Analog modeling of sand slope stability with different precipitation conditions

Water–sand flow triggered by rainfall is the dominant mechanism for instability and failure of sand slopes. To further analyze the stability state of sand on a slope under different rainfall conditions, the initiation conditions and flow characteristics of water–sand flows are studied. Based on the theory of equilibrium forces and hydrological dynamics, a 1：100-scale analog model is built and verified with field observation data. The results indicate three dynamic stabilization stages of the sand slope under different weather conditions： dry sand, wet sand, and water–sand flow. Water–sand flows are triggered easilyunder short duration and heavy rainfall conditions. The rainfall threshold required to initiate water–sand flow is 4.14 mm/h. Rainfall amount and duration required to initiate water–sand flow decrease with fine sand content increasing. A sand head that develops at the front of the water–sand flow results in a flow along the edge of the sand debris flow and a ‘‘tree root’’ flow morphology. Modelingresults are consistent with theoretical analysis and field observations.

Structural Variation between the Western and Eastern Kuqa Fold-and-thrust Belt,China:Insights from Seismic Interpretation and Analog Modeling

The Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt exhibits apparent structural variation in the western and eastern zone.Two salt layer act as effective decollements and influence the varied deformation.In this study,detailed seismic interpretations and analog modeling are presented to construct the suprasalt and subsalt structures in the transfer zone of the middle Kuqa and investigate the influence of the two salt layers.The results reveal that the relationship of the two salt layers changes from separated to connected,and then overlapped toward the foreland in the transfer zone.Different structural models are formed in the suprasalt and subsalt units due to the interaction of the two salt layers.The imbricate thrust faults form two broom-like fault systems in the subsalt units.The suprasalt units develop detached folds terminating toward the east in the region near the orogenic belt.Whereas,two offset anticlines with different trends develop at the frontal edge of the lower salt layer and the trailing edge of the upper salt layer,respectively.According to exploration results in this region,the relationship between suprasalt and subsalt structures has an influence on hydrocarbon accumulation.We believe that the connected deformation contains high-risk plays while the decoupled deformation contains well-preserved plays.

Experimental Research on Multi-lateral Wells by the Electric Field Analogue Model

There is a close theoretical similarity between water pressure gradients in aquifers and applied voltage gradients in aqueous solutions. A series of electric field analogue experiments has been conducted by focusing on symmetrical multi-lateral wells and dual-lateral wells of arbitrary angles between laterals. This research not only evaluates the productivity equations of a symmetrical multi-lateral well showing the effect of angles on productivity, but also proposes the concept of the multi-lateral productivity coefficient. Moreover, the multi-lateral productivity coefficient equation is designed to calculate the productivity of dual-lateral wells of variable angles, which is in turn supported by experiment. It also helps provide the experimental basis for optimizing the configuration, and building the semi-analytic productivity model, of multi-lateral wells.

The tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy: A case study in the Wangyao Oilfield of Ordos Basin, China

Due to inherent limits of data acquisition and geophysical data resolution, there are large uncertainties in the characterization of subsurface fractures. However, outcrop analogies can provide qualitative and quantitative information on a large number of fractures, based on which the accuracy of subsurface fracture characterization can be improved. Here we take the tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy, a case study of the Chang6t~ Formation of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Group of the Wangyao Oilfield in the Ordos Basin of China. An outcrop at the edge of the basin is a suitable analog for the reservoir, but the prerequisite is that they must have equivalent previous stress fields, similar final structural characteristics, relative timing and an identical depositional environment and diagenesis. The relationship among fracture density, rock type and bed thickness based on the outcrop is one of the most important fracture distribution models, and can be used to interpret fracture density in individual wells quantitatively. Fracture orientation, dip, geometry and scale, also should be described and measured in the outcrop, and can be used together with structure restoration and single well fracture density interpretation to guide fracture intensity prediction on bed surfaces and to constrain the construction of the 3D fracture geometry model of the subsurface reservoir. The application of the above principles shows the outcrop-based tectonic fracture models of the target ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir are consistent with fractures inferred from microseismic interpretation and tracer tests. This illustrated that the fracture modeling based on the outcrop analogy is reliable and can reduce the uncertainty in stochastic fracture modeling.

