Integrated numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing and production in shale gas well considering gas-water two-phase flow

Based on the displacement discontinuity method and the discrete fracture unified pipe network model,a sequential iterative numerical method was used to build a fracturing-production integrated numerical model of shale gas well considering the two-phase flow of gas and water.The model accounts for the influence of natural fractures and matrix properties on the fracturing process and directly applies post-fracturing formation pressure and water saturation distribution to subsequent well shut-in and production simulation,allowing for a more accurate fracturing-production integrated simulation.The results show that the reservoir physical properties have great impacts on fracture propagation,and the reasonable prediction of formation pressure and reservoir fluid distribution after the fracturing is critical to accurately predict the gas and fluid production of the shale gas wells.Compared with the conventional method,the proposed model can more accurately simulate the water and gas production by considering the impact of fracturing on both matrix pressure and water saturation.The established model is applied to the integrated fracturing-production simulation of practical horizontal shale gas wells.The simulation results are in good agreement with the practical production data,thus verifying the accuracy of the model.

Microbial community structure in an integrated A/O reactor treating diluted livestock wastewater during start-up period

In order to investigate the correlation between reactor performance and the microorganisms,an integrated A/O reactor was operated for 72 days to treat diluted livestock wastewater.Chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency increased from 79% to 94%,with total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency from 37% to 50% （HRT 7.4 hr） when the influent COD and TN were ca.1500 mg/L and 95 mg/L,respectively,and the outlet COD concentration was less than 100 mg/L at the end.Microbial community was monitored during start-up period by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） based on 16S rRNA gene.DGGE profiles showed that microbial community had changed significantly during the start-up and these shifts were in accordance with the reactor performance.UPGMA clustering analysis showed that 14 anaerobic samples fell into five main groups and so did the aerobic ones,but the grouping patterns were different.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that microbial populations in the anaerobic compartment belonged to Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes,while Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Verrucomicrobiae and Nitrospira were present in the aerobic compartment.In the anaerobic compartment,more fermentative and acetogenic bacteria were detected during the start-up while denitrifying bacteria faded away.Two functional populations such as Nitrospira defluvii and Dechloromonas denitrificans were observed when nitrogen removal was high,indicating that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in the aerobic compartment.

Two-phase nonlocal integral models with a bi-Helmholtz averaging kernel for nanorods

In this work,the static tensile and free vibration of nanorods are studied via both the strain-driven(Strain D)and stress-driven(Stress D)two-phase nonlocal models with a bi-Helmholtz averaging kernel.Merely adjusting the limits of integration,the integral constitutive equation of the Fredholm type is converted to that of the Volterra type and then solved directly via the Laplace transform technique.The unknown constants can be uniquely determined through the standard boundary conditions and two constrained conditions accompanying the Laplace transform process.In the numerical examples,the bi-Helmholtz kernel-based Strain D(or Stress D)two-phase model shows consistently softening(or stiffening)effects on both the tension and the free vibration of nanorods with different boundary edges.The effects of the two nonlocal parameters of the bi-Helmholtz kernel-based two-phase nonlocal models are studied and compared with those of the Helmholtz kernel-based models.

Integrated Photothermal Nanoreactors for Effi cient Hydrogenation of CO_(2)

To alleviate the energy crisis and global warming,photothermal catalysis is an attractive way to effi ciently convert CO_(2)and renewable H_(2) into value-added fuels and chemicals.However,the catalytic performance is usually restricted by the trade-off between the dispersity and light absorption property of metal catalysts.Here we demonstrate a simple SiO 2-protected metal-organic framework pyrolysis strategy to fabricate a new type of integrated photothermal nanoreactor with a comparatively high metal loading,dispersity,and stability.The core-satellite structured Co@SiO_(2)exhibits strong sunlight-absorptive abil-ity and excellent catalytic activity in CO_(2)hydrogenation,which is ascribed to the functional separation of diff erent sizes of Co nanoparticles.Large-sized plasmonic Co nanoparticles are mainly responsible for the light absorption and conversion to heat(nanoheaters),whereas small-sized Co nanoparticles with high intrinsic activities are responsible for the catalysis(nanoreactors).This study provides a new concept for designing effi cient photothermal catalytic materials.

