Denitrifying phosphorous removal in anaerobic/anoxic SBR system with different startup operation mode

To achieve stable and efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the characteristics of the A/A SBR enriched with denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria(DPB),the whole course of startup was studied with two reactors operated in different mode.The reactor I was operated under anaerobic/settling/anoxic/settling mode,and the reactor II was operated under anaerobic/anoxic/settling mode.Differences between the two reactors in removal efficiency of COD,nitrogen and phosphorus were examined.The results indicated that efficient performance could be achieved in both reactors with different startup operation mode,while the phosphorus removal efficiency was improved sooner in reactor I than in reactor II,which suggested that reactor I would supply a more favorable condition for DPB proliferation.Meanwhile,it was observed that the amount of organic substrates consumption had a linear correlation to that of phosphorus release in anaerobic phase when DPB was accumulated in the A/A SBR denitrifying phosphorus removal system.

Pretreatment of coking wastewater using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR)

A laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was used to pretreat coking wastewater. Inoculated anaerobic granular biomass was acclimated for 225 d to the coking wastewater, and then the biochemical methane potential (BMP)of the coking wastewater in the acclimated granular biomass was measured. At the same time, some fundamental technological factors, such as the filling time and the reacting time ratio (tf/tr), the mixing intensity and the intermittent mixing mode, that affect anaerobic pretreatment of coking wastewater with ASBR, were evaluated through orthogonal tests. The COD removal efficiency reached 38％～50％ in the stable operation period with the organic loading rate of 0.37～0.54 kg COD/(m3.d) at the optimum conditions of tf/tr, the mixing intensity and the intermittent mixing mode. In addition, the biodegradability of coking wastewater distinctly increased after the pretreatment using ASBR. At the end of the experiment, the microorganism forms on the granulated sludge in the ASBR were observed using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and fluoroscope. The results showed that the dominant microorganism on the granular sludge was Methanosaeta instead of Methanosarcina dominated on the inoculated sludge.

QSBR Study on the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Chlorophenols

18 Physicochemical and quantum chemical parameters of 12 kinds of chlorophenols are calculated in this paper. QSBR （quantitative structure-biodegradability relationship） study is performed using simca statistical software by PLS regression analysis method on anaerobic biodegradation data （logKb）, and the QSBR model is developed with favorable prediction. The model shows that the size and energy of the molecule are the dominant factors affecting the anaerobic biodegradation of chlorophenols. And the degradation rate constants （logKb） increase with the increase of core-core repulsion （CCR）, average molecular polarizability （α）, total surface area （TSA）, heat of formation （HOF） and total energy （TE）. while decrease with the increase of molecular connectivity index （^1X^V）, relative molecular mass （Mw） and electronic energy （EE）.

Microbial Diversity and Key Metabolic Pathways in Lignite-Promoted Anaerobic Fermentation with Residual Sludge

To enhance methane production efficiency in lignite anaerobic digestion and explore new ways for residual sludge utilization, this study employed the co-fermentation of lignite and residual sludge for biomethane conversion. The bacterial colony structure, metabolic pathways, and interactions between residual sludge and lignite in anaerobic methanogenic fermentation with different mass ratios were analyzed using macrogenomics sequencing. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms involved in the co-anaerobic fermentation of lignite and residual sludge. The results indicated that the addition of sludge enhanced the metabolic pathways in hydrolysis acidification, hydrogen-acetic acid production, and methanation phases. Notably, the enhancement of acetate- and carbon dioxide-nutrient metabolic pathways was more pronounced, with increased activity observed in related enzymes such as acetic acid kinase (k00925) and acetyl coenzyme synthetase (K01895). This increased enzymatic activity facilitated the microbial conversion of biomethane. The results of the study indicated that the sludge exhibited a promotional effect on the methane produced through the anaerobic fermentation of lignite, providing valuable insights for lignite and residual sludge resource utilization.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Training in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Effects on Functionality, Strength, and Balance

