Anatomical changes in the somatosensory system after large sensory loss predict strategies to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury

Among cases of spinal cord injury are injuries involving the dorsal column in the cervical spinal cord that interrupt the major cutaneous afferents from the hand to the cuneate nucleus（Cu）in the brainstem.Deprivation of touch and proprioceptive inputs consequently impair skilled hand use.

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction post-lung transplantation:The era of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and restrictive allograft syndrome

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction(CLAD)following lung transplantation limits long-term survival considerably.The main reason for this is a lack of knowledge regarding the pathological condition and the establishment of treatment.The consensus statement from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation on CLAD in 2019 classified CLAD into two main phenotypes:Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and restrictive allograft syndrome.Along with this clear classification,further exploration of the mechanisms and the development of appropriate prevention and treatment strategies for each phenotype are desired.In this review,we summarize the new definition of CLAD and update and summarize the existing knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and restrictive allograft syndrome,which have been elucidated from clinicopathological observations and animal experiments worldwide.

Advances in myopia research anatomical findings in highly myopic eyes

Background:The goal of this review is to summarize structural and anatomical changes associated with high myopia.Main text:Axial elongation in myopic eyes is associated with retinal thinning and a reduced density of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells in the equatorial region.Thickness of the retina and choriocapillaris and RPE cell density in the macula are independent of axial length.Choroidal and scleral thickness decrease with longer axial length in the posterior hemisphere of the eye,most marked at the posterior pole.In any eye region,thickness of Bruch's membrane(BM)is independent of axial length.BM opening,as the inner layer of the optic nerve head layers,is shifted in temporal direction in moderately elongated eyes(axial length<26.5 mm).It leads to an overhanging of BM into the intrapapillary compartment at the nasal optic disc side,and to an absence of BM at the temporal disc border.The lack of BM at the temporal disc side is the histological equivalent of parapapillary gamma zone.Gamma zone is defined as the parapapillary region without BM.In highly myopic eyes(axial length>26.5 mm),BM opening enlarges with longer axial length.It leads to a circular gamma zone.In a parallel manner,the peripapillary scleral flange and the lamina cribrosa get longer and thinner with longer axial length in highly myopic eyes.The elongated peripapillary scleral flange forms the equivalent of parapapillary delta zone,and the elongated lamina cribrosa is the equivalent of the myopic secondary macrodisc.The prevalence of BM defects in the macular region increases with longer axial length in highly myopic eyes.Scleral staphylomas are characterized by marked scleral thinning and spatially correlated BM defects,while thickness and density of the choriocapillaris,RPE and BM do not differ markedly between staphylomatous versus non-staphylomatous eyes in the respective regions.Conclusions:High axial myopia is associated with a thinning of the sclera and choroid posteriorly and thinning of the retina and reduction of RPE density in the equatorial region,while BM thickness is independent of axial length.The histological changes may point towards BM having a role in the process of axial elongation.

Increase of Trigonelline in Trigonella persica Plant under Drought Stress

Trigonella persica is a valuable medicinal plant which comprises trigonelline that is secondary metabolite and important component in cosmetic and medicine.This research was conducted in order to evaluation the drought stress effect on growth parameters,root anatomical changes and trigonelline content in T.persica.Plants were grown under soil moisture corresponding to 100%,75%,50%and 25%field capacity for two weeks.The data showed that drought stress was significantly decreased fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root.In addition,leaf area was declined due to drought stress.Interestingly,root length was enhanced by drought stress.Root microscopic study demonstrated that drought stress increased thickness of epidermal,endodermal,vascular bundle,central cylinder and parenchyma in T.persica.Drought stress caused a significant increment in alkaloid and trigonelline content in aerial parts and roots of T.persica.These results revealed that T.persica responded to drought stress by increasing the alkaloid and trigonelline,as well as the anatomical changes in root.Considering the importance of trigonline and alkaloids,this work may open prospects for production of the pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites thereby drought stress.

The digital anatomic study of the changing regularity of thoracic pedicle screw channels in different transverse screw angle

Objective To investigate the changing regularity of thoracic pedicle screw channel (PSC) in different transverse screw angle(TSA).Methods CT scan images of thoracic vertebrae of a healthy adult ware digitally analyzed by Mimics 10.01

Advances in myopia research anatomical findings in highly myopic eyes

Background:The goal of this review is to summarize structural and anatomical changes associated with high myopia.Main text:Axial elongation in myopic eyes is associated with retinal thinning and a reduced density of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells in the equatorial region.Thickness of the retina and choriocapillaris and RPE cell density in the macula are independent of axial length.Choroidal and scleral thickness decrease with longer axial length in the posterior hemisphere of the eye,most marked at the posterior pole.In any eye region,thickness of Bruch’s membrane(BM)is independent of axial length.BM opening,as the inner layer of the optic nerve head layers,is shifted in temporal direction in moderately elongated eyes(axial length<26.5 mm).It leads to an overhanging of BM into the intrapapillary compartment at the nasal optic disc side,and to an absence of BM at the temporal disc border.The lack of BM at the temporal disc side is the histological equivalent of parapapillary gamma zone.Gamma zone is defined as the parapapillary region without BM.In highly myopic eyes(axial length>26.5 mm),BM opening enlarges with longer axial length.It leads to a circular gamma zone.In a parallel manner,the peripapillary scleral flange and the lamina cribrosa get longer and thinner with longer axial length in highly myopic eyes.The elongated peripapillary scleral flange forms the equivalent of parapapillary delta zone,and the elongated lamina cribrosa is the equivalent of the myopic secondary macrodisc.The prevalence of BM defects in the macular region increases with longer axial length in highly myopic eyes.Scleral staphylomas are characterized by marked scleral thinning and spatially correlated BM defects,while thickness and density of the choriocapillaris,RPE and BM do not differ markedly between staphylomatous versus non-staphylomatous eyes in the respective regions.Conclusions:High axial myopia is associated with a thinning of the sclera and choroid posteriorly and thinning of the retina and RPE density in the equatorial region,while BM thickness is independent of axial length.The histological changes may point towards BM having a role in the process of axial elongation.