Nanotechnology in Nuclear Reactors: Innovations in Fusion and Fission Power Generation

This article explores the transformative potential of nanotechnology and MMs(memory metals)in enhancing the design and operation of nuclear reactors,encompassing both fission and fusion technologies.Nanotechnology,with its ability to engineer materials at the atomic scale,offers significant improvements in reactor safety,efficiency,and longevity.In fission reactors,nanomaterials enhance fuel rod integrity,optimize thermal management,and improve in-core instrumentation.Fusion reactors benefit from nanostructured materials that bolster containment and heat dissipation,addressing critical challenges in sustaining fusion reactions.The integration of SMAs(shape memory alloys),or MMs,further amplifies these advancements.These materials,characterized by their ability to revert to a pre-defined shape under thermal conditions,provide self-healing capabilities,adaptive structural components,and enhanced magnetic confinement.The synergy between nanotechnology and MMs represents a paradigm shift in nuclear reactor technology,promising a future of cleaner,more efficient,and safer nuclear energy production.This innovative approach positions the nuclear industry to meet the growing global energy demand while addressing environmental and safety concerns.

Investigation on two－phase flow instability in steam generator of integrated nuclear reactor

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Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.

Passive Cooldown Performance of Integral Pressurized Water Reactor

The design of an integral pressurized water reactor (IPWR) focuses on enhancing the safety and reliability of the reactor by incorporating a number of inherent safety features and engineered safety features. However, the characteristics of passive safety systems for the marine reactors are quiet different from those for the land nuclear power plant because of the more formidable and dangerous operation environments of them. This paper presents results of marine black out accident analyses. In the case of a transient, the passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) is designed to cool the reactor coolant system (RCS) from a normal operation condition to a hot shutdown condition by a natural circulation, and the shutdown cooling system (SCS) is designed to cool the primary system from a hot shutdown condition to a refueling condition by a forced circulation. A realistic calculation has been carried out by using the RELAP5/MOD3.4 code and a sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate a passive cooldown capability. The results of the accident analyses show that the reactor coolant system and the passive residual heat removal system adequately remove the core decay heat by a natural circulation.

Mathematical model analysis of new-type magnetic integrated CRT considering magnetic leakage

A novel magnetic integrated controllable reactor of transformer type(CRT)has the advantages of simple structure,flexible assembly,convenient maintenance and practicability.To analyze its operation characteristics accurately,we establish corresponding equivalent mathematical model considering magnetic leakage based on magnetic circuit and circuit dualistic transformation method.The distribution of magnetic leakage field of each winding is analyzed qualitatively,and the analytical calculation formulas of magnetizing inductance and leakage inductance of each winding are derived.Based on this,the analytical calculation formulas of short-circuit impedance and winding current of CRT under different working conditions are derived.The field-circuit coupling finite element model of the magnetic integrated CRT is established to simulate the current of each winding under different working conditions.The results show that the analytical calculation results of each winding current have good consistency with the finite element calculation results,indicating the validity of CRT equivalent mathematical model and correctness of the analytical formulas of leakage inductance,short-circuit impedance and winding current of CRT.The working winding current of CRT is increasing gradually with the operation of control winding in turn to realise the transition of CRT compensation capacity from zero to a rated value.

