An Improved Calibration Method of Grating Projection Measurement System

In the traditional fringe projection profilometry system,the projector and the camera light center are both spatially virtual points.The spatial position relationships specified in the model are not easy to obtain,leading to inaccurate system parameters and affectingmeasurement accuracy.This paper proposes a method for solving the system parameters of the fringe projection profilometry system,and the spatial position of the camera and projector can be adjusted in accordance with the obtained calibration parameters.The steps are as follows:First,in accordance with the conversion relationship of the coordinate system in the calibration process,the calculation formula of the vertical distance from the camera light center to the reference plane and the calculation formula of the distance between the projector and the camera light center are given respectively.Secondly,according to the projector calibration principle,the position of the projector light axis perpendicular to the reference plane is gained by comparing the parallel relationship between the reference plane coordinate system and the projector coordinate system’s Z-axis.Then,in order to fulfill the position restriction that the line between the projector light center and the camera light center must be parallel to the reference plane,the camera’s spatial location is adjusted so that the vertical distance between it and the reference plane tends to that between the projector light center and the reference plane.And finally,the three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction of the target object can be finished using the phase height model’s system parameters once the aforementioned position limitations are put into practice.Experimental results demonstrate that the method improves the measurement accuracy,and verifies that it is effective and available in 3D shape measurement.

The influences of canopy temperature measuring on the derived crop water stress index

Crop water stress index(CWSI)is widely used for efficient irrigation management.Precise canopy temperature(T_(c))measurement is necessary to derive a reliable CWSI.The objective of this research was to investigate the influences of atmospheric conditions,settled height,view angle of infrared thermography,and investigating time of temperature measuring on the performance of the CWSI.Three irrigation treatments were used to create different soil water conditions during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 winter wheat-growing seasons.The CWSI was calculated using the CWSI-E(an empirical approach)and CWSI-T(a theoretical approach)based on the T_(c).Weather conditions were recorded continuously throughout the experimental period.The results showed that atmospheric conditions influenced the estimation of the CWSI;when the vapor pressure deficit(VPD)was>2000 Pa,the estimated CWSI was related to soil water conditions.The height of the installed infrared thermograph influenced the T_(c)values,and the differences among the T_(c)values measured at height of 3,5,and 10 m was smaller in the afternoon than in the morning.However,the lens of the thermometer facing south recorded a higher T_(c)than those facing east or north,especially at a low height,indicating that the direction of the thermometer had a significant influence on T_(c).There was a large variation in CWSI derived at different times of the day,and the midday measurements(12:00-15:00)were the most reliable for estimating CWSI.Negative linear relationships were found between the transpiration rate and CWSI-E(R^(2)of 0.3646-0.5725)and CWSI-T(R^(2)of 0.5407-0.7213).The relations between fraction of available soil water(FASW)with CWSI-T was higher than that with CWSI-E,indicating CWSI-T was more accurate for predicting crop water status.In addition,The R^(2)between CWSI-T and FASW at 14:00 was higher than that at other times,indicating that 14:00 was the optimal time for using the CWSI for crop water status monitoring.Relative higher yield of winter wheat was obtained with average seasonal values of CWSI-E and CWSI-T around 0.23 and 0.25-0.26,respectively.The CWSI-E values were more easily influenced by meteorological factors and the timing of the measurements,and using the theoretical approach to derive the CWSI was recommended for precise irrigation water management.

LOW FLYING HEIGHT MEASUREMENT WITH MULTI-WAVELENGTH INTERFEROMETRY

A method for measurement of ultra-low flying height in head-disk spacing is described. Three different wavelengths are selected out from white light by filters to measure the spacing simultaneously. Besides solving the ambiguity problem, a more reliable result is achieved by using weighted average of measurement results from three different wavelengths, where the weight is dependent upon spacing. Fringe-bunching correction algorithm （FBC） and spot-tilling technique are adopted to suppress calibration and random errors. Moreover, incident bandwidth correction （IBC） method is introduced to compensate the error caused by low monochromaticity of incident light. Based on dynamic flying height tester （DFHT Ⅱ）, with the redesigned of photo-electric conversion and signal acquirement module, an instrument has been developed. And comparing the experimental data from the instrument with those from a KLA-FHT D6, the discrepancy is less than 5%. It indicates that the instrument is suitable to perform ultra-low flying height measurement and satisfies the reauirement of magnetic heads manufacturing.