基于Model Chemlab的实验室仿真模拟

计算机作为一种现代化工具在日常生活及科研工作中得到了越来越广泛的应用,为我们提供了极大的方便和快捷。Model Chemlab是一款计算机模拟化学实验的软件,预先内置了一些常用的大学水平化学实验,并可通过自带的LabWizard开发工具在原有基础上开发新的实验项目,具有较高的自主性,可以满足不同使用者的需求。通过交互式仿真技术直观的展现实验过程和结论;同时对于危险性高或费用高及耗时长的实验可以很好地起到辅助作用。

Isomerization of n-pentane catalyzed by amide-AlCl3-based ionic liquid analogs with various additives

The isomerization of n-pentane to generate high-quality blending components for clean gasoline was catalyzed by several amide-AlCl3-based ionic liquid(IL) analogs with various amides as donor molecules. The catalytic performance of these IL analogs was evaluated in a magnetic agitated autoclave operated in batch mode.IL analog based n-methylacetamide(NMA)-AlCl3 with the amide/AlCl3 molar ratio of 0.65 showed excellent performance toward n-pentane isomerization because 0.65 NMA-1.0 AlCl3 had a low viscosity and bidentate coordination structure. The influences of reaction time, reaction temperature, and stirring speed on the catalytic performance were also investigated. Optimal reaction conditions comprised the reaction time of 1 h, the reaction temperature of 40 °C, and the stirring speed of 1500 r·min-1. Under optimal condition, the n-C5 conversion,research octane number(RON) increment, total liquids yield, and isoparaffin yield in isomerized oil were56.80%, 13.51, 89.90 wt%, and 44.32 wt%, respectively. A new mathematical model was constructed to predict the relationships among RON increment, RON increment/n-C5 conversion ratio, and n-C5 conversion. The new model indicated that an appropriate conversion per pass of n-C5 did not exceed 50%–55%. Various cycloparaffin additives were used to improve the catalytic performance of 0.65 NMA-1.0 AlCl3. The n-C5 conversion increased from 56.80% to 67.32%. The RON increment, total liquids yield, and isoparaffin yield reached 17.83, 97.36 wt%,and 63.74 wt%, respectively.

采动岩层整体移动“类双曲线”理论模型及验证——从二维“类双曲线”到三维“类双曲面”模型

煤炭开采会引起上覆岩层自下而上变形、破断及移动,并导致地表沉陷等问题,其本质是一个力学过程,故亟需发展基于岩层破断力学机理的移动理论模型。首先简要回顾了国内外岩层移动理论模型,然后重点介绍了本团队近年来在岩层整体移动理论模型方面的研究进展。基于不同层位岩层的破断形态的力学分析和相似模拟试验结果,提出了采动覆岩整体移动“类双曲线”模型,其顶点大约位于上覆岩层主关键层的层位。进而建立了岩层移动内外“类双曲线”整体模型,给出了采动覆岩内外整体移动表达式及物理意义参数体系。针对不同覆岩和煤层赋存条件,分析了岩层整体移动“类双曲线”模型的演化规律。在此基础上,进一步将二维“类双曲线”拓展到三维“类双曲面”模型,建立了采动覆岩全空间“类双曲面”立体移动模型,该模型包含“类单叶”和“类双叶”双曲面。该理论模型是在我国很多前辈及学者的研究基础上,从系统科学的角度考虑岩层的整体移动规律,初步形成了采动覆岩整体移动“类双曲线(面)”理论模型框架,希望能为我国煤炭科学开采提供理论指导。

基于Modelica的虚拟远程实验室

为了弥补传统实验教学模式的不足,介绍一种使用新型的、面向对象的多领域统一建模语言Modelica进行建模及仿真的电工电子虚拟远程实验室,并详述了其架构及远程实验的操作流程。构建两个子系统——模电实验系统及吹摆控制实验系统。通过调用Modelica标准模型库,实现了模电实验系统的建模;根据模块化建模的思想,对吹摆控制实验系统进行系统分解,利用Modelica编写每个模块的仿真模型,建立了可扩展的系统模型库,并基于该模型库实现了吹摆系统的构建。将两个子系统放在虚拟实验平台上仿真,仿真结果符合理论推算。

Symbolic Macromodeling for Statistical Simulation of Operational Amplifiers

Symbolic circuit simulator is traditionally applied to the small-signal analysis of analog circuits. This paper establishes a symbolic behavioral macromodeling method applicable to both small-signal and large-signal analysis of general two-stage operational amplifiers （op-amps）. The proposed method creates a two-pole parametric macromodel whose parameters are analytical functions of the circuit element parameters generated by a symbolic circuit simulator. A moment matching technique is used in deriving the analytical model parameter. The created parametric behavioral model can be used for op-amps performance simulation in both frequency and time domains. In particular, the parametric models are highly suited for fast statistical simulation of op-amps in the time-domain. Experiment results show that the statistical distributions of the op-amp slew and settling time characterized by the proposed model agree well with the transistor-level results in addition to achieving significant speedup.

