An Analysis Pattern for Equipment Management

In this paper, we account for this subject: how to de sign a pattern, it can track the state of the equipment of some organizations su ch as enterprise, organ, laboratory, school etc. We present an analysis pattern, which describes the whole procedure of managing the equipment and record the us ing of the equipment. It not only can track the quantity and location of the equ ipment of the whole organization, the more important is it can update the state of the equipment at real-time automatically. First,we design the static diagram(i.e. using UML class diagram to describe the basic state of the equipment). Then we consider its dynamic aspect, i.e., how th e state of the equipment to get changed according to the time. We use UML sequen ce diagram and state diagram to respectively describe the procedure of after pur chasing, transferring and discarding as useless of the equipment. Obviously, the manager can update the quantity and location of the equipment automatic ally. We character this pattern from the following five aspects: Problem: How the enterprise, organ, laboratory and school to track the quantity and location of the equipment. Circumstance: In some organizations, especially, in the manufactory or laborator y, when the number of the quantity and type is large or the distribution of the equipment is dispersed, they want to be able to track the quantity and location of the equipment. Forces: First, it is possible to the equipment be transferred or be discarded, n o matter when and where, the organization must be able to track the factual quan tity and location.Second, the solution must describe a basic semantic unit, that is, the solution must simple enough to apply it to various of circumstance, whi ch is the base of reusing. Third, the solution must include the interpret of the factual document. Solution: This part, we start with the basic demands, first using UML class diag ram to describe the basic pattern, which is an atomic pattern. Then using UML se quence diagram and state diagram to respectively describe the procedure of after purchasing, transferring and discarding as useless of the equipment and the rel evant change of the equipment in quantity and location. Consequence: Describing the effect of the pattern and how it supports the object . The pattern falls in the class which we call it semantic analysis patterns (SA P), it is a general model, which is abstract from the practical application. The case in fact is the minimum application which we can apply it to a certain fiel d, furthermore, we can implement the more particular demands or the similar appl ication by extending.

Optimizing Spatial Pattern Analysis in Serial Remote Sensing Images through Empirical Mode Decomposition and Ant Colony Optimization

Serial remote sensing images offer a valuable means of tracking the evolutionary changes and growth of a specific geographical area over time.Although the original images may provide limited insights,they harbor considerable potential for identifying clusters and patterns.The aggregation of these serial remote sensing images(SRSI)becomes increasingly viable as distinct patterns emerge in diverse scenarios,such as suburbanization,the expansion of native flora,and agricultural activities.In a novel approach,we propose an innovative method for extracting sequential patterns by combining Ant Colony Optimization(ACD)and Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD).This integration of the newly developed EMD and ACO techniques proves remarkably effective in identifying the most significant characteristic features within serial remote sensing images,guided by specific criteria.Our findings highlight a substantial improvement in the efficiency of sequential pattern mining through the application of this unique hybrid method,seamlessly integrating EMD and ACO for feature selection.This study exposes the potential of our innovative methodology,particularly in the realms of urbanization,native vegetation expansion,and agricultural activities.

Spatial pattern analysis for quantification of landscape structure of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve,Central India

Landscape structure is often regarded as an important factor that governs the distribution and abundance of species. Therefore it is critical to understand the landscapes and their dynamics. Patterns of landscape elements strongly influence the ecological characteristics. This study was designed to document and map the current status of the tropi-cal dry deciduous forest of the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve （TATR）, Central India, （using IRS P6 LISS IV data） and to describe its landscape structure at three levels of organization viz. landscape, class, and patch. The study area was classified into 10 land cover classes that include 6 vegetation classes. The landscape structure was analyzed using FRAG-STATS using 12 set of indices. The TATR landscapes have a total of 2,307 patches with a mean patch size of 25.67 ha and patch density of 1.7 patches per km2. Amongst all land cover classes, mixed bamboo forest is dominant-it occupied maximum area （77.99%）-while riparian forest is least represented （0.32%）. Mixed forest has maximum number of patches among all vegetation classes. Results have shown that despite being dominant in the area, mixed bamboo forest has low patch density （0.25/100 ha）. Dominance of mixed bamboo forest is attributed to large patch sizes and not to the number of patches. This study has focussed on the approach of integrating satellite forest classification and forest inven-tory data for studying forest landscape patterns.

