胃食管分层缝合降低食管癌术后吻合口瘘及狭窄发生的观察

目的比较食管癌手术中采用分层缝合或全层内翻吻合法,术后胃食管吻合口瘘及狭窄的发生情况。方法722例被临床确诊的Ⅰ或Ⅱ(Ⅱa和Ⅱb)期食管癌患者,从2002年6月至2007年1月有235例采用胃食管分层缝合,从1990年1月至2002年5月有487例患者采用全层内翻吻合的方法,回顾性分析24个月内的随访资料,特别是吻合口瘘及狭窄等并发症的发生率。结果分层缝合与全层内翻吻合的患者,术后吻合口瘘和狭窄的发生率分别为0%、0.85%(2/235)和5.1%(25/487)、6%(28/487),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论胃食管分层缝合明显降低了食管癌术后吻合口瘘和狭窄的发生,优于传统的器械或手工行全层内翻吻合方法。

直肠癌Dixon术后吻合口良性狭窄的外科诊治

目的探讨直肠癌Dixon术后吻合口良性狭窄的外科诊治方法。方法回顾性分析北京医院2011年7月—2014年7月诊治的21例直肠癌Dixon术后吻合口良性狭窄患者的临床资料。其中7例为低位膜性狭窄患者,行定期手指扩张;5例为高位膜性狭窄患者,多次反复球囊扩张狭窄部位;9例为管状狭窄或弥漫性狭窄患者,采用经肛门狭窄段放射状切开术,其中3例吻合口距肛缘〉4 cm,借助经肛门内镜微创手术（TEM）设备完成狭窄段放射状切开术。结果 21例患者经过治疗后狭窄症状均获得改善,其中1例患者反复出现狭窄,经3次反复放射状切开并拔除吻合钉后治愈。所有患者出院后行定期扩肛治疗3~6个月巩固疗效,患者肛门功能均完好。结论根据狭窄部位及狭窄程度选择不同的方法处理直肠癌Dixon术后吻合口良性狭窄,能取得良好疗效,值得临床借鉴。

椎间植骨内固定治疗腰椎管狭窄症的优势

背景:腰椎管狭窄症严重影响患者的下肢的活动及功能,甚至引起瘫痪。目的:评价椎间植骨内固定治疗腰椎管狭窄症的临床效果。方法:对应用后路减压椎间植骨内固定治疗腰椎管狭窄症的患者进行随访观察,通过评估患者临床症状和体征改善情况、神经功能恢复情况、椎间植骨融合情况以及并发症发生情况评价椎间植骨内固定治疗腰椎管狭窄症的效果,并比较应用后路减压椎间植骨内固定与单纯减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的效果,以进一步明确椎间植骨内固定的治疗效果。结果与结论:对应用后路减压椎间植骨内固定治疗腰椎管狭窄症的患者进行随访观察,下腰痛、肢体局部感觉障碍以及间歇性跛行等症状明显改善,神经功能恢复评分可高达90%以上,影像学检查可见椎间植骨融合良好,神经、血管及硬膜损伤等并发症发生较少。比较研究显示,后路减压椎间植骨内固定治疗的优良率高达95.2%,而单纯减压治疗的优良率仅为23.8%,后路减压椎间植骨内固定的治疗效果明显优于单纯减压治疗。

单层排线吻合法在食管癌及贲门癌手术中的应用价值

目的评价单层排线吻合法在食管癌及贲门癌术中的应用价值。方法 157例食管癌、贲门癌患者采用单层排线法吻合(单层排线组),155例采用传统食管-胃双层包埋法吻合(传统组),对比两组术后吻合口瘘及狭窄的发生情况。结果单层排线组术后无1例发生吻合口瘘,仅有2例轻度吻合口狭窄(占1.27%);传统组术后发生吻合口瘘5例(3.23%),吻合口狭窄8例(5.16%),其中5例为中、重度狭窄。两组术后吻合口瘘及狭窄的发生率比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论以单层排线吻合法行食管癌、贲门癌根治术食管-胃吻合,操作简单、省时、易学,并能有效预防术后吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄。

Biliary complications in liver transplantation: Impact of anastomotic technique and ischemic time on short- and long-term outcome

