An Analysis-of-Variance (ANOVA) Approach for Sib-pair Linkage Analysis of Complex Ordinal Human Diseases

Sib-pair linkage analysis of complex human diseases has become a method of choice in modern human genetic studies, especially for the diseases with a late age at onset. The traditional parametric methods for sib pair data need to take the categorical nature of a disease phenotype into account and to explicitly model the non-linear relationship between the discrete phenotype and genetic determinants, or to force their relationship to be linear. The first approach is desirable theoretically, but explicitly modeling the sophisticated genetic architecture of a complex disease can be prohibitively complex and computational demand is high. The second approach, typically a linear regression, relies on a large sample theory and is not appropriate. In this paper, we propose to apply Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to sib pair linkage analysis of complex human diseases. This approach has avoided building the complicated relationship between the phenotype (the affection group or status of a sib pair) and the underlying genetic determinant (identical-by-decent (IBD) values etc). We have explored its statistical efficiency and properties in sibpair linkage analysis of ordinal complex human diseases via simulation. The simulation suggests that it is a powerful approach for locating genes that presumably control phenotypic expression of complex human diseases.

Comparison of performance between rescaled range analysis and rescaled variance analysis in detecting abrupt dynamic change

In the present paper, a comparison of the performance between moving cutting data-rescaled range analysis （MC- R/S） and moving cutting data-rescaled variance analysis （MC-V/S） is made. The results clearly indicate that the operating efficiency of the MC-R/S algorithm is higher than that of the MC-V/S algorithm. In our numerical test, the computer time consumed by MC-V/S is approximately 25 times that by MC-R/S for an identical window size in artificial data. Except for the difference in operating efficiency, there are no significant differences in performance between MC-R/S and MC-V/S for the abrupt dynamic change detection. Mc-R/s and MC-V/S both display some degree of anti-noise ability. However, it is important to consider the influences of strong noise on the detection results of MC-R/S and MC-V/S in practical application

ONE-WAY MULTIVARIATE REPEATED MEASUREMENTS ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE MODEL

The one-way multivariate repeated measurements analysis of variance (1-way MRM ANOVA) model for complete data and the sphericity test are studied.

New Configurations of the Fuzzy Fractional Differential Boussinesq Model with Application in Ocean Engineering and Their Analysis in Statistical Theory

The fractional-order Boussinesq equations(FBSQe)are investigated in this work to see if they can effectively improve the situation where the shallow water equation cannot directly handle the dispersion wave.The fuzzy forms of analytical FBSQe solutions are first derived using the Adomian decomposition method.It also occurs on the sea floor as opposed to at the functionality.A set of dynamical partial differential equations(PDEs)in this article exemplify an unconfined aquifer flow implication.Thismethodology can accurately simulate climatological intrinsic waves,so the ripples are spread across a large demographic zone.The Aboodh transform merged with the mechanism of Adomian decomposition is implemented to obtain the fuzzified FBSQe in R,R^(n) and(2nth)-order involving generalized Hukuhara differentiability.According to the system parameter,we classify the qualitative features of the Aboodh transform in the fuzzified Caputo and Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo fractional derivative formulations,which are addressed in detail.The illustrations depict a comparison analysis between the both fractional operators under gH-differentiability,as well as the appropriate attributes for the fractional-order and unpredictability factorsσ∈[0,1].A statistical experiment is conducted between the findings of both fractional derivatives to prevent changing the hypothesis after the results are known.Based on the suggested analyses,hydrodynamic technicians,as irrigation or aquifer quality experts,may be capable of obtaining an appropriate storage intensity amount,including an unpredictability threshold.