Research Background: Stroke rehabilitation is essential for improving patient outcomes, with a focus on restoring functionality, strength, and mobility. Aerobic (TAE) and anaerobic (TAN) training have demonstrated varying impacts on post-stroke recovery. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of TAE and TAN on post-stroke rehabilitation outcomes, including functionality, walking improvement, strength, balance, and cardiorespiratory capacity. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed and PEDro databases, covering studies from January 2014 to May 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the impact of TAE and TAN on the specified outcomes were included. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, and independent reviewers extracted relevant data on participant characteristics, interventions, and outcomes. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale, and the risk of bias was analyzed. Results: Data synthesis revealed that TAN was more effective in improving performance in the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), while TAE demonstrated superior results in the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index (Barthel ADL). Both training modalities showed significant improvements in the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) for cardiorespiratory capacity, with TAN exhibiting a slightly higher mean difference. Surprisingly, strength gains, assessed by Maximal Isometric Strength (MaxIS), were higher in the TAE group. Conclusions: Both TAE and TAN contribute to post-stroke recovery, with TAN excelling in walking and balance improvements, and TAE showing advantages in functional mobility and strength. The findings support personalized rehabilitation strategies that incorporate both aerobic and anaerobic training to optimize patient outcomes.

Effect of Sludge from Different Sources on Solid Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Straw

[Objective] The aim was to study on effect of sludge from different sources on biogas yield efficiency through anaerobic digestion of corn straw. [Method] The present research studied on daily biogas yield and the accumulated biogas amount through anaerobic digestion of corn straw and sludges from four sources. [Result] The accumulated biogas yields produced from sludges in four sources from high to low were granular sludge, river sediments, concentrated sludge and filtered sludge. The first one proved the highest at 3.73 and 56.29 L/kg VS in daily biogas yield and the accumulated biogas. [Conclusion] The research laid foundation for full utilization of straw, improvement of energy utilization and sustainable development.

Research on the Nature of Thermophilic Anaerobic Ethanol Producer Thermo anaerobacter sp DF3 in Petroleum Reservoirs

[Objective] The aim was to study the physiological and biochemical char- acteristics of Thermoanaerobacter sp DF3 in petroleum reservoirs and optimize the culture plan of producing ethanol from xylose. [Method] DF3, an anaerobic bacillus producing ethanol, was isolated from produced liquid from oil layer of Dagang oil field with anaerobic isolation technique. The phylogenetic position was analyzed by physiological and biochemical identification and phylogeny of 16S rDNA sequence. The metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatograph. [Result] The strain DF3 was a strict anaerobic thermophilic bacterium, which was straight in rod shape,and gram negative. Besides, it was 0.42 μmx（1.60-5.20） iJm in length. The strains can be soli- tary,in pairs or string and apical spore usually produced. Its growth temperature was 45-78 and 65 ℃ was the optimum. Many substances could be used as carbon sources, including glucose, xylose, fructose, ribose, mannose, arabinose, sucrose, galactose, lactose, cellobiose, melizitose, raffinose-, and starch. The similarity between strain DF3 and T. pseudoethanolicus achieved 99.7%. The main product of glucose and xylose fermentation was ethanol. After the culture plan was optimized,the final concentration of ethanol was 2.0 g/L. [Conclusion] It was proved through experiments that the strain DF3 was one of the strains with higher activity to produce ethanol at present and it could produce 2.0 g/L ethanol from xylose metabolization at 65 ℃. It has been demonstrated that DF3 is one of the known strains with high-production to produce ethanol,for example, 2.0 g/L ethano at 65℃. Presently, all the high-yield ethanol can be produced from metabolic xylose strains of metabolic xylose were isolat- ed by foreign countries, therefore, isolation of strain DF3 has provided an excellent original strain for studying ethanol production from lignocellulose in China.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC ACIDOGENESIS OF STARCH WASTEWATER

Acidogenic dissimilation of synthetic starch wastewater (1 000～10 000 mg COD·L -1 ) was studied in a thermophilic (55 ℃) upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor.The production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was proportional to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rate.The yield of VFA was around 0.28 g VFA/g COD over the COD loading rate from 1.25 to 30 g COD·L -1 ·d -1 and the hydraulic retention time from 8.8 h to 24 h.Distribution of organic acids,the contents of propionic and butyric acids in the effluent in particular were also dependent on the COD loading rate.The thermophilic UASB reactor showed a stable performance on hydrolysis and acidogenesis of starch as well as suspended solid removal at short hydraulic retention times and high influent pH(10～11),during the operation of 110 d.

Stable Control of Influence Factor during Two-phase Anaerobic Digestion for Agricultural Organic Waste

Two-phase anaerobic digestion process is influenced by acid control for hydrogen production, reaction temperature, substrate detention time, sludge activity, and granular formation. Al of these technological parameters are directly related to success or failure of the system operation and treatment effect.