AIM: To elucidate the impact of various donor recipient and transplant factors on the development of biliary complications after liver transplantation.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 200 patients of our newly established liver transplantation(LT) program, who received full size liver graft. Biliary reconstruction was performed by side-to-side(SS), end-to-end(EE) anastomosis or hepeaticojejunostomy(HJ). Biliary complications(BC), anastomotic stenosis, bile leak, papillary stenosis, biliary drain complication, ischemic type biliary lesion(ITBL) were evaluated by studying patient records, corresponding radiologic imaging and reports of interventional procedures [e.g., endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)]. Laboratory results included alanine aminotransferase(ALT), gammaglutamyltransferase and direct/indirect bilirubin with focus on the first and fifth postoperative day, six weeks after LT. The routinely employed external bile drain was examined by a routine cholangiography on the fifth postoperative day and six weeks after transplantation as a standard procedure, but also whenever clinically indicated. If necessary, interventional(e.g., ERCP) or surgical therapy was performed. In case of biliary complication, patients were selected, assigned to different complication-groups and subsequently reviewed in detail. To evaluate the patients outcome, we focussed on appearance of postoperative/post-interventional cholangitis, need for rehospitalisation, retransplantation, ITBL or death caused by BC.RESULTS: A total of 200 patients [age: 56(19-72), alcoholic cirrhosis: n = 64(32%), hepatocellular carcinoma: n = 40(20%), acute liver failure: n = 23(11.5%), cryptogenic cirrhosis: n = 22(11%), hepatitis B virus /hepatitis C virus cirrhosis: n = 13(6.5%), primary sclerosing cholangitis: n = 13(6.5%), others: n = 25(12.5%) were included. The median follow-up was 27 mo until June 2015. The overall biliary complication rate was 37.5%(n = 75) with anastomotic strictures(AS): n = 38(19%), bile leak(BL): n = 12(6%), biliary drain complication: n = 12(6%); papillary stenosis(PS): n = 7(3.5%), ITBL: n = 6(3%). Clinically relevant were only 19%(n = 38). We established a comprehensive classification for AS with four grades according to clinical relevance. The reconstruction techniques [SS: n = 164, EE: n = 18, HJ: n = 18] showed no significant impact on the development of BCs in general(all n < 0.05), whereas in the HJ group significantly less AS were found(P = 0.031). The length of donor intensive care unit stay over 6 d had a significant influence on BC development(P = 0.007, HR = 2.85; 95%CI: 1.33-6.08) in the binary logistic regression model, whereas other reviewed variables had not [warm ischemic time > 45 min(P = 0.543), cold ischemic time > 10 h(P = 0.114), ALT init > 1500 U/L(P = 0.631), bilirubin init > 5 mg/d L(P = 0.595), donor age > 65(P = 0.244), donor sex(P = 0.068), rescue organ(P = 0.971)]. 13%(n = 10) of BCs had no therapeutic consequences, 36%(n = 27) resulted in repeated lab control, 40%(n = 30) received ERCP and 11%(n = 8) surgical therapy. Fifteen(7.5%) patients developed cholangitis [AS(n = 6), ITBL(n = 5), PS(n = 3), biliary lesion BL(n = 1)]. One patient developed ITBL twelve months after LT and subsequently needed retransplantation. Rehospitalisation rate was 10.5 %(n = 21) [AS(n = 11), ITBL(n = 5), PS(n = 3), BL(n = 1)] with intervention or reinterventional therapy as main reasons. Retransplantation was performed in 5(2.5%) patients [ITBL(n = 1), acute liver injury(ALI) by organ rejection(n = 3), ALI by occlusion of hepatic artery(n = 1)]. In total 21(10.5%) patients died within the follow-up period. Out of these, one patient with AS developed severe fatal chologenic sepsis after ERCP.CONCLUSION: In our data biliary reconstruction technique and ischemic times seem to have little impact on the development of BCs.