Integrated systemic inflammatory response syndrome epidemic model in scale-free networks

Based on the scale-free network, an integrated systemic inflammatory response syndrome model with artificial immunity, a feedback mechanism, crowd density and the moving activities of an individual can be built. The effects of these factors on the spreading process are investigated through the model. The research results show that the artificial immunity can reduce the stable infection ratio and enhance the spreading threshold of the system. The feedback mechanism can only reduce the stable infection ratio of system, but cannot affect the spreading threshold of the system. The bigger the crowd density is, the higher the infection ratio of the system is and the smaller the spreading threshold is. In addition, the simulations show that the individual movement can enhance the stable infection ratio of the system only under the condition that the spreading rate is high, however, individual movement will reduce the stable infection ratio of the system.

开关电源在安全级DCS中的应用失效研究

针对国产化安全级DCS平台的模拟量调理模块研制过程中,某型国产反激式开关电源曾多次偶发输入端短路失效问题。对该电源内部原理进行剖析,建立故障仿真模型。结合安全级DCS的实际应用场景,对该故障进行定位,明确国产某型反激式开关电源的失效机理,并给出对应的改进优化设计,有效提升国产化安全级DCS平台的可靠性及安全性。

Forecasting the Quasi-stationary Front Rainstorm in Southeast China Using the Synthetically Multilevel Analog Forecast Technology

The authors use numerical model integral products in a third level forecast of synthetically multi-level analog forecast technology.This is one of the strongest points of this study,which also includes the re-ducing mean vacant-forecast rate method,which pos-sesses many advantages with regard to filtering the analog term.Moreover,the similitude degree between samples is assessed using a combination of meteorological elements,which works better than that described using a single element in earlier analog forecast studies.Based on these techniques,the authors apply the model output,air sounding,surface observation and weather map data from 1990 to 2002 to perform an analog experiment of the quasi-stationary front rainstorm.The most important re-sults are as follows:(1) The forecast successful index is 0.36,and was improved after the forecast model was re-vised.(2) The forecast precise rate (0.59) and the lost-forecast rate (0.33) are also better than those of other methods.(3) Based on the model output data,the syn-thetically multilevel analog forecast technology can pro-duce more accurate forecasts of a quasi-stationary front rainstorm.(4) Optimal analog elements reveal that trig-gering mechanisms are located in the lower troposphere while upper level systems are more important in main-taining the phase of the rainstorm.These variables should be first taken into account in operational forecasts of the quasi-stationary front rainstorm.(5) In addition,experi-ments reveal that the position of the key zone is mainly decided by the position of the system causing the heavy rainfall.

基于AQUATOX模拟的小球藻处理水产养殖废水试验

目的 为实现低碳快捷处理水产养殖废水,探究利用小球藻处理废水的最优方案。方法 以某鲅鱼养殖基地水体为对象,利用AQUATOX软件建立水生态环境模型,根据不同的水产养殖废水浓度、水力停留时间和流量建立5个试验组,稀释后投加5 mg/L的小球藻藻种,模拟分析小球藻的处理效果,并将结果与实测数据进行对比。结果 投加小球藻的最适比例为:ρ(小球藻)∶ρ(TN)∶ρ(NH_(3)-N)∶ρ(TP)∶ρ(CODcr)=1∶16.8∶3.2∶0.8∶40;最适投加比例的小球藻对废水中的TN、TP、NH_(3)-N、CODCr的处理效率分别达到了73%、72.5%、94%、75%;藻生物量也达到了初始值的26倍。结论 应用AQUATOX模型可以快速实现小球藻处理水产养殖废水方案优化,TN、TP、NH_(3)-N和CODcr质量浓度模拟结果的平均相对误差分别为0.32%、2.52%、4.83%和0.10%。

交通运输行业碳排放自然达峰特征与峰值预测研究

交通运输行业碳排放达峰是一项长期的自然演变过程。为研究中国交通运输行业碳达峰进程,本文首先采用国际类比法,选取国外典型国家,对比国家总体碳排放量、交通运输行业碳排放量以及换算周转量三者峰值出现的时间,分析交通运输行业碳排放的自然达峰特征,结合交通需求预测,预判中国交通运输行业碳排放自然达峰时间。然后,引入单位换算周转量碳排放量、铁路公路货运比等核心影响因素,构建交通运输碳排放STIRPAT(Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology)预测模型。最后,通过类比分析与模型预测,得到中国交通运输行业碳达峰时间及峰值排放量。国际类比结果表明:交通运输行业碳达峰与国家碳达峰之间没有明确的因果关系,但与换算周转量达峰紧密相关,交通运输行业碳排放达峰时换算周转量达峰或接近峰值;预测中国换算周转量在2048年左右达到26万亿吨公里的平台期,从国际类比的角度判断,中国交通运输行业实现碳排放自然达峰时间约在2040—2043年。STIRPAT模型显示:城镇化率、人均GDP、单位换算周转量碳排放量、铁路公路货运比每增加1%,中国交通运输行业碳排放量将分别增加1.201%、0.259%、0.454%、-0.389%。基于国际类比与STIRPAT模型组合预测判断,中国交通运输行业将在2038—2040年实现碳排放达峰,峰值排放量约为13亿t。