Application Effect of Cassava Starch Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Watermelon Production

In order to find out a new way for environment-friendly and resourcelized utilization of cassava starch processing wastewater, the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was applied in watermelon production, and its effects on the growth and development, yield and fruit quality of watermelon were investigated. The results showed that the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid significant- ly promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth and improved the yield and fruit quality of watermelon. Compared with conventional fertilization, the application of cassava starch anaerobic fermentation both with COD concentration of 1 200 mg/L according to the amount of 150 t/hm2 promoted the growth of vines and leaves of watermelon plants, brought forward the flowering, fruiting and harvest of watermelon and significantly increased the fruit number, fruit weight, yield, fruit size, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and Vita- min C content of watermelon. At the same time of improving the yield and quality of watermelon, cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was turned into treasure as a liquid fertilizer. This study provides a new ideal for the yield and quality im- provement of watermelon and the wastewater treating of starch factories.

瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击对SBR系统污染物去除的影响

探究了瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击对SBR系统污染物去除效果的影响,在反应运行的第19、33、45天,通过提高单周期瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N质量浓度至41.05、60.02、80.15 mg/L,对SBR系统进行冲击。结果表明,进水NH4+-N质量浓度从41.05 mg/L增加到80.15 mg/L时,COD、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N去除效果没有明显变化,TN出水质量浓度从10.25 mg/L增加到21.49 mg/L,TN的出水变高主要受碳源不足的影响。三次瞬时NH4+-N冲击负荷下,NH4+-N降解速率基本不变。三次瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击负荷下,SBR系统中EPS总量对比常负荷运行时,均有所提高,且PN的含量在增加,PS的含量先升高后降低。而PN和PS含量的变化,在一定程度上会对活性污泥的絮凝造成影响,导致活性污泥粒径逐渐减少。系统在受到瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击后,TN出水会有所提高,但是经过一个周期的运行便可以恢复。

粉煤灰与煤矸石协同焙烧陶粒填料及其SBR应用研究

文章通过对粉煤灰、煤矸石固体废物的协同焙烧并对其制备工艺进行深度优化,最终得到性能较好的陶粒填料,采用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、比表面积检测法(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller,BET)等表征手段分析其性能。结果表明:陶粒材料制备的原料最佳配比(质量分数)为煤矸石45%、粉煤灰25%、膨润土20%、氧化铁5%、氧化钙4%、氧化镁1%;最佳工艺条件为400℃下预热20 min并在1100℃焙烧30 min,制备出的陶粒吸水率为30.2%,表观密度为1546.4 kg/m^(3),比表面积为70.1 m^(2)/g,抗压强度为328.9 N,酸损失率为0.25%,碱损失率为0,该陶粒符合CJ/T 299—2008标准;将所得陶粒投加至序批式活性污泥反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)内,有利于提高微生物挂膜速率,进而提高反应器处理氨氮和化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)的效果。该陶粒制备思路可实现煤矸石、粉煤灰固废的大掺量高值化利用,为解决煤矸石、粉煤灰固废堆积、环境污染等问题提供了理论基础和实验依据。

SBR处理大蒜废水影响因素和微生物群落特征

采用AO工艺,利用SBR反应器,以高浓度大蒜废水(COD>7 000 mg/L)为对象,基于控制变量法探究曝气量、进水pH、搅拌速度对污染物去除效果的影响,明确微生物功能菌群和多样性对污染物降解的作用。曝气量和进水pH对污染物去除效果影响显著。系统中以具有脱氮除磷降解有机物功能的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,两者总体细菌相对丰度分别达到了97.82%和98.41%,明显高于接种污泥的56.48%。科水平A2、A3和A1的样本间距离分别为0.894 05和0.875 83,说明其在物种丰度分布上有较大差异,A2、A3中的优势菌科与A1中的优势菌科相差甚大。A2和A3前9类优势菌科基本一致,但其样本间距离为0.233 72,说明物种丰度分布略有差异,两个反应器处理效果会略有不同。A2和A3具有多种功能,其中化能异养和需氧化能异养作用的功能丰度均大于30%。SBR反应器在曝气量为0.3 L/min,进水pH为7.0,搅拌速度为70 r/min的条件下,污染物去除率达到92%以上。

