reducing the Gaussian noise. In this paper, we present a new spectrum estimation method for direction-finding, the FOMUSIC algorithm, which is based on the eigen-structure analysis of the fourth-order cumulants. The derivation of the algorithm is given in detail and its performance is illustrated by both the computer simulations and the experiments of a direction-finding system. The obtained results demonstrate that the fourth-order cumulants based method outperforms the traditional methods, especially when the noise is an unknown colored one.

DEVELOPMENT OF FAST TWO-DIMENSIONAL HIGH-RESOLUTION DIRECTION-FINDING TECHNIQUES

A fast separable approach based on a cross array is presented, which has coarsegrained parallelism. Its computational load is far less than that of the two-dimensional (2-D) direct processing method and other existing separable approaches. In order to compensate for the performance degradation due to separable processing, two postprocessing schemes are also proposed. Some computer simulation results are provided for illustration in the end.

SIGNAL SUBSPACE METHOD FOR CALIBRATING SENSOR LOCATION OF DIRECTION FINDER

Sensor location uncertainty of array degrades severely the performance of eigenstruc-ture based direction finding system.A new calibration method of sensor location is presentedwith three far field sources whose directions are not known accurately.A signal subspace basediteration algorithm for sensor location calibration is developed and its convergence to the globaloptimal point has been shown.The guide line for selecting directions of calibrating sources isgiven.Simulation results illustrate that the new method is successful and practicable.

POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENT FINDING FOR ROOT-MUSIC

Root-MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) is the polynomial rooting form of MUSIC, namely, the spectrum peak searching is resplaced by the polynomial rooting in MUSIC implementation. The coefficients finding of the polynomial is the critical problem for Root-MUSIC and its improvements. By analyzing the Root-MUSIC algorithm thoughly, the finding method of the polynomial coefficient is deduced and the concrete calculation formula is given, so that the speed of polynomial finding roots will get the bigger exaltation. The particular simulations are given and attest correctness of the theory analysis and also indicate that the proposed algorithm has preferable estimating performance.

A NOVEL UNIVERSAL PREPROCESSING APPROACH FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION DIRECTION-OF-ARRIVAL ESTIMATION

A novel universal preprocessing method is proposed to estimate angles of arrival,which is applicable to one-or two-dimensional high resolution processing based on arbitrarycenter-symmetric arrays (such as uniform linear arrays, equal-spaced rectangular planar arraysand symmetric circular arrays). By mapping the complex signal space into the real one, the newmethod can effectively reduce the computation needed by the signal subspace direction findingtechniques without any performance degradation. In addition, the new preprocessing scheme itselfcan decorrelate the coherent signals received on the array. For regular array geometry such asuniform linear arrays and equal-spaced rectangular planar arrays, the popular spatial smoothingpreprocessing technique can be combined with the novel approach to improve the decorrelatingability. Simulation results confirm the above conclusions.

一种长基线被动传感器数据关联方法

为了提高测向交叉定位系统多目标环境下的去鬼点性能,提出了一种长基线被动传感器数据关联方法.首先利用被动传感器量测的视线矢量信息进行交叉定位并计算定位误差协方差矩阵,然后基于两个定位点构造了一个卡方分布的检验统计量,将多目标条件下的去鬼点问题转换为假设检验问题.为了分析该方法的性能,定义了真实目标的正确关联概率和鬼点目标的错误关联概率,并在使用两部和三部被动雷达的情况下分别与倾斜角方法进行了仿真对比.仿真结果表明所提出的方法在使用三部被动雷达或多目标与被动雷达共面时关联性能更好.

频控阵雷达对雷达侦察测向的欺骗机理研究

对地攻击任务中需要根据事先获得的威胁源情报数据借助战术任务规划系统制定打击计划并下发给攻击机。无源雷达侦察测向系统通过对接收信号进行处理,可以解算出威胁源位置信息并提供给任务规划系统。当敌方雷达为频控阵体制而非相控阵体制时,由于频控阵雷达波束的弯曲特性,会对无源测向系统产生欺骗。本文在分析频控阵雷达基本结构的基础上,对比相控阵与频控阵等相位面特性,以干涉仪测向系统为例研究频控阵雷达对比相法测向的欺骗效果。几种非线性FDA阵列的欺骗仿真结果表明,log-FDA的虚拟发射机交点坐标偏离量大于sin-FDA。当干涉仪x轴坐标x_(G)=300 km时,虚拟发射机交点坐标随着干涉仪y轴坐标y_(G)的增加而逐渐逼近FDA阵列实际位置,交点偏移量log-FDA>sin-FDA>reciprocal-FDA。

基于时间调制多波束阵列的单通道全向测向方法

基于多波束阵列的测向方法具有测向精度高的优势,但各波束都需要独立的射频通道,导致其测向系统复杂且成本高,通道之间的幅相不一致也会增大测向误差。本文提出了一种基于时间调制多波束阵列的单通道全向测向方法,通过时间调制技术将多波束阵列测向系统简化为单通道系统,利用接收信号的谐波特征获得不同波束的接收信号强度实现高精度测向,同时降低了系统的复杂度及成本。仿真结果表明在相同条件下,本文提出的方法比基于多波束阵列的多通道测向方法具有更小的测向误差。经实测验证,本文的方法在4~5 GHz频带内的测向误差小于1.3°,低于现有的多波束阵列测向误差。