Treatment of methanol wastewater with two-stage and two-phase anaerobic process

The two-stage and two-phase anaerobic process (TSTP) composed of hydrolytic acidification reactor,first-order and second-order external circulation anaerobic reactors (EC) was taken to treat methanol wastewater. Test results show that TSTP process is quick start-up in 51 d, and the maximum VFA of hydrolytic acidification reactor effluent reaches 876 mg/L. Under the condition of volume loading of 6.56 kgCOD/m3·d, COD removal rate of the first-order EC reactor is about 85%, and under the condition of volume loading of 1.02 kgCOD/m3·d, COD removal rate of the second-order EC reactor is about 50%. When the inflow COD of TSTP process is between 7000-11000 mg/L, its effluent COD is lower than 600 mg/L. In the biological conversion process of methanol into methane,the production of acetic acids as an intermediate product can be ignored and the direct production of methane from methanol is predominant.

Integrated Testing Environment of Instructor Station for SMART Simulator

SMART is the reactor that has been researched for many years by KAERI in order to provide the small-mid scale of power for typically seawater desalination. Now Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has issued Standard Safety Analysis Report (SSAR) and acquired Standard Design Approval (SDA) for SMART. In order to conduct the design verification and validation for license, the integrated simulation test environment that is composed of 1) the system specific simulation codes formerly developed in the name of Nuclear Plant Analyzer (NPA) including NSSS and BOP simulation, 2) Instructor Station (IS), 3) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), 4) operator and instructor Human Machine Interface (HMI), and 5) soft-controller has been considered as an important area for operator training and system validation. These sub-components has been designed and implemented for verifying and validating the SMART design and training of operators and for generating the backup data for licensing. This paper introduces the structure of integrated simulation test environment for SMART, explains the efforts to assist system-specific simulation code interface, and also addresses the effort for implementing and optimizing the test environment by maintaining its own simulation functionality and performance in order to review the simulation results efficiently.

基于积分分析方法对聚变堆启动氚量与所需氚增殖比的评估

托卡马克聚变堆的主要发展方式包括混合堆、纯聚变堆。关于托卡马克聚变堆氚自持的研究,国内外主要采用平均滞留时间方法进行研究,并且针对聚变功率较低的混合堆的氚自持研究较少。本工作采用更符合实际的积分分析方法分析了混合堆、纯聚变堆氚自持的启动氚量、氚增殖比(TBR)要求。研究结果表明:启动氚量、备用氚量与聚变功率具有线性关系,所需TBR与聚变功率呈反比例关系;混合堆聚变功率较低,所需TBR较高,工程实现所需TBR挑战较大,需要通过限制长期氚滞留量以降低所需TBR要求;纯聚变堆聚变功率高,所需TBR较低,工程实现所需TBR挑战较小,但备用氚需求达数十千克,应考虑氚系统的冗余设计或提高氚系统的可靠性、可维护性,以降低备用氚的使用规模;运行因子是聚变堆的一个重要设计指标,在此着重分析了运行因子对所需TBR的影响,并重新定义了一个聚变堆氚自持的关系式,以突出运行因子对氚自持的重要影响。

表面完整性对制氢反应器材料耐腐蚀性影响

为研究某制氢反应器用钢表面完整性对其耐腐蚀性的影响,基于制氢反应器所产生的酸性介质腐蚀工况,对某制氢反应器用钢开展静态腐蚀试验。分别分析了不同表面粗糙度、不同表面残余应力对某制氢反应器用钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀后表面粗糙度与拉伸性能衰退的影响规律,并从晶间应力等方面分析表面完整性对耐腐蚀性的影响。通过试验发现:粗糙度较大的试样随腐蚀时间增加腐蚀速率降低,当表面粗糙度Ra为0.05μm时试样腐蚀速率随腐蚀时间增加而增大;腐蚀后粗糙度较大的试样表面粗糙度增大,而较小的试样表面粗糙度减小;腐蚀后材料的力学性能出现随表面粗糙度先增大后减小的趋势;随试件表面残余应力增大,腐蚀速率出现先减小后增大的趋势;腐蚀后表面粗糙度随初始残余应力的增大而增大;当初始表面残余应力为-293 MPa时,试样腐蚀后力学性能相对较好。