丁苯橡胶SBR1502无磷配方胶乳凝聚研究

为满足日益严格的环保要求,降低丁苯橡胶生产污水中磷含量,吉林石化公司开发了丁苯橡胶无磷配方生产技术。本文分别从凝聚排放废水中的磷含量、凝聚工艺、产品物性等几方面讨论无磷配方对丁苯橡胶SBR1502胶乳凝聚的影响。实验结果表明,采用无磷配方,丁苯橡胶SBR1502胶乳凝聚后,母液中的磷含量接近于零,完全满足环保排放要求。随着无磷电解质的加料量和凝聚时硫酸消耗量的增加,凝聚速度加快。采用无磷配方胶乳凝聚后,凝聚胶粒的粒径比采用有磷配方的略小。通过降低凝聚搅拌转速,可以避免无磷配方中凝聚胶粒的粒径过小。同时,无磷配方对丁苯橡胶SBR1502产品物性的影响较小,即采用无磷配方,丁苯橡胶SBR1502胶乳凝聚产品性能与采用有磷配方的产品性能相当。

Effect of inorganic carbon on anaerobic ammonium oxidation enriched in sequencing batch reactor

The present lab-scale research reveals the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation microorganism from methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge and the effect of inorganic carbon(sodium bicarbonate)on anaerobic ammonium oxidation.The enrichment of anammox bacteria was carried out in a 7.0-L sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and the effect of bicarbonate on anammox was conducted in a 3.0-L SBR.Research results,especially the biomass,showed first signs of anammox activity after 54 d cultivation with synthetic wast...

Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.

Start-up performances of dry anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestions of organic solid wastes

Two dry anaerobic digestions of organic solid wastes were conducted for 6 weeks in a lab-scale batch experiment for investigating the start-up performances under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The enzymatic activities, i.e., β-glucosidase, N-α-benzoyl-Largininamide （BAA）-hydrolysing protease, urease and phosphatase activities were analysed. The BAA-hydrolysing protease activity during the first 2-3 weeks was low with low pH, but was enhanced later with the pH increase. β-Glucosidase activity showed the lowest values in weeks 1-2, and recovered with the increase of BAA-hydrolysing protease activity. Acetic acid dominated most of the total VFAs in thermophilic digestion, while propionate and butyrate dominated in mesophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion was confirmed more feasible for achieving better performance against misbalance, especially during the start-up period in a dry anaerobic digestion process.

Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances distribution in mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins （PN）, polysaccharides （PS）, excitation-emission matrix （EEM） fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight （MW） distribution of dissolved organic matters （DOM） in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time （CST） decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 （sec·L）/g total suspended solids （TSS） during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration （R2 = 0.92, p 〈 0.01） and the PN/PS ratio （R2 = 0.84, p 〈 0.01） in the loosely bound EPS （LB-EPS） fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS （TB-EPS） fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST （R2 〉 0.66, p 〈 0.01）. According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability.

Role of live microbial feed supplements with reference to anaerobic fungi in ruminant productivity: A review

To keep the concept of a safe food supply to the consumers, animal feed industries world over are showing an increasing interest in the direct-fed microbials（DFM） for improved animal performance in terms of growth or productivity. This becomes all the more essential in a situation, where a number of the residues of antibiotics and/or other growth stimulants reach in milk and meat with a number of associated potential risks for the consumers. Hence, in the absence of growth stimulants, a positive manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to enhance the feedstuff utilization for improved production efficiency by ruminants has become of much interest to the researchers and entrepreneurs. A few genera of live microbes（i.e., bacteria, fungi and yeasts in different types of formulations from paste to powder） are infrequently used as DFM for the domestic ruminants. These DFM products are live microbial feed supplements containing naturally occurring microbes in the rumen. Among different DFM possibilities, anaerobic rumen fungi（ARF） based additives have been found to improve ruminant productivity consistently during feeding trials. Administration of ARF during the few trials conducted, led to the increased weight gain, milk production, and total tract digestibility of feed components in ruminants. Anaerobic fungi in the rumen display very strong cell-wall degrading cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities through rhizoid development, resulting in the physical disruption of feed structure paving the way for bacterial action. Significant improvements in the fiber digestibility were found to coincide with increases in ARF in the rumen indicating their role. Most of the researches based on DFM have indicated a positive response in nutrient digestion and methane reducing potential during in vivo and/or in vitro supplementation of ARF as DFM. Therefore, DFM especially ARF will gain popularity but it is necessary that all the strains are thoroughly studied for their beneficial properties to have a confirmed ‘generally regarded as safe＇ status for ruminants.

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.