局部放电定向超声阵列Dir-MUSIC测向算法仿真

超声波检测方法在电力设备绝缘状态检测定位中应用广泛。针对局部放电超声测向MUSIC算法存在的采样率要求高、计算复杂度大等不足,提出基于定向超声阵列信号强度信息的定向多重信号分类(directional multiple signal classification,Dir-MUSIC)算法。在阐述该算法理论模型和应用条件基础上,针对均匀圆盘超声阵列,仿真研究了不同增益方向图主瓣宽度、不同信噪比条件下Dir-MUSIC算法的测向精度。仿真结果表明8阵元阵列在-5 dB信噪比、方向图主瓣宽度为90°~120°时测向精度最高,均方根误差小于2°。最后基于研制的微型机电系统麦克风(microelectro-mechanical system,MEMS)定向超声阵列进行了测向试验,结果表明8阵元圆盘超声阵列测向均方根误差最小为2.76°,测向标准差最小为2.72°,验证了Dir-MUSIC算法的有效性与准确性。

面向航空搜救的无线电数据融合定位方法

随着我国海洋经济事业的蓬勃发展,以及现代化战争中航空救援保障体系的急切需求,航空搜救定位技术越来越受到关注。基于无线电的航空搜救定位技术主要包含了测距、测向以及相应的多源融合技术。然而,搜救飞机上的起落架、轮胎等机载设备会对接收天线造成严重的遮挡、多径,给无线电测向带来较大误差。对此,基于贝叶斯滤波和群体智能理论,提出了一种基于稳健人工鱼群粒子滤波的无线电航空搜救数据融合定位方法。将粒子滤波中的粒子看作鱼群个体,通过模仿鱼群算法的觅食、群聚、追尾、随机游走行为来实现重采样步骤的优化,并且对行为中的搜索范围、寻优速度等方面做了改进,形成测距-测向融合定位算法。实际数据建模和仿真结果表明,所提的融合定位方法能够在较短的时间内达到较为准确的位置精度和角度精度,收敛性较强,具有良好的实时性和鲁棒性。

基于天线方向性参数辨识的航空器测向研究

雷达测向是航空器必不可少的合作型监视手段,其中测向天线的方向性参数决定了测向的精度。基于传统相邻比幅测向原理及比幅测向误差,提出修正比幅测向模型。基于修正比幅测向模型,确定需要辨识的天线方向性参数,提出一种误差修正遗传模拟退火(error correction genetic simulated annealing,COR-GSA)算法对未知定向天线方向性参数进行辨识。利用自主设计的测向双通路接收机开展辨识实验,并用1000组航空器真实方位数据进行验证,结果表明采用COR-GSA算法辨识天线方向性参数的测向精度最高。最后,利用辨识后的天线方向性参数对航空器进行方位跟踪,跟踪误差较未进行方位修正的跟踪误差降低了18.3%。

基于FPGA的相关干涉仪测向算法的设计与实现

为了适应日渐复杂的电磁对抗环境,有别于传统的处理器采用串行架构使用IQ数据进行测向算法运算,为了能更快速、更稳定的计算出相位差,提出一种优化后的相关干涉仪测向算法架构并在FPGA上实现设计。详细给出FPGA测向系统架构和运算流程,并结合实际采取一个稳定的、经济实惠的系统架构;为了满足后续实际应用需求,在Xilinx的xc7vx690tffg1927-2为逻辑控制单元的载板进行板级测试中,验证了FPGA进行相关干涉仪测向识别结果的稳定性和高效性,经过验证发现,相较于传统的FPGA相关干涉仪测向架构,经实验测试后实现了所提出的架构在LUT资源占用率上降低了39.5%,测向速度提高17%,可处理信号带宽80 MHz,跳速高达1200跳/s。

干涉仪对频分正交MIMO雷达的测向性能分析

频分正交MIMO雷达的空间合成信号脉冲具有时变包络和空时耦合特性,为主动对抗无源电子侦察系统的测向提供了新的可能。本文针对相位干涉仪测向系统分析了电子侦察系统对频分正交MIMO雷达的测向误差。首先建立远场侦察接收机MIMO雷达合成信号模型,分析其时变包络特性和相位波前畸变特性及其对测向性能的影响,并提出一种通过初相调制来增大干涉仪测向误差的可行路径。仿真结果表明,相位波前畸变区和瞬时信噪比影响的干涉仪DOA估计误差主导性区域不同。利用MIMO雷达阵元相位调制可操控包络起伏特性,改变合成信号峰均比(PAR)从而增大抗截获性能。在干涉仪分析窗内,与相控阵雷达合成信号相比,当侦察接收机先验位置已知时,MIMO雷达合成信号功率可下降25 dB左右,而距离未知时也可下降10 dB左右,因此MIMO雷达能在一定程度上增大干涉仪的测向误差。