Outcomes of laparoscopic bile duct exploration for choledocholithiasis with small common bile duct

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)combined with laparoscopic common bile duct(CBD)exploration(LCBDE)is one of the main treatments for choledocholithiasis with CBD diameter of larger than 10 mm.However,for patients with small CBD(CBD diameter≤8 mm),endoscopic sphincterotomy remains the preferred treatment at present,but it also has some drawbacks associated with a series of complications,such as pancreatitis,hemorrhage,cholangitis,and duodenal perforation.To date,few studies have been reported that support the feasibility and safety of LCBDE for choledocholithiasis with small CBD.AIM To investigate the feasibility and safety of LCBDE for choledocholithiasis with small CBD.METHODS A total of 257 patients without acute cholangitis who underwent LC+LCBDE for cholecystolithiasis from January 2013 to December 2018 in one institution were reviewed.The clinical data were retrospectively collected and analyzed.According to whether the diameter of CBD was larger than 8 mm,257 patients were divided into large CBD group(n=146)and small CBD group(n=111).Propensity score matching(1:1)was performed to adjust for clinical differences.The demographics,intraoperative data,short-term outcomes,and long-term follow-up outcomes for the patients were recorded and compared.RESULTS In total,257 patients who underwent successful LC+LCBDE were enrolled in the study,146 had large CBD and 111 had small CBD.The median follow-up period was 39(14-86)mo.For small CBD patients,the median CBD diameter was 0.6 cm(0.2-2.0 cm),the mean operating time was 107.2±28.3 min,and the postoperative bile leak rate,rate of residual CBD stones(CBDS),CBDS recurrence rate,and CBD stenosis rate were 5.41%(6/111),3.60%(4/111),1.80%(2/111),and 0%(0/111),respectively;the mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.4±3.6 d.For large CBD patients,the median common bile duct diameter was 1.0 cm(0.3-3.0 cm),the mean operating time was 115.7±32.0 min,and the postoperative bile leak rate,rate of residual CBDS,CBDS recurrence rate,and CBD stenosis rate were 5.41%(9/146),1.37%(2/146),6.85%(10/146),and 0%(0/146),respectively;the mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.7±2.7 d.After propensity score matching,184 patients remained,and all preoperative covariates except diameter of CBD stones were balanced.Postoperative bile leak occurred in 11 patients overall(5.98%),and no difference was found between the small CBD group(4.35%,4/92)and the large CBD group(7.61%,7/92).The incidence of CBDS recurrence did not differ significantly between the small CBD group(2.17%,2/92)and the large CBD group(6.52%,6/92).CONCLUSION LC+LCBDE is safe and feasible for choledocholithiasis patients with small CBD and did not increase the postoperative bile leak rate compared with choledocholithiasis patients with large CBD.

Endoluminal solutions to bariatric surgery complications:A review with a focus on technical aspects and results

Obesity is a growing problem in developed countries,and surgery is the most effective treatment in terms of weight loss and improving medical comorbidity in a high proportion of obese patients.Despite the advances in surgical techniques,some patients still develop acute and late postoperative complications,and an endoscopic evaluation is often required for diagnosis.Moreover,the high morbidity related to surgical reintervention,the important enhancement of endoscopic procedures and technological innovations introduced in endoscopic equipment have made the endoscopic approach a minimally-invasive alternative to surgery,and,in many cases,a suitable first-line treatment of bariatric surgery complications.There is now evidence in the literature supporting endoscopic management for some of these complications,such as gastrointestinal bleeding,stomal and marginal ulcers,stomal stenosis,leaks and fistulas or pancreatobiliary disorders.However,endoscopic treatment in this setting is not standardized,and there is no consensus on its optimal timing.In this article,we aim to analyze the secondary complications of the most expanded techniques of bariatric surgery with special emphasis on those where more solid evidence exists in favor of the endoscopic treatment.Based on a thorough review of the literature,we evaluated the performance and safety of different endoscopic options for every type of complication,highlighting the most recent innovations and including comparative data with surgical alternatives whenever feasible.