PCB Height Measurement系统

1、项目背景当前,在新能源,智能出行,无人驾驶等新兴技术及概念的推动下,汽车行业迎来了新的发展契机,因而汽车的'心脏'——汽车电子自然而然地处于行业发展的风口。PCB电路板在制造完成后,需要进行各项检测,确保安全可用。目前,许多检测的工作仍依赖工人肉眼的观察、判断,存在不可避免的行业痛点,包括:工作效率低,容易疲劳致错,人工无法实现高精度检测等。

A new method for precise optical measurements of the sub-micron height of levitation of droplet clusters

Droplet clusters levitating over the locally heated water surface are considered a very promising phe-nomenon of microfluidics for the potential use of the droplets as unique microreactors for microbio-logical experiments.A new optical method is suggested for precise measurements of the sub-micron levitation height of single droplets.The method is based on the analysis of variable colors of the inter-ference halo around the droplet.For the first time,it is possible to measure the extremely low downward velocity of droplets,which grow due to steam condensation.This velocity was found to be 5-8 nm/s.The height of the levitation of various droplets just before their coalescence with a layer of water was also determined.Such measurements might be used for the verification of sophisticated models for the droplet levitation to be developed for a very thin layer of humid air under the droplet when the Knudsen effect should be taken into account.

Environmental temperature effect on dimensional measurements of atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy(AFM)is increasingly being used as a fundamental tool for dimensional measurements at the nanoscale in the laboratory and in industry.Since the environmental temperature is not controlled in many measurements,or is even varied on purpose,quantification of its effects on AFM dimensional measurements is needed.In this paper,the influences of the temperature in the entire environment of the AFM(excluding only the controller and computer)and that in the local environment around the tip–sample are investigated.The results show that lateral dimensional measurements are affected mainly by the entire environmental temperature.However,vertical measurements are influenced by the temperature of both the entire environment and the local environment.The effects become significant for temperatures higher than some threshold,here between 35 and 40 XC.

Study of measurement and control of free loop of hot steel strip in twin-roll strip casting

In the twin-roll strip casting process, hot cast strips can be broken or tom if the casting speed does not match the rolling speed. Usually, a certain length of hot steel strip is hung freely between the caster and rolling mill to deal with the effect of this speed difference. In this paper,the freely hanging hot steel strip is referred to as the free loop of hot steel strip. Accurately measuring and controlling the height of this free loop is the key factor in maintaining a stable casting operation. Several methods for measuring the loop height of a steel strip are discussed and a method for accurately measuring and controlling the free loop height of hot steel strip is presented. Based on the results of the casting loop quantity change curve, this control method is confirmed to be effective and able to meet the requirements of continuous casting strip production.

基于足间距信息辅助的行人三维惯性定位算法

针对行人惯性导航系统误差随时间累积致使定位精度严重下降的问题,提出了一种基于足间距信息辅助的行人三维惯性定位算法。该算法在零速修正算法的基础上,利用足部安装的超声波测距模块实时测量行人双足相对距离,构建了基于超声测距的足间距约束模型,通过随机森林算法实现行人运动模式识别,并针对上下楼梯场景,利用台阶高度和足间距信息进行高度解算,最终实现行人三维惯性定位。在实际路线上开展了三维定位实验,数据显示,所提算法平面闭环误差为总路程的0.64%,与零速修正算法相比下降了55.56%,高度误差为0.06 m,与零速修正和气压计联合算法相比下降了64.70%,能够实现导航误差在总路程的0.50%以内的三维定位。实验结果表明,所提算法具有良好的工程应用价值。

机载米波雷达基于镜面反射多径模型的目标高度计算和距离计算方法研究

本文建立了基于球面的电磁波镜面反射模型,推导了由多径距离计算目标海拔高度的公式和由目标海拔高度计算多径距离的公式,考虑到公式无解析解,依据单调性提出了近似解的二分算法,与迭代算法相比,该算法能够完全收敛于真实解。此外,给出了海面多径产生的条件、多径点的信息特征及多径测高的边界。同一目标的多径点与真实点具有相同的多普勒速度、方位角度,且多径距离与直达波距离满足相应的距离差值,依据该特征,对检测的点迹进行配对,并区分真实点和多径点,可以有效解决多径引起的双航迹和短航迹问题。以外,由多径距离还可以获得目标的海拔高度。最后,基于仿真数据,给出了典型参数下的多径测高精度。

折射率湿项对靶场经纬仪测高精度的影响分析

针对部分靶场经纬仪外测数据处理时常忽略折射率湿项对大气折射效应影响的现状,基于2019年环渤海某地区626组气象探空数据,利用射线描迹法计算了考虑折射率湿项和忽略折射率湿项两种情况下大气折射导致的经纬仪测高偏差。通过统计全年内不同仰角、不同高度等情况下折射率湿项对测高精度的影响,结果表明:折射率湿项是构成靶场经纬仪测高残差的一个重要误差源,对于目标高度测量有较高精度要求的试验任务,特别是在低仰角测量的情况,不能忽略折射率湿项的影响。