数值反应堆堆芯与E级高性能计算的科学内涵

反应堆是一复杂的系统过程,是由中子场、温度场、流场、应力场、化学场等多个物理过程相互耦合的装置,这些物理场涉及从微观核反应到宏观能量释放的多尺度作用机理。随着E级(1 000PFLOPS,百亿亿次/每秒)计算机的问世,核能发展的总趋势正从传统工程驱动模式向以高性能数值模拟为主转变。当前四代堆设计立足小型化和精密化,高分辨率数值模拟对提升核装置性能和降低裕量作用突出。为研究解决当前模拟软件与计算机之间存在的浮点效率低、移植周期长、模式通用难和规模扩展难等问题的办法,突破软件和硬件之间存在的编程墙和性能墙,本文通过解读美国NEAMS、CASL和ECP计划,结合团队近年在数值反应堆和高性能计算关键技术突破方面的经验,提出基于并行中间件的集成共性、发展个性的技术路线,探索一条快速提升我国自主CAE软件整体水平的途径,供业内同行探讨,以在国产超级计算机上实现核装置的精细化建模和多物理、多尺度、多过程耦合计算。

Microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic bioreactor fed by fruit vegetable wastes and wheat straw

The microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor（ITPAR）were investigated by 16 S r DNA clone library technology. The 75 L reactor was designed with a 25 L rotating acidogenic unit at the top and a 50 L conventional upflow methanogenic unit at the bottom, with a recirculation connected to the two units. The reactor had been operated for 21 stages to co-digest fruit/vegetable wastes and wheat straw, which showed a very good biogas production and decomposition of cellulosic materials. The results showed that many kinds of cellulose and glycan decomposition bacteria related with Bacteroidales,Clostridiales and Syntrophobacterales were dominated in the reactor, with more bacteria community diversities in the acidogenic unit. The methanogens were mostly related with Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus, Methanospirillum and Methanobacterium; the predominating genus Methanosaeta, accounting for 40.5%, 54.2%, 73.6% and 78.7% in four samples from top to bottom, indicated a major methanogenesis pathway by acetoclastic methanogenesis in the methanogenic unit. The beta diversity indexes illustrated a more similar distribution of bacterial communities than that of methanogens between acidogenic unit and methanogenic unit. The differentiation of methanogenic community composition in two phases, as well as pH values and volatile fatty acid（VFA） concentrations confirmed the phase separation of the ITPAR. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the special designing of ITPAR maintained a sufficient number of methanogens, more diverse communities and stronger syntrophic associations among microorganisms, which made two phase anaerobic digestion of cellulosic materials more efficient.

一体化快堆全锕系核素循环的物理可行性分析

一体化快堆是一体化闭式循环快堆核能系统的简称,由钠冷快堆、金属燃料制造设施、乏燃料处理设施和废物整备设施组成,是快堆及其燃料循环系统的高级发展阶段,能够实现铀资源的高效利用和废物最小化,显著提升闭式核燃料循环的质量和效率。一体化快堆的最主要特征是核燃料的快速循环和多次循环,且核燃料的组成包括铀、钚和次锕系核素,可以称为全锕系核素循环。本文从反应堆核设计、燃料制造燃料成分控制方法、乏燃料处理回收率要求、燃料循环过程中物料辐射特性等方面,分析评估了一体化快堆全锕系核素循环的物理可行性。