Did the Revision of the Japanese Medical Payment System Work Properly?—An Analysis of Averages and Variances of Length of Hospital Stay for Type 2 Diabetes Patients by Individual Hospital

We evaluated the effects of the 2010 revision of the medical payment system on the length of stay (LOS). In this analysis, we assessed not only the average length of stay (ALOS), but also variance of LOS at individual hospitals. We used a dataset of 18,641 type 2 diabetes patients collected from 51 general hospitals. The variables found to affect LOS were age, comorbidities, complications, acute hospitalization, introduced by other hospitals, winter, one-week hospitalization, specific hospitalization period, and principal diseases coded E11.5, E11.6 and E11.7. Although the effect was marginal, the 2010 revision did reduce ALOS, and the reduction was larger as ALOS became longer. On the other hand, we did not find that the variance of LOS within hospitals became smaller. The results of the study suggest that new incentives and assistance to hospitals to help them make efficient use of medical information are needed.

Analysis on Chinese Regional Differences in International Tourism Foreign Exchange Earnings with Method of One-way Variance Analysis

Based on data over 31 provinces and cities in China from2006 to 2013,this thesis first divides those 31 provinces and cities into four economic regions including northeastern region,central region,eastern region and western region.Based on data over 31 provinces and cities in China from 2006 to 2013,those 31 provinces and cities were devided into four economic regions in this thesis,including northeastern region,central region,eastern region and western region.Then,it takes international tourism foreign exchange earnings as the dependent variable,the four economic regions as the factor to measure the difference of international tourism foreign exchange earnings in different regions,and finds out the main reasons of it.Through the one-way variance analysis on international tourism foreign exchange earnings,we can know that international tourism foreign exchange earnings have differences in different regions apparently.Besides,significant differences can be found between northeastern and central regions as well as eastern and western regions,while it is not the same case between the central and western regions.

The Toxic Effects of Strong Chlorin Disinfectant on Mangroves and Emission Thresholds

In this study, based on the simulated discharge results of chemical disinfectants, hypocotyl germination concentration gradient pre-test and concentration gradient determination experiment were set up respectively. Laboratory cultivation was conducted to compare and analyze the root germination and germination indexes, three mangrove hypocotyls of Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. and Bruguiera sexangula var. Rhynchopetalas’ efficiency of cumulative root germination, cumulative germination and the cumulative expansion of the second pair of leaves, one-way analysis of variance was used to obtain the tolerance threshold of three mangrove hypocotyls to strong chlorin disinfectant. The study determined that the by-products of strong chlorin disinfectant, the toxic threshold concentrations of Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. and Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala are close to 0.55 mg/L, 0.55 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. This concentration range is lower than the average concentration of 1.183 mg/L of active chlorine emitted from strong chlorine concentrate during pond clearing in high-level shrimp ponds, indicating that transient emissions of strong chlorine concentrate during pond clearing can have a toxic effect on mangrove plants. The strength of tolerance of the embryonic axes of the three mangrove species to effective chlorine contamination was, Ceriopstagal C.B. Rob. stronger than Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala, and Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce is the weakest.

Dependence of epoch-wise two-way nested ANOVA estimates of variances of unmodeled effects present in relative GPS positioning on satellite elevation cutoff angle and PDOP mask

Impact of satellite elevation cutoff angle and position dilution of precision(PDOP)mask change on epoch-wise variance components of unmodeled effects that accompany relative Global Positioning System(GPS)positioning is presented herein.Data used for this study refer to the winter and summer periods of the years with minimal(2008)and maximal(2013)solar activity.These data were collected every 30 s in static mode,at two permanent GPS stations located in Montenegro,establishing a mediumdistance(116-km-long)baseline with a height difference of approximately 760 m between its endpoints.The study showed that changing satellite elevation cutoff angle,with a fixed PDOP mask,affects epochwise two-way nested ANOVA estimates of variances related to the‘far-field’multipath(considered as the nested factor herein)and the combined unmodeled effect of tropospheric and ionospheric refraction(considered as the nesting factor herein).However,changing of PDOP mask,with a fixed satellite elevation cutoff angle,doesn’t affect epoch-wise two-way nested ANOVA estimate of variance of the combined unmodeled effect of tropospheric and ionospheric refraction,but,generally,affects the estimate of variance of the‘far-field’multipath(possibly mixed with a part of a‘shorter-term’ionospheric refraction),which is especially pronounced for the summer period.It should also be noted that there is a significant influence of satellite elevation cutoff angle change on both epoch-wise horizontal and vertical position accuracy,only for the summer period,especially in the presence of maximal solar activity,while there is no significant impact of PDOP mask change on epoch-wise positional accuracy.