Pattern Analysis on DC Breakdown Phenomenon of Polyethylene Films

Pattern analysis method was used to study DC breakdown characteristics of low-density polyethylene （LDPE） film and high-density polyethylene （HDPE） film, with particular attention paid to the breakdown phenomenon identification. The breakdown pattern （BP） was recorded by a monocular-video-zoom microscope. The records showed that the effective area of BP was almost identical to the types of electrodes. The effective area od. The diameter was obtained by a mathematical was calculated by a mathematical integral methstatistic method. The study revealed that the DC breakdown voltage of LDPE was lower than that of HDPE. The diameter and effective area of LDPE were smaller than those of HDPE, but it is opposite for the condition of the needle-plane electrode with plane electrode grounded. As for the needle-plane electrode, the diameter and effective area with the films near the needle electrode were smaller than those near the plane electrode, and those in the middle of air gap were between them. As for the sphere-plane electrode, the diameter and effective area with the films near the plane electrode were smaller than those near the sphere electrode, and those in the middle of air gap were between them.

Population structure and spatial pattern analysis of Quercus aquifolioides on Sejila Mountain,Tibet,China

Understanding population structure provides basic ecological data related to species and ecosystems.Our objective was to understand the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of Quercus aquifolioides populations.Using a 1 ha permanent sample plot data for Q.aquifolioides on Sejila Mountain,Tibet Autonomous Region(Tibet),China,we analyzed the population structure of Q.aquifolioides by combining data for diameter class,static life table and survival curve.Simultaneously,the spatial distribution of Q.aquifolioides was studied using Ripley’s L Function in point pattern analysis.The results showed:(1) Individuals in Q.aquifolioides populations were mainly aggregated in the youngest age classes,that accounted for94.3% of the individuals; the older age classes had much smaller populations.Although the youngest age classes(ClassesⅠ and Ⅱ) had fewer individuals than Class Ⅲ,the total number of individuals in classes Ⅰ and Ⅱ was also greater than in classes Ⅳ to Ⅸ.In terms of tree height,fewsaplings,more medium-sized saplings and few large-sized trees were found.The diameter class structure of Q.aquifolioides populations formed an atypical ‘pyramid’type; the population was expanding,but growth was limited,tending toward a stable population.(2) Mortality of Q.aquifolioides increased continuously with age; life expectancy decreased over time,and the survivorship curve was close to a Deevey I curve.(3) The spatial distribution pattern of Q.aquifolioides varied widely across different developmental stages.Saplings and medium-sized tree showed aggregated distributions at the scales of 0–33 m and 0–29 m,respectively.The aggregation intensities of saplings and medium-sized trees at small scales were significantly stronger than that of large-sized trees.However,large-sized trees showed a random distribution at most scales.(4) No correlation was observed among saplings,medium-and large-sized trees at small scales,while a significant and negative association was observed as the scale increased.Strong competition was found among saplings,medium-and large-sized trees,while no significant association was observed between medium-and largesized trees at all scales.Biotic interactions and local ecological characteristics influenced the spatial distribution pattern of Q.aquifolioides populations most strongly.

Pattern analysis of a linear dune field on the northern margin of Qarhan Salt Lake,northwestern China

In terms of formation mechanisms of linear dunes,there are open arguments for their widespread distribution and multi-morphological diversities.In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,we used pattern analysis method to analyze the statistical characteristics and spatial variation of their pattern parameters.Except at the west-northwest margin,the pattern parameters showed regular spatial variation from the up-middle part towards the downwind end of the dune field.Based on the cumulative probability plots for inter-crest spacing and crest length,we divided the linear dunes into three groups,which corresponding to the three evolution stages of these dunes.The first group comprises erosional relics,with shorter crests,smaller inter-crest spacing and more random dune orientation.The second group comprises dunes whose sand supply is just sufficient to maintain stability and these dunes are approaching the net erosion stage.The crest length and inter-crest spacing of these dunes are much larger than those of the first group,and dune orientation is closer to the resultant drift direction （RDD） .The last group comprises linear dunes that are still undergoing vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation,which follows the RDD of the modern wind regime.The presence of regular spatial variation of pattern parameters and a similar geometry with the vegetated linear dunes suggest that deposition and erosion coexist in the development and evolution of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,i.e.deposition predominates at the downwind end of linear dunes in the vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation stage,whereas erosion mainly occurs at the upwind end of linear dunes in the degradation stage.Therefore,the formation mechanism of linear dunes in Qarhan Salt Lake can be reasonably explained by the combination of depositional and erosional theories.