高效气提环流式生物脱氮反应器在污水厂扩建改造中的应用

西北某污水处理厂扩建改造一期工程处理规模为5000m^(3)/d,采用高效气提环流式生物脱氮反应器(DIAB)工艺,所用反应器基于厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)推流式生物反应器与升流式厌氧污泥床(upflow anaerobic sludge bed,UASB)反应器特点进行改良,由多级环状结构构成,利用三相分离器结构设计实现水、气、污泥分离,利用曝气尾气作为动力来源,实现混合液的无动力回流。总水力停留时间为21 h,其中厌氧区、缺氧区和好氧区停留时间分别为1.5、8.5 h和11 h,混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)质量浓度为5500 mg/L,平均BOD5污泥负荷为0.1 kg BOD5/(kg MLSS·d),混合液回流比为300%。污水厂采用该工艺完成改造运行后实际出水水质可稳定达到一级A标准。扩建工程单位处理成本为0.454元/m^(3)、生物处理区占地面积为0.161 m2/m^(3),与相似规模传统AAO工艺相比较处理成本和占地面积分别减少了24.3%和25.8%,在出水水质、运行成本方面均有明显改善,与相似规模循环式活性污泥(CASS)工艺相比较占地面积相似,但处理成本减少约20%,出水水质优于CASS工艺,尤其在脱氮方面表现出色。DIAB工艺脱氮效率及碳源利用率较高,脱氮效果好,碳源投加及回流设备用电电耗低,适用于土地、工期受限,以及进水低碳氮比条件下污水处理厂的扩建、应急建设。

ITER 12号水平诊断窗口碳化硼块状材料应用特性研究

国际热核聚变实验反应堆(ITER)12号水平诊断窗口(EQ#12)集成多种等离子体诊断系统用于观测等离子体运行状态,其真空内侧的集成设计在满足窗口重量限制和中子屏蔽要求的前提下,需重点考虑材料的真空放气性能和窗口冷却效率等因素。根据EQ#12真空内侧标准化集成设计方案,使用热压工艺制备碳化硼(B4C)屏蔽块,采用SEM、质谱分析、对称结构流导法、稳态热流法及有限元分析等方法对其微观形貌、理化性能等基础特性,真空放气特性及传热特性进行系统研究。结果表明:该热压工艺下的B4C屏蔽块密度为(2.50±0.01)g/cm^(3),内部微小孔隙少;总硼含量达77.20%,且铁和钴等杂质元素含量均不超过0.03%;真空条件下经过烘烤处理后,块体释放气体组分主要为H_(2),样品对H2的单位面积放气率低至6.94×10^(−9) Pa·m^(3)·s^(−1)·m^(−2);测试了100~500℃、1 MPa界面压力下B4C和不锈钢316L(N)-IG在真空条件下(约10^(−3) Pa)的接触热导,结合测试结果进一步对B4C在应用工况下进行热仿真分析可知,其在ITER装置运行工况下可以有效带走核热、局部最高温度不会超过221.6℃,经48 h的烘烤可升温至209.1℃进行有效除气。针对此种热压B4C块状材料的应用特性研究为核聚变装置真空室内屏蔽材料选择提供了重要参考。

含裂纹反应堆支承结构偏心承载能力研究

针对偏心载荷下含裂纹反应堆支承结构的安全性评定和剩余承载力评估问题,本文开展了支承结构材料断裂力学性能试验。结合数值模拟和双参数失效评定法,探讨了不同裂纹长度和载荷偏心度对支承结构承载能力的影响。结果表明:裂纹长度和载荷偏心度对支承结构的剩余承载力均有显著影响,在进行含裂纹支承结构完整性评定时要考虑载荷的偏心特点,但不同裂纹长度下的双参数失效评定曲线有较为明显的区别,不同载荷偏心度下的评定曲线差别不大;轴向拉伸载荷下的剩余承载力与裂纹长度近似为线性相关,偏心拉伸载荷下具有一定非线性特征。研究成果为核动力系统生命力评估提供方法和数据库。

反应沉淀一体式生物反应器在水质净化厂应急处理中的应用

为解决滨河水质净化厂提标扩建实施阶段服务片区内污水处理缺口,设计采用反应沉淀一体式生物反应器,将该工艺模块安装在水质净化厂的原有池体内,进行原位改造。在调试运行过程中,发现该工艺具有占地省、投资较低、改造时间较短等优点,同时在设计和运行中需着重考虑选用合适的气水比、停留时间和污泥负荷,以最大限度发挥该工艺的优势。