Application of Improved Analysis of Variance to Ionospheric TEC Short-Term Forecast

An improved superposition analysis of periodical wave variance is used for short-term forecast of the ionosphere TEC in this study. Using the ionospheric TEC data provided by IGS as the real value, the forecasting precision of this me-thod at different locations in China with 40 days data is evaluated. The result shows that the improved method has a better forecasting precision which could reach 1.1 TECU. But the forecasting precision still relates to geographical position, it is proportional to longitude and inversely proportional to latitude. Compared with the current-used methods, the improved method has many advantages as higher precision, using fewer parameters and easier to calculate. So, it applied to ionosphere short-term prediction in China very well.

基于K-Means-NCS-ANOVA的八大民窑颜色聚类与应用偏好研究

中华陶瓷文化源远流长,颜色作为陶瓷的一种装饰,可以表达不同的设计理念、情感意识、地域特征和服务对象。为了更好地传承陶瓷艺术文化,本研究提出了一种基于K-means-NCS-ANOVA的颜色分类研究方法。首先,采用K-means颜色聚类、NCS颜色体系提取宋代八大民窑的颜色特征,分析八大瓷窑的区域特征及设计理念;基于上述分析结果制作问卷调查;并利用描述性分析、单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA),探究现代设计师对八大民窑颜色的应用偏好。由实验结果可知,设计师性别、专业、工龄也会对八大民窑颜色的应用偏好产生影响;景德镇窑的颜色最受现代设计师欢迎,而耀州窑、磁州窑、定窑的颜色已经不太符合现代审美。本研究采用现代人工智能技术识别八大民窑特征,调研现代设计师对八大民窑颜色的使用偏好,为文物识别、陶瓷文化传承及人才培养提供理论和技术支持。

Spatial analysis increases efficiency of progeny testing of Chinese fir

We used spatial, global trend and post-blocking analysis to examine the effectiveness of a progeny trial in a tree breeding program for Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） on a hilly site with an environmental gradient from hill top to bottom. Diameter at breast height （DBH） and tree height data had significant spatial auto-correlations among rows and columns. Adding a firstorder separable autoregressive term more effectively modelled the spatial variation than did the incomplete block （IB） model used for the experimental design. The spatial model also accounted for effects of experimental design factors and greatly reduced residual variances. The spatial analysis rel- ative to the IB analysis improved estimation of genetic parameters with the residual variance reduced 13 and 19% for DBH and tree height, respectively; heritability increased 35 and 51% for DBH and tree height, respectively; and genetic gain improved 3-5%. Fitting global trend and postblocking did not improve the analyses under IB model. The use of a spatial model or combined with a design model is recommended for forest genetic trials, particularly with global trend and local spatial variation of hilly sites.

基于ANOVA和BO-SVM的变压器故障诊断方法

为了提高变压器故障诊断模型的诊断精度,提出了一种基于方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)和黑猩猩算法优化支持向量机(bonobo optimizer-support vector machine, BO-SVM)的变压器故障诊断方法。首先,采用方差分析对模型输入量,即变压器油中溶解气体特征进行筛选降维。其次,用黑猩猩算法对影响支持向量机诊断性能的2个参数(核参数与惩罚因子)进行寻优。最后,利用该文所提方法对变压器进行故障诊断,实例仿真结果表明:与IEC、Rogers法相比,采用ANOVA对模型输入量进行筛选降维能更好地提升模型性能;BO算法优化后的支持向量机对比网格搜索算法优化后的支持向量机,在训练速度与诊断精度两方面都有所提升;与粒子群优化支持向量机(particle swarm optimization-support vector machine,PSO-SVM)和遗传算法优化支持向量机(genetic algorithm-support vector machine, GA-SVM)相比,所提方法收敛更快,且故障诊断精度更高、更稳定,BO-SVM、PSO-SVM和GA-SVM的平均诊断正确率分别为91.69%、83.29%、81.34%,验证了所提方法的优越性。