Spatial pattern analysis and associations of different growth stages of populations of Abies georgei var.smithii in Southeast Tibet,China

Abies georgei var.smithii is an important plant species in Southeast Tibet,China.It has high ecological value in terms of biodiversity protection,as well as soil and water conservation.We analyzed the spatial pattern and associations of A.georgei var.smithii populations at different growth stages by using Ripley's L function for point pattern analysis.The diameter structure was a nearly reverse 'J' shape.The amount of saplings and medium-sized trees accounts for a large part of the entire population,suggesting a high regeneration rate and an expanding population.In the transition from saplings to medium trees or to large trees,saplings show a significant aggregation distribution at small scales,while medium trees and large trees show a random distribution.There are significant inverse associations between saplings and medium trees and large trees at small scales,while there are no obvious associations between medium trees and large trees.The natural regeneration was affected by interspecific competition,and it was also affected by intraspecific competition.The joint effects of biological characteristics and environmental factors contribute to the spatial distribution pattern and associations of this A.georgei var.sm ithii population.

Analysis of Landscape Patterns in the Urban-Rural Integrated Area Based on Moving Window: A Case Study of Sanshui District in Foshan City

The urban-rural integrated area in Sanshui District of Foshan City was selected for research, and the impact of landscape pattern around the No.269 provincial highway was analyzed based on the land-use data in 2014 using the spatial analysis in GIS and the moving window method. The results showed that:(1) within the scope of a 2 km-range buffer zone, with a low degree of heterogeneity, land for construction use and water area were the dominant land-use types, while with a high degree of fragmentation, cultivated land, wooded land, grassland, garden land, land for other farm uses, and land unused were scattered;(2) the 250-m square moving window could well detect the change characteristics of landscape pattern on both sides of the road;(3) the gradient analysis of landscape pattern in urban-rural integrated area, which was conducted with the aid of a 750-m transect on both sides of the road, indicated that there were significant differences between landscape indexes both in the urban-rural integrated area and on both sides of the road;(4) the road that had an obvious cutting and fragmentation impact on the landscape was an important factor leading to the increasing fragmentation and heterogeneity to regional landscapes.

Predicate Oriented Pattern Analysis for Biomedical Knowledge Discovery

In the current biomedical data movement, numerous efforts have been made to convert and normalize a large number of traditional structured and unstructured data (e.g., EHRs, reports) to semi-structured data (e.g., RDF, OWL). With the increasing number of semi-structured data coming into the biomedical community, data integration and knowledge discovery from heterogeneous domains become important research problem. In the application level, detection of related concepts among medical ontologies is an important goal of life science research. It is more crucial to figure out how different concepts are related within a single ontology or across multiple ontologies by analysing predicates in different knowledge bases. However, the world today is one of information explosion, and it is extremely difficult for biomedical researchers to find existing or potential predicates to perform linking among cross domain concepts without any support from schema pattern analysis. Therefore, there is a need for a mechanism to do predicate oriented pattern analysis to partition heterogeneous ontologies into closer small topics and do query generation to discover cross domain knowledge from each topic. In this paper, we present such a model that predicates oriented pattern analysis based on their close relationship and generates a similarity matrix. Based on this similarity matrix, we apply an innovated unsupervised learning algorithm to partition large data sets into smaller and closer topics and generate meaningful queries to fully discover knowledge over a set of interlinked data sources. We have implemented a prototype system named BmQGen and evaluate the proposed model with colorectal surgical cohort from the Mayo Clinic.

Spatial patterns of Picea crassifolia driven by environmental heterogeneity and intraspecifi c interactions