桑皮勒水电站高程测量成果验证方法研究

介绍了水利工程高程测量的方法及GPS高程转换原理,并针对高海拔、大高差、通行条件差的地区水利工程水准测量成果难以复测及验证的问题,提出了采用GPS大地高进行转换获得水准点的正常高及高差用于验证水准测量成果可靠性的方法。工程应用结果表明,该水准测量成果可靠,不存在粗差,同时也说明了EGM2008在新疆西部高山区达不到其标称的全球精度,也达不到在我国内地地区的总体精度20 cm,但可以用联测已知高程点的方法消除系统差后用于水准粗差探测及精度要求不高的高程传递。

U型渠道中直角三角形量水槽体型设计

量水槽体型设计是量水槽应用于灌区的重要环节,目前尚无完善的体型设计标准可依。为解决直角三角形量水槽实际应用中的体型设计问题,提出以淹没度、壅水高度和上游弗劳德数的限制条件为标准的量水槽体型设计准则。在2种型号、3种坡度的U型渠道上,利用钢模板修建5座直角三角形量水槽进行灌区试验;建立了包含渠道坡度的流量公式,拟合了淹没阈值、壅水高度和上游弗劳德数的经验公式。研究表明:含有坡度的流量公式精度较高,平均相对误差仅为1.88%,相对误差的最大值为5.56%,相对误差在±5%范围以内的数据比例为98%;拟合得到的3个经验公式描述了淹没阈值、壅水高度和上游弗劳德数与量水槽喉口宽度之间的定量关系,可用于量水槽体型设计。基于体型设计准则和经验公式,建立了最大流量和最小流量下淹没度小于相应淹没阈值、最大流量下壅水高度小于渠道岸顶超高、最小流量下上游弗劳德数小于0.5的直角三角形量水槽体型设计方法。研究成果可为类似量水槽体型设计提供参考。

非同轴并行彩色共聚焦测量系统表面倾斜角度误差分析及校正

针对非同轴式并行彩色共聚焦测量系统在被测物表面倾斜时存在的测量误差,提出了一种误差补偿方法。该方法使用两块标准量块搭建的台阶作为被测物进行实验,首先使样品横向运动,对采集的表面高度数据进行直线拟合获得倾斜表面的线性公式,再利用获得倾斜表面直线的斜率与倾斜角度之间的关系,得到表面倾斜角度,并通过三角函数关系计算出每个数据点的误差,最终通过补偿的方式消除因表面倾斜产生的数据误差。为了保证彩色相机能够捕获到反射回的光谱信号,不断调试被测物倾斜角度,设置被测物表面倾斜角度在[-4°,4°],在该范围内进行被测物表面在不同倾斜角度时的误差补偿实验,以倾斜角度为4°为例,补偿后的台阶高度测量平均值为101.92μm,相对误差为3.00%,系统的测量精度可达微米级。

红外无损检测缺陷尺寸测量方法研究

红外无损检测技术可有效检测金属、非金属、复合材料的内部缺陷,缺陷尺寸是评估缺陷影响的关键参数,本文以半宽高测量算法来实现对缺陷尺寸的半自动测量,首先手动绘制过缺陷中心的直线构成空间像素曲线,采用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法滤波,并自动寻找空间像素曲线半宽高位置,从而实现对缺陷尺寸的测量。通过对塑料试件、碳钢试件、碳纤维复合材料试件研究发现,不同时刻红外图像测量出的缺陷尺寸具有不同的误差,采用清晰时刻红外图像,测量误差在10%内,采用模糊时刻红外图像,测量误差在20%左右,相对于传统手动测量缺陷尺寸,本文方法将有效提高缺陷尺寸测量的精度。