Regression analysis of major parameters affecting the intensity of coal and gas outbursts in laboratory

Estimating the intensity of outbursts of coal and gas is important as the intensity and frequency of outbursts of coal and gas tend to increase in deep mining. Fully understanding the major factors contributing to coal and gas outbursts is significant in the evaluation of the intensity of the outburst. In this paper, we discuss the correlation between these major factors and the intensity of the outburst using Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and Contingency Table Analysis(CTA). Regression analysis is used to evaluate the impact of these major factors on the intensity of outbursts based on physical experiments. Based on the evaluation, two simple models in terms of multiple linear and nonlinear regression were constructed for the prediction of the intensity of the outburst. The results show that the gas pressure and initial moisture in the coal mass could be the most significant factors compared to the weakest factor-porosity. The P values from Fisher's exact test in CTA are: moisture(0.019), geostress(0.290), porosity(0.650), and gas pressure(0.031). P values from ANOVA are moisture(0.094), geostress(0.077), porosity(0.420), and gas pressure(0.051). Furthermore, the multiple nonlinear regression model(RMSE: 3.870) is more accurate than the linear regression model(RMSE: 4.091).

Property analysis of bistatic forward-looking SAR with arbitrary geometry

Bistatic forward-looking synthetic aperture radar（SAR） has many advantages and applications owing to its twodimensional imaging capability.There could be various imaging configurations because of the geometric flexibility of bistatic platforms,resulting in kinds of models built independently among which there could be some similar even the same motion features.Comprehensive research on such systems in a more comprehensive and general point of view is required to address their difference and consistency.Property analysis of bistatic forwardlooking SAR with arbitrary geometry is achieved including stripmap and spotlight modes on airborne platform,missile-borne platform,and hybrid platform of both.Emphasis is placed on azimuth space variance of some key parameters significantly affecting the subsequent imaging processing,based on which the frequency spectra are further described and compared considering respective features of different platforms for frequency imaging algorithm developing.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and correctness of our analysis.

Analysis of Heat Transfer Performance of Oscillating Heat Pipes Based on a Central Composite Design

Oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) are very promising cooling devices. Their heat transfer performance is af- fected by many factors, and the form of the relationship between the performance and the factors is complex and non-linear. In this paper, the effects of charging ratio, inclination angle, and heat input and their interaction effects on heat transfer performance of a looped copper-water OHP are analyzed. First, suppose that the relationship between the response and the variables approximates a second-order model. And use the central composite design to arrange the ex- periment. Then, the method of least squares is used to estimate the parameters in the second-order model. Finally, multi- variate variance analysis is used to analyze the model. The results show that the assumption is right, that is to say, the re- lationship is well modeled by a second-order function. Among the three main effect variables, the effect of inclination angle is the most significant, but their interaction effects are not significant. In the range of the considered factors, both the optimum charging ratio and the optimum inclination angle increase as the heating water flow rate increases.

AFLP and MSAP Analysis of ‘Lane Late’ Navel Orange and Its Bud Sport Pumpkin-like Navel Orange

[Objectives]The paper was to analyze the differences of genes and genome methylation between‘lane late’navel orange and it’s bud sport pumpkin-like navel orange,and to reveal the causes of bud sport.[Methods]Amplification fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)and methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism(MSAP)were used to analyze the differences in genes and genome methylation of‘lane late’navel orange and its bud sport pumpkin-like navel orange.[Results]Gene mutation occurred between the‘lane late’navel orange and its bud sport pumpkin-like navel orange.A total of 15 differential bands were obtained by AFLP markers,and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 6.0000%.Meantime,10 differential bands were obtained by MSAP markers,and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 5.4645%.The semimethylation rate and permethylation rate of‘lane late’navel orange were higher than that of pumpkin-like navel orange,that is,pumpkin-like navel orange had demethylation(demethylation ratio was 1.6393%).[Conclusions]It is proved at the DNA level that the emergence of bud sport pumpkin-like navel orange is due to gene mutation,and the DNA methylation level of the bud sport material has also changed.This study lays a foundation for further exploring the mechanism of bud sport.

