The application of amplitude-preserved processing and migration for carbonate reservoir prediction in the Tarim Basin,China

Conventional seismic exploration method based on post-stack data usually fails to identify the distribution of fractured and caved carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin,so the rich pre-stack information should be applied to the prediction of carbonate reservoirs.Amplitude-preserved seismic data processing is the foundation.In this paper,according to the feature of desert seismic data （including weak reflection,fast attenuation of high frequency components,strong coherent noises,low S/N and resolution）,a set of amplitude-preserved processing techniques is applied and a reasonable processing flow is formed to obtain the high quality data.After implementing a set of pre-stack amplitude-preserved processing,we test and define the kernel parameters of amplitude-preserved Kirchhoff PSTM （pre-stack time migration） and subsequent gathers processing,in order to obtain the amplitude-preserved gathers used to the isotropic pre-stack inversion for the identification of caved reservoirs.The AVO characteristics of obtained gathers fit well with the synthetic gathers from logging data,and it proves that the processing above is amplitudepreserved.The azimuthal processing techniques,including azimuth division and binning enlargement,are implemented for amplitude-preserved azimuthal gathers with the uniform fold.They can be used in the anisotropic inversion to detect effective fractures.The processing techniques and flows are applied to the field seismic data,and are proved available for providing the amplitude-preserved gathers for carbonate reservoir prediction in the Tarim Basin.

Anisotropic converted wave amplitude-preserving prestack time migration by the pseudo-offset method

In this paper, we use the method of pseudo-offset migration （POM） to complete converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation in an anisotropic medium. The method maps the original traces into common conversion scatter point （CCSP） gathers directly by POM, which simplifies the conventional processing procedure for converted waves. The POM gather fold and SNR are high, which is favorable for velocity analysis and especially suitable for seismic data with low SNR. We used equivalent anisotropic theory to compute anisotropic parameters. Based on the scattering wave traveltime equation in a VTI medium, the POM pseudo-offset migration in anisotropic media was deduced. By amplitude-preserving POM gather mapping, velocity analysis, stack processing, and so on, the anisotropic migration results were acquired. The forward modeling computation and actual data processing demonstrate the validity of converted wave pre-stack time migration with amplitude-preservation using the anisotropic POM method.

Amplitude.preserving plane-wave prestack time migration for AVO analysis

To support amplitude variation with offset （AVO） analysis in complex structure areas, we introduce an amplitude-preserving plane-wave prestack time migration approach based on the double-square-root wave equation in media with little lateral velocity variation. In its implementation, a data mapping algorithm is used to obtain offset-plane-wave data sets from the common-midpoint gathers followed by a non-recursive phase-shift solution with amplitude correction to generate common-image gathers in offset-ray-parameter domain and a structural image. Theoretical model tests and a real data example show that our prestack time migration approach is helpful for AVO analysis in complex geological environments.

Study and application of PS-wave pre-stack migration in HTI media and an anisotropic correction method

Anisotropy correction is necessary during the processing of converted PS- wave seismic data to achieve accurate structural imaging, reservoir prediction, and fracture detection. To effectively eliminate the adverse effects of S-wave splitting and to improve PS- wave imaging quality, we tested methods for pre-stack migration imaging and anisotropic correction of PS-wave data. We based this on the propagation rules of seismic waves in a horizontal transverse isotropy medium, which is a fractured medium model that reflects likely subsurface conditions in the field. We used the radial （R） and transverse （T） components of PS-wave data to separate the fast and slow S-wave components, after which their propagation moveout was effectively extracted. Meanwhile, corrections for the energies and propagation moveouts of the R and T components were implemented using mathematical rotation. The PS-wave imaging quality was distinctly improved, and we demonstrated the reliability of our methods through numerical simulations. Applying our methods to three-dimensional and three-component seismic field data from the Xinchang-Hexingchang region of the Western Sichuan Depression in China, we obtained high-quality seismic imaging with continuous reflection wave groups, distinct structural features, and specific stratigraphic contact relationships. This study provides an effective and reliable approach for data processing that will improve the exploration of complex, hidden lithologic gas reservoirs.