智能放顶煤技术在特厚煤层上覆含水层保护中的应用

我国内蒙古东部和新疆北部草原地区煤炭及地下水资源丰富,煤矿高强度开采形成的采动裂隙易导通强富水含水层,极易引起上覆岩层的地下水系统破坏,更容易发生突水溃砂事故,尤其含水层下综合机械化放顶煤开采的放煤高度难以控制。以特厚煤层上覆含水层系统保护为研究对象,以含水层保护和水砂灾害安全防控为研究目标,研发特厚煤层上覆含水层保护的智能放顶煤关键技术,应用井工煤矿动力突水溃砂防控技术,得出特厚煤层上覆地下水系统保护的根本途径。研发应用一种智能放顶煤技术,包括顶煤运移跟踪系统、多轮记忆放煤方法及系统。基于水文地质条件精细探查、覆岩破坏高度的实测、顶煤采放高度确定,应用多轮记忆放煤智能放顶煤技术,控制采动裂隙带高度。以应用工作面为例,应用水文地质精细探查与钻探验证、覆岩破坏高度获取、智能放顶煤技术后,在工作面回采过程中实现了上覆含水层水砂灾害的安全精准控制,有效保护了煤层上覆强富水含水层。

临兴地区煤系多层合压工艺方案优化研究

【目的】鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块含煤地层具有多层系交互赋存、纵向薄层(夹层)发育的特点,多层合压是实现煤系气经济高效开发的必然要求。多储层合压成功的关键取决于裂缝高度能否达到预期效果。当前裂缝垂向伸展距离和裂缝形态不明,裂缝高度预测与实际高度存在较大偏差,对增产储层体积有很大影响。【方法】通过室内实验测量煤层顶底板地应力,以上下部地层破裂压力为基础,结合现场测试数据与临界缝长公式所反映的裂缝形态,对一层煤层、上部煤层/下部砂岩、上部砂岩/下部煤层、煤层/砂岩/煤层4种模式下的合层压裂方案进行分析,提出改善裂缝形态和压裂效果的工艺优化措施。【结果和结论】结果表明:多储层合压时,以煤层起裂可利用上下部地层应力遮挡的优势,通过控制裂缝高度,增加煤层中裂缝长度;当砂岩为主要改造层位时,压裂目标以在砂岩层中造长缝、提高裂缝导流能力为主。压裂参数计算结果与现场压裂实例均表明,裂缝在缝高方向扩展明显,有必要对压裂工艺及参数进行调整,在压裂设计时根据多地层合压的需要,进行压裂液量的优化,保证缝长增量大于缝高增量。研究成果可为多层合压时各层应力计算、合压的判断依据与条件、起裂层位的选择以及不同组合地层压裂液量的设计提供一定理论依据。

2020年珠峰高程测量与确定流程解析

着重解析2020年珠峰高程测量数据处理流程。首先详细介绍用于计算珠峰峰顶海拔高的2个重要数值的计算过程,然后给出中尼联合发布的基于国际高程参考系统(international height reference system,IHRS)的珠峰高程成果(8 848.86 m),最后总结本次珠峰高程测量成果特点,阐述其精度与可靠性。

一种高空坠楼监测预警系统研究

针对儿童高空坠楼问题,本文利用目标检测与目标测距技术设计了一种高空坠楼监测预警系统.系统改善了现有YOLO目标检测算法模型过大参数量过多的问题,同时还借助单目摄像头测距方法设计了一种新的危险距离测量算法.实验结果表明,改进后的目标检测算法在保证其他参数相差不大的情况下,model size与比原来的YOLOv8n降低了1.99 MB,parameters比原始模型降低了1.039×109.新设计的危险距离测量算法在4个不同场景100组数据中横向误差均值为2.29 cm,纵向误差均值为3.16 cm,危险监测预警准确率92%.综合说明,本文设计的高空坠楼检测预警系统准确性高、实用性强,有较高的社会应用价值.

An angular blinking jamming method based on electronically controlled corner reflectors

Passive jamming is believed to have very good potential in countermeasure community.In this paper,a passive angular blinking jamming method based on electronically controlled corner reflectors is proposed.The amplitude of the incident wave can be modulated by switching the corner reflector between the penetration state and the reflection state,and the ensemble of multiple corner reflectors with towing rope can result in complex angle decoying effects.Dependency of the decoying effect on corner reflectors’radar cross section and positions are analyzed and simulated.Results show that the angle measured by a monopulse radar can be significantly interfered by this method while the automatic tracking is employed.

基于卷积神经网络和无人机倾斜摄影图像的单个高层建筑物高度测算方法

为了提升单个高层建筑物高度测算效果,本文提出了基于卷积神经网络的无人机倾斜摄影图像的单个高层建筑物高度测算方法。首先,采用无人机倾斜摄影技术采集高层建筑物图像;然后,在卷积神经网络中输入高层建筑物图像,对其展开增强处理,提高图像的清晰度;最后,通过波段转换指数和阴影指数计算阴影长度,以此为依据测算单个高层建筑物的高度。试验结果表明,本文方法的图像增强处理效果较好、高度测算精度和效率较好。