Research on the spatial patterns of tree populations is critical for understanding the structure and dynamic processes of forests.However,little is known about how the underlying drivers shape these patterns and species interactions in forest systems.In this study,spatial point pattern analysis investigated the combined eff ects of intraspecifi c interactions and environmental heterogeneity on the spatial structure and internal maintenance mechanisms of Picea crassifolia in the Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve,China.Data were obtained from a 10.2-ha dynamic monitoring plot(DMP)and sixteen 0.04-ha elevation gradient plots(EGPs).Under complete spatial randomness,both mature trees and saplings in the DMP demonstratedlarge-scale aggregation with negative correlations.In EGPs,saplings were clustered in small mesoscales,mature trees were randomly distributed,and the interactions of saplingstrees at all elevations were not correlated.By eliminating the interference of environmental heterogeneity through the inhomogeneous Poisson process,saplings in the DMP and EGPs were clustered in small scales and trees randomly distributed.Intraspecifi c associations were negatively correlated,in the DMP and at low elevations,and no correlations in high elevations of EGPs.In the vertical scale,saplings showed a small-scale aggregation pattern with increase in elevation,and the aggregation degree fi rst decreased and then increased.The interactions of saplings-trees and saplings–saplings showed inhibitions at small scales,with the degree of inhibition gradually decreasing.Spatial patterns and associations of adults–adults did not change signifi-cantly.The results revealed that intraspecifi c interactions and environmental heterogeneity regulated the spatial patterns of P.crassifolia at small and large scales,respectively.Environmental heterogeneity might be the most decisive factor aff ecting the spatial patterns of saplings,while trees were more aff ected by intraspecifi c interactions.Moreover,competition between trees in this area could be more common than facilitation for the growth and development of individuals.

A township-level assessment of forest fragmentation using morphological spatial pattern analysis in Qujing,Yunnan Province,China

Forest fragmentation is an integral part of global change.Understanding forest fragmentation patterns and dynamics are of great significance for maintaining ecosystem stability.There are great differences in the interference of natural and human factors on forests in different towns of mountainous cities,and the characteristics of forest fragmentation are also obviously different.Forest fragmentation has been broadly studied,yet,it remains poorly understood at the township-scale within mountainous cities.In this study,the spatial form of forest landscape and forest fragmentation modes of towns were examined in Qujing City,Yunnan Province,China for the years of 2006 and 2016,relying heavily on the morphological spatial pattern analysis(MSPA)and K-means clustering algorithm.Results in 2016 showed that the forest landscape morphology of Qujing could be divided into seven classes:core,perforation,islet,bridge,edge,branch and ring;with landscape areas of 41.94%,1.22%,7.04%,11.12%,23.26%,11.74%and 3.68%respectively.Compared with 2006,the changes of landscape area were 1.71%,0.02%,0.30%,1.65%,0.20%,0.19%and 0.05%respectively.The townships in Qujing varied significantly in their landscape fragmentation patterns,and these patterns were spatially dependent.Different forest landscape forms have positive spatial correlations and differences.The forest fragmentation modes of towns can be divided into four types:Low anthropogenic towns,high anthropogenic towns,complex terrain towns and gentle terrain towns.Different ways of human activities play a decisive role in forest landscape fragmentation.The expansion of construction land and agricultural land intensifies forest fragmentation;however,man-made orderly and planned ecological restoration will greatly improve the forest coverage and improve the spatial form of urban forest landscape.

Comprehensive Analysis of Caching Performance under Probabilistic Traffic Patterns for Content Centric Networking

The phenomenon of data explosion represents a severe challenge for the upcoming big data era.However,the current Internet architecture is insufficient for dealing with a huge amount of traffic owing to an increase in redundant content transmission and the end-point-based communication model.Information-centric networking(ICN)is a paradigm for the future Internet that can be utilized to resolve the data explosion problem.In this paper,we focus on content-centric networking(CCN),one of the key candidate ICN architectures.CCN has been studied in various network environments with the aim of relieving network and server burden,especially in name-based forwarding and in-network caching functionalities.This paper studies the effect of several caching strategies in the CCN domain from the perspective of network and server overhead.Thus,we comprehensively analyze the in-network caching performance of CCN under several popular cache replication methods(i.e.,cache placement).We evaluate the performance with respect to wellknown Internet traffic patterns that follow certain probabilistic distributions,such as the Zipf/Mandelbrot–Zipf distributions,and flashcrowds.For the experiments,we developed an OPNET-based CCN simulator with a realistic Internet-like topology.