Therapeutic endoscopy for the treatment of post-bariatric surgery complications

Obesity rates continue to climb worldwide.Obesity often contributes to other comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes,hypertension,heart disease and is a known risk factor for many malignancies.Bariatric surgeries are by far the most invasive treatment options available but are often the most effective and can result in profound,durable weight loss with improvement in or resolution of weight associated comorbidities.Currently performed bariatric surgeries include Rouxen-Y gastric bypass,sleeve gastrectomy,and laparoscopic gastric banding.These surgeries are associated with significant weight loss,but also with significant rates of major complications.The complexity of these patients and surgical anatomies makes management of these complications by a multidisciplinary team critical for optimal outcomes.Minimally invasive treatments for complications are typically preferred because of the high risk associated with repeat operations.Endoscopy plays a large role in both the diagnosis and the management of complications.Endoscopy can provide therapeutic interventions for many bariatric surgical complications including anastomotic strictures,anastomotic leaks,choledocholithiasis,sleeve stenosis,weight regain,and eroded bands.Endoscopists should be familiar with the various surgical anatomies as well as the various therapeutic options available.This review article serves to delineate the current role of endoscopy in the management of complications after bariatric surgery.

Computed tomography as primary postoperative follow-up after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

AIM To evaluate upper abdominal computed tomography(CT) scan as primary follow-up after laparoscopic Rouxen-Y gastric bypass(LRYGB). METHODS This prospective study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the State of Zurich, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Sixty-one patients who underwent LRYGB received upper abdominal CT on postoperative day 1, with the following scan parameters: 0.6 mm collimation, 1.2 mm pitch, Care KV with reference 120 m As and 120 kV, and 0.5 s rotation time. Diluted water-soluble radiographic contrastmedium(50 mL) was administered to achieve gastric pouch distension without movement of the patient. 3 D images were evaluated to assess postoperative complications and the radiation dose received was analysed. RESULTS From the 70 patients initially enrolled in the study, 9 were excluded from analysis upon the intraoperative decision to perform a sleeve gastrectomy and not a LRYGB. In all of the 61 patients who were included in the analysis, CT was feasible and there were no instances of aspiration or vomiting. In 7 patients, two upper abdominal scans were necessary as the pouch was not distended by contrast medium in the first acquisition. Radiologically, no leak and no relevant stenosis were found on the first postoperative day. These early postoperative CT findings were consistent with the findings at clinical follow-up 6 wk postoperatively, with no leaks, stenosis or obstructions being diagnosed. The average total dose length product in CT was 536.6 m Gycm resulting in an average effective dose of 7.8 m Sv. The most common surgical complication, superficial surgical site infections(n = 4), always occurred at the upper left trocar site, where the circular stapler had been introduced. CONCLUSION Early LRYGB postoperative multislice spiral CT scan is feasible, with low morbidity, and provides more accurate anatomical information than standard upper gastrointestinal contrast study.

Utility of the balloon-overtube-assisted modified over-thewire stenting technique to treat post-sleeve gastrectomy complications

AIM To describe a modified technique of deployment of stents using the overtube developed for balloonassisted enteroscopy in post-sleeve gastrectomy(SG) complications. METHODS Between January 2010 and December 2015, all patients submitted to an endoscopic stenting procedure to treat a post-SG stenosis or leakage were retrospectively collected. Procedures from patients in which the stent was deployed using the balloon-overtube-assisted modified over-the-wire(OTW) stenting technique were described. The technical success, corresponding to proper placement of the stent in the stomach resulting in exclusion of the SG leak or the stenosis, was evaluated. Complications related to stenting were also reported.RESULTS Five procedures were included to treat 2 staple line leaks and 3 stenoses. Two types of stents were used, including a fully covered self-expandable metal stent designed for the SG anatomy(Hanarostent, ECBB-30-240-090; M.I. Tech, Co., Ltd, Seoul, SouthKorea) in 4 procedures and a biodegradable stent(BD stent 019-10A-25/20/25-080, SX-ELLA, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) in the remaining procedure. In all cases, an overtube was advanced with the endoscope through the SG to the duodenum. After placement of the guidewire and removal of the endoscope, the stent was easily advanced through the overtube. The overtube was pulled back and the stent was successfully deployed under fluoroscopic guidance. Technical success was achieved in all patients.CONCLUSION The adoption of a modified technique of deployment of OTW stents using an overtube may represent an effective option in the approach of SG complications.