Third Order Adjoint Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of an OECD/NEA Reactor Physics Benchmark: III. Response Moments

The (180)3 third-order mixed sensitivities of the leakage response of a polyethylene-reflected plutonium (PERP) experimental benchmark with respect to the benchmark’s 180 microscopic total cross sections have been computed in accompanying works [1] [2]. This work quantifies the contributions of these (180)3 third-order mixed sensitivities to the PERP benchmark’s leakage response distribution moments (expected value, variance and skewness) and compares these contributions to those stemming from the corresponding first- and second-order sensitivities of the PERP benchmark’s leakage response with respect to the total cross sections. The numerical results obtained in this work reveal that the importance of the 3rd-order sensitivities can surpass the importance of the 1st- and 2nd-order sensitivities when the parameters’ uncertainties increase. In particular, for a uniform standard deviation of 10% of the microscopic total cross sections, the 3rd-order sensitivities contribute 80% to the response variance, whereas the contribution stemming from the 1st- and 2nd-order sensitivities amount only to 2% and 18%, respectively. Consequently, neglecting the 3rd-order sensitivities could cause a very large non-conservative error by under-reporting the response variance by a factor of 506%. The results obtained in this work also indicate that the effects of the 3rd-order sensitivities are to reduce the response’s skewness in parameter space, rendering the distribution of the leakage response more symmetric about its expected value. The results obtained in this work are the first such results ever published in reactor physics. Since correlations among the group-averaged microscopic total cross sections are not available, only the effects of typical standard deviations for these cross sections could be considered. Due to this lack of correlations among the cross sections, the effects of the mixed 3rd-order sensitivities could not be quantified exactly at this time. These effects could be quantified only when correlations among the group-averaged microscopic total cross sections would be obtained experimentally by the nuclear physics community.

Variance analysis for passive neutron multiplicity counting

Passive neutron multiplicity counting is widely used as a nondestructive assay technique to quantify mass of plutonium material. One goal of this technique is to achieve good precision in a short measurement time. In this paper, we describe a procedure to derive mass assay variance for multiplicity counting based on the threeparameter model, and analytical equations are established using the measured neutron multiplicity distribution.Monte Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate precision versus plutonium mass under a fixed measurement time with the equations. Experimental data of seven weapons-grade plutonium samples are presented to test the expected performance. This variance analysis has been used for the counter design and optimal gate-width setting at Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry.

Third-Order Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis of an OECD/NEA Reactor Physics Benchmark: I. Mathematical Framework

This work extends to third-order previously published work on developing the adjoint sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the numerical model of a polyethylene-reflected plutonium (acronym: PERP) OECD/NEA reactor physics benchmark. The PERP benchmark comprises 21,976 imprecisely known (uncertain) model parameters. Previous works have used the adjoint sensitivity analysis methodology to compute exactly and efficiently all of the 21,976 first-order and (21,976)2 second-order sensitivities of the PERP benchmark’s leakage response to all of the benchmark’s uncertain parameters, showing that the largest and most consequential 1st- and 2nd-order response sensitivities are with respect to the total microscopic cross sections. These results have motivated extending the previous adjoint-based derivations to third-order, leading to the derivation, in this work, of the exact mathematical expressions of the (180)3 third-order sensitivities of the PERP leakage response with respect to these total microscopic cross sections. The formulas derived in this work are valid not only for the PERP benchmark but can also be used for computing the 3rd-order sensitivities of the leakage response of any nuclear system involving fissionable material and internal or external neutron sources. Subsequent works will use the adjoint-based mathematical expressions obtained in this work to compute exactly and efficiently the numerical values of these (180)3 third-order sensitivities (which turned out to be very large and consequential) and use them for a third-order uncertainty analysis of the PERP benchmark’s leakage response.