Machine Learning and Pattern Analysis Identify Distinctive Influences from Long-term Weekly Net Ecosystem Exchange at Four Deciduous Woodland Locations

A methodology integrating correlation,regression(MLR),machine learning(ML),and pattern analysis of long-term weekly net ecosystem exchange(NEE)datasets are applied to four deciduous broadleaf forest(DBF)sites forming part of the AmeriFlux(FLUXNET2015)database.Such analysis effectively characterizes and distinguishes those DBF sites for which long-term NEE patterns can be accurately predicted using the recorded environmental variables,from those sites cannot be so delineated.Comparisons of twelve NEE prediction models(5 MLR;7 ML),using multi-fold cross-validation analysis,reveal that support vector regression generates the most accurate and reliable predictions for each site considered,based on fits involving between 16 and 24 available environmental variables.SVR can accurately predict NEE for datasets for DBF sites US-MMS and US-MOz,but fail to reliably do so for sites CA-Cbo and MX-Tes.For the latter two sites the predicted versus recorded NEE weekly data follow a Y≠X pattern and are characterized by rapid fluctuations between low and high NEE values across leaf-on seasonal periods.Variable influences on NEE,determined by their importance to MLR and ML model solutions,identify distinctive sets of the most and least influential variables for each site studied.Such information is valuable for monitoring and modelling the likely impacts of changing climate on the ability of these sites to serve as long-term carbon sinks.The periodically oscillating NEE weekly patterns distinguished for sites CA-Cbo and MX-Tes are not readily explained in terms of the currently recorded environmental variables.More detailed analysis of the biological processes at work in the forest understory and soil at these sites are recommended to determine additional suitable variables to measure that might better explain such fluctuations.

Spatio-Temporal Change of Dispersal Areas of Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in Lake Bogoria Landscape, Kenya

Decline in wildlife populations is manifest globally, regionally and locally. A wildlife decline of 68% has been reported in Kenya’s rangelands with Baringo County experiencing more than 85% wildlife loss in the last four decades. Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is endemic to Lake Bogoria landscape in Baringo County and constitutes a major tourist attraction for the region necessitating use of its photo on the County’s logo and thus a flagship species. Tourism plays a central role in Baringo County’s economy and is a major source of potential growth and employment creation. The study was carried out to assess spatio-temporal change of dispersal areas of Greater Kudu (GK) in Lake Bogoria landscape in the last four years for enhanced adaptive management and improved livelihoods. GK population distribution primary data collected in December 2022 and secondary data acquired from Lake Bogoria National Game Reserve (LBNGR) for 2019 and 2020 were digitized using in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Measures of dispersion and point pattern analysis (PPA) were used to analyze dispersal of GK population using GIS. Spatio-temporal change of GK dispersal in LBNR was evident thus the null hypothesis was rejected. It is recommended that anthropogenic activities contributing to GK’s habitat degradation be curbed by providing alternative livelihood sources and promoting community adoption of sustainable technologies for improved livelihoods.

An Analysis Method of Business Application Framework

We discuss the evolution of object oriented software development process based on software pattern. For developing mature software framework and component, we advocate to elicit and incorporate software patterns for ensuing quality and reusability of software frameworks. On the analysis base of requirement specification for business application domain, we present analysis method and basic role model of software framework. We also elicit analysis pattern of framework architecture, and design basic role classes and their structure.

Effects of grazing disturbance of spatial distribution pattern and interspecies relationship of two desert shrubs

Grazing significantly affects the distribution,growth,and productivity of shrubs.In this study,we evalu-ated the effects of grazing disturbance on the spatial distri-bution patterns and interspecific relationships of two desert shrubs,Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Sarcozygium xan-thoxylon.Three types of grazing conditions were considered,including enclosed area(EA),seasonal rotational grazing area(SRGA),and grazing area(GA)(100 m×100 m),in the West Ordos Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia,China.The results showed that A.mongolicus and S.xanthoxylon populations were uniformly distributed at a small scale,and the distribution in EA and SRGA became gradually ran-dom.In GA,A.mongolicus population showed aggregated distribution but S.xanthoxylon population showed random distribution at a small scale. Moreover, both A. mongolicus and S. xanthoxylon populations at the 5-7 m scale showed random distribution. At the small and intermediate scales, the two species showed positive interspecific relationships of GA. However, no interspecific relationship was noted between the two species in EA and SRGA. A significant positive relationship (P < 0.01) was noted between the two species at 2-9 m and a negative relationship (P < 0.01) at 13-17 m scales in GA. Positive relationship (P < 0.01) was noted between the two species at 6-13 m scales and a sig-nificant negative relationship (P < 0.01) at 14-24 m scales in SRGA. The two species of desert shrubs showed posi-tive interspecific relationships at the small scale, and they showed negative relationships as the interspecific compe-tition intensified in the presence of grazing disturbance. When the grazing intensity exceeds a certain threshold, the interspecific relationships become weak. Therefore, moder-ate grazing would facilitate interspecific competition and species succession, whereas excessive grazing would disrupt natural competition causing desertification ultimately.