非正弦激励下高频变压器铁心动态磁滞特性模拟方法

高频变压器是DC/DC变换器的核心部件,其激励波形一般为非正弦波,工作频率可达数千赫兹以上,导致铁心损耗显著增加,准确模拟非正弦激励下高频变压器铁心动态磁滞特性,有助于铁心损耗计算以及变压器的电磁暂态分析。首先,该文考虑铁心磁化物理过程,利用系统级电力电子仿真软件PLECS中底层模块和语言编写程序,建立基于静态J-A磁滞模型和磁导-电容类比法的铁心静态磁滞磁导模型;然后,考虑高频条件下涡流效应与弛豫效应对铁心动态磁滞特性的影响,根据损耗统计理论建立铁心动态磁滞磁导模型;最后,基于模拟退火与Levinberg-Marquardt混合算法提取静态J-A磁滞模型参数,根据铁心损耗特性曲线采用最小二乘法提取动态损耗系数。对比分析不同占空比、高频方波电压激励下电流波形以及磁滞回线的仿真结果与实验测量结果,验证了模型的有效性。

Analogue and Mixed-Signal Production Test Speed-Up by Means of Fault List Compression

Accurate test effectiveness estimation for analogue and mixed-signal Systems on a Chip (SoCs) is currently prohibitive in the design environment. One of the factors that sky rockets fault simulation costs is the number of structural faults which need to be simulated at circuit-level. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel fault list compression technique by defining a stratified fault list, build with a set of “representative” faults, one per stratum. Criteria to partition the fault list in strata, and to identify representative faults are presented and discussed. A fault representativeness metric is proposed, based on an error probability. The proposed methodology allows different tradeoffs between fault list compression and fault representation accuracy. These tradeoffs may be optimized for each test preparation phase. The fault representativeness vs. fault list compression tradeoff is evaluated with an industrial case study—a DC-DC (switched buck converter). Although the methodology is presented in this paper using a very simple fault model, it may be easily extended to be used with more elaborate fault models. The proposed technique is a significant contribution to make mixed-signal fault simulation cost-effective as part of the production test preparation.

应急钢桁梁桥钢销节点疲劳性能分析

应急钢桁梁作为拼装式结构,反复安拆及倒运过程中可能导致销孔连接位置出现损伤,对其使用寿命产生影响。以某128 m跨应急钢桁梁桥为研究对象,缩短销孔边距,模拟钢桁梁销孔损伤影响,开展疲劳性能试验及仿真模拟,研究钢销节点疲劳性能。结果表明,静力仿真结果与疲劳试验结果具有较好的一致性,验证了模型的可靠性;试验钢销节点损伤后的疲劳寿命仅为16980次,FE-SAFE仿真分析求得疲劳寿命为20592次,两者较为接近,进一步验证了疲劳试验结果的可靠性。考虑销孔损伤的疲劳寿命与正常状态相比差异显著,说明销孔损伤会大幅降低其疲劳寿命。因此应注意应急钢桁梁杆件保护,同时加强钢销节点质量控制。

基于VHDL-AMS的模数转换器辐射效应建模与仿真方法

模数转换器(Analog-to-Digital Converter,ADC)是连接模拟信号域与数字信号域的关键器件,而现有研究缺乏ADC辐照效应建模的相关内容.为满足大型模数混合信号系统辐照效应建模仿真的需要,本文提出了建立具有辐照效应的ADC行为级模型的方法.首先根据ADC的工作原理将其拆解为不同的通用模块,使用模拟和混合信号硬件描述语言(Very High speed integrated circuit hardware Description Language for Analog and Mixed Signals,VHDL-AMS)建立了各模块的行为级模型.接着根据基本原理将各模块动态组合为未辐照情况下基本的ADC模型.对于ADC的辐照效应,通过开展辐照试验,测量了ADC芯片HWD7710和SAD9434受总剂量(Total Ionizing Dose,TID)效应和中子辐射(Neutron Radiation,NR)效应影响的工作参数,并利用最小二乘法拟合获得ADC的工作参数与辐照剂量的关系式.最后根据辐照关系式,在基本模型上添加辐照参数模块,并建立两种不同结构ADC的TID与NR模型.通过仿真结果与试验数据对比,验证了所建ADC辐射效应模型的普适性和精度.模型的静态参数仿真结果与试验结果的相对偏差在5%以内,证明该方法支持对不同ADC及不同辐射效应进行辐照效应模型建模.