Genome-Wide Survey and Expression Analysis of P_(1B)-ATPases in Rice, Maize and Sorghum

P1B-type ATPase ion pumps that transport heavy metal ions across cellular membranes are essential for plant growth and development. To date, a genomic comparison overview of the family in rice, maize and sorghum is not yet available. In this study, a total of 31 heavy metal P1B-type ATPase （HMA） genes were identified, including 9 in rice, 11 each from maize and sorghum. They were classified into two distinct subfamilies based on their sequence composition and phylogenetic relationship. Four pairs of HMA genes were expanded via gene duplication with tandemly duplicated. Comprehensive analyses were performed to investigate the expression profiles of HMA genes in various tissues by using quantitative real-time PCR. Some HMA members exhibited abundant and tissue-specific expression patterns. Moreover, most of the genes were found to be differentially expressed under the Cu/Cd treatment. This study will facilitate further studies on P1B-type ATPase family and provide valuable hints for the functional validation in rice, maize and sorghum.

Geomorphologic patterns of dune networks in the Tengger Desert,China

Dune networks are widely distributed in the world＇s deserts,which include primary ridges and secondary ridges.However,they have not been sufficiently studied in a systematic manner and their origins and spatial and morphological characteristics remain unclear.To provide information on the geomorphology of dune networks,we analyze the software geomorphologic patterns of the dune networks in China＇s Tengger Desert using matrix and laboratory to process remote-sensing images.Based on analysis of image features and their layout in a topographic map,we identify two types of dune networks （square and rectangular dune networks） with different size and morphological structures in the Tengger Desert.Four important geomorphic pattern parameters,ridge length,spacing,orientation and defect density,are analyzed.The length of primary ridges of dune networks decreases from northwest of the desert to the southeast,resulting an increasing spacing and a transition from rectangular dune networks to square dune networks.Wind regime and sediment supply are responsible for the variation in pattern parameters.We use the spacing and defect density data to estimate the construction time of dune networks and found that the dune networks in the Tengger Desert formed since about 1.3 ka BP.

Use of Intensity Analysis to Measure Land Use Changes from 1932 to 2005 in Zhenlai County, Northeast China

Analyzing spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover over time is widely recognized as important to better understand and provide solutions for social, economic, and environmental problems, especially in ecologically fragile region. In this paper, a case study was taken in Zhenlai County, which is a part of farming-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China. This study seeks to use multi-temporal satellite images and other data from various sources to analyze spatiotemporal changes from 1932 to 2005, and applied a quantitative methodology named intensity analysis in the time scale of decades at three levels: time interval, category, and transition. The findings of the case study are as follows: 1) the interval level of intensity analysis revealed that the annual rate of overall change was relatively fast in 1932–1954 and 1954–1976 time intervals. 2) The category level showed that arable land experienced less intensively gains and losses if the overall change was to have been distributed uniformly across the landscape while the gains and losses of forest land, grassland, water, settlement, wetland and other unused land were not consistent and stationary across the four time intervals. 3) The transition level illustrated that arable land expanded at the expense of grassland before 2000 while it gained intensively from wetland from 2000 to 2005. Settlement targets arable land and avoids grassland, water, wetland and other unused land. Besides, the loss of grassland was intensively targeted by arable land, forest land and wetland in the study period while the loss of wetland was targeted by water except for the time interval of 1976–2000. 4) During the early reclamation period, land use change of the study area was mainly affected by the policy, institutional and political factors, followed by the natural disasters.

Developing a mathematical assessment model for blasting patterns management: Sungun copper mine

Blasting is one of the most important operations in the mining projects that has effective role in the whole operation physically and economically. Unsuitable blasting pattern may lead to unwanted events such as poor fragmentation, back break and fly rock. Multi attribute decision making(MADM) can be useful method for selecting the most appropriate blasting pattern among previously performed patterns. In this work, initially, from various already performed patterns, efficient and inefficient patterns are determined using data envelopment analysis(DEA). In the second step, after weighting impressive attributes using experts' opinion, elimination Et choice translating reality(ELECTRE) was used for ranking the efficient patterns and recognizing the most appropriate pattern in the Sungun Copper Mine, Iran. According to the obtained results, blasting pattern with the hole diameter of 15.24 cm, burden of 3 m, spacing of 4 m and stemming of 3.2 m has selected as the best pattern and has selected for future operation.