Model test of negative Poisson’s ratio cable for supporting super-largespan tunnel using excavation compensation method

In recent years,there is a scenario in urban tunnel constructions to build super-large-span tunnels for traffic diversion and route optimization purposes.However,the increased size makes tunnel support more difficult.Unfortunately,there are few studies on the failure and support mechanism of the surrounding rocks in the excavation of supported tunnel,while most model tests of super-large-span tunnels focus on the failure characteristics of surrounding rocks in tunnel excavation without supports.Based on excavation compensation method(ECM),model tests of a super-large-span tunnel excavation by different anchor cable support methods in the initial support stage were carried out.The results indicate that during excavation of super-large-span tunnel,the stress and displacement of the shallow surrounding rocks decrease,following a step-shape pattern,and the tunnel failure is mainly concentrated on the vault and spandrel areas.Compared with conventional anchor cable supports,the NPR(negative Poisson’s ratio)anchor cable support is more suitable for the initial support stage of the super-large-span tunnels.The tunnel support theory,model test materials,methods,and the results obtained in this study could provide references for study of similar super-large-span tunnels。

Shaking table test of seismic responses of anchor cable and lattice beam reinforced slope

As a combined supporting structure,the anchor cable and lattice beam have a complex interaction with the slope body.In order to investigate the seismic behaviors of the slope reinforced by anchor cable and lattice beam,a largescale shaking table test was carried out on a slope model(geometric scale of 1:20)by applying recorded and artificial seismic waves with different amplitudes.The acceleration and displacement of the slope,the displacement of lattice beam and the axial force of anchor cable were obtained to study the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure.The test results show that:(1)the acceleration responses of the slope at different relative elevations display obvious nonlinear characteristics with increasing of the peak ground acceleration(PGA)of the inputted seismic waves,and the weak intercalated layer has a stronger effect on acceleration amplification at the upper part of the slope than that at the lower part of the slope;(2)the frequency component near the second dominant frequency is significantly magnified by the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure;(3)the anchor cables at the upper part of the slope have larger peak and residual axial forces than that at the lower part of the slope,and the prestress loss of the anchor cable first occurs at the top of the slope and then passes down;(4)the peak and residual displacements inside the slope and on the lattice beam increase with the increase of relative elevation.When the inputted PGA is not greater than 0.5 g,the combined effect of anchor cable and lattice beam is remarkable for stabilizing the middle and lower parts of the potential sliding body.The research results can provide a reference for the seismic design of such slope and the optimization of supporting structure.

Prestressed tensioning method and its application to testing anchor stress of anchor cables for side-slope stabilization

The anchor stress extent of a prestress anchor cable project has a direct relation with the project safety and performance. Prestressed tensioning method is a kind of nondestructive testing method, by which a reverse stretching load is applied on the external exposure section of anchor cable under construction or in service, and then the elongation variation of stress bars is measured to determine the anchor stress. We elaborated the theory and testing mechanism of prestressed tensioning method, and systematically studied key issues during the prestressed tensioning process of anchor cable by using physical model test, including the composition of tension stress-elongation curve, the variation of anchor stress, the compensation of locked anchor stress, and the judgment of anchor stress, and verified the theory feasibility of prestressed tensioning method. A case study on slope anchor cable of one highway project was conducted to further discuss on the test method, operation procedures and judgment of prestressed tensioning method on obtaining anchor stress, and then the test data of three situations were analyzed. The result provides a theoretical basis and technical base for the application of prestressed tensioning method to the evaluation of construction quality and operation conditions of anchor cable project.

Dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row antisliding piles and pre-stressed anchor cables

Large-scale shaking table tests were conducted to study the dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row anti-sliding piles and prestressed anchor cables. The test results show that the reinforcement suppressed the acceleration amplification effectively. The axial force time histories are decomposed into a baseline part and a vibration part in this study. The baseline part of axial force well revealed the seismic slope stability, the peak vibration values of axial force of the anchor cables changed significantly in different area of the slope under seismic excitations. The peak lateral earth pressure acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope toe was much larger than that acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope waist. The test results indicate an obvious load sharing ratio difference between these two anti-slide piles, the load sharing ratio between the two anti-sliding piles located at the slope toe and the slope waist varied mainly in a range of 2-5. The anti-slide pile at the slope waist suppressed the horizontal displacement of the slope surface.

Negative Poisson's ratio and peripheral strain of an NPR anchor cable

Materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio effect perform significantly better than traditional materials for rock mass impact resistance,shear resistance,and energy absorption.Based on these advantages,a negative Poisson’s ratio anchor cable(NPR anchor cable)with high elongation and constant resistance was developed and successfully applied in the field of mine disaster control.However,theoretical and experimental research on the negative Poisson’s ratio effect and peripheral strain characteristics of NPR anchor cables is currently incomplete.This study used several theories and methods,such as static tensile,peripheral strain measurement,and static negative Poisson’s ratio measurement,to investigate the radial deformation law of an NPR anchor cable and the negative Poisson’s ratio characteristics.Experimental results elucidated constant resistance changes in an NPR anchor cable during operation,the motion of the constant resistance body in the constant resistance sleeve,and the deformation law of the constant resistance sleeve.Negative Poisson’s ratio characteristics of the NPR anchor cable and its superior energy absorption characteristics were verified and it provided a theoretical and experimental basis for energy absorption mechanisms of an NPR anchor cable.

Impact and explosion resistance of NPR anchor cable:Field test and numerical simulation

With the reduction of shallow resources,the degree of damage and the frequency of dynamic hazards,such as deep rock bursts and impact ground pressure,are increasing dramatically.However,the existing support materials are incapable of meeting the safety require-ments of the refuges and roadways under a strong impact force.To effectively solve these problems,a novel negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)anchor cable with excellent properties,such as impact resistance and the ability to withstand large deformation,is proposed.In the present study,a series of field tests and numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the mechanical and support charac-teristics of NPR anchor cables under blast impact.Laboratory mechanical tests show that NPR anchor cables can maintain constant resistance and produce large deformation under the action of multiple drop hammer impacts.According to the results of field tests,the roadway supported by conventional anchor cables was unable to endure the blast impact,while the roadway supported by NPR anchor cables was able to withstand the severe impact equivalent to a Class 3 mine earthquake.The dynamic response of the NPR anchor cable that supports the roadway under explosion is investigated using the innovative coupled modeling approach that combines the finite element method and the discrete element method,and the support effect of the NPR anchor cable is verified.The study shows that the NPR anchor cable has a superior impact and blast resistance performance,and a broad application prospect in the support of chambers and roadways that are at high risk of rock bursts and impact ground pressure.

穿断层隧道NPR锚索支护体系抗震特性振动台试验研究

为研究具有负泊松比效应(negative Poisson’s ratio,NPR)的恒阻大变形锚索在地震作用下的吸能特性与动力响应规律,利用振动台开展含断层隧道使用普通锚索支护以及使用NPR锚索支护的振动台物理模型试验,对比分析地震作用下处于不同围岩条件中以及使用不同锚索进行支护时隧道结构的动力响应规律。研究结果表明:在同一地震波作用下,使用NPR锚索进行支护的隧道结构破坏程度与使用普通锚索进行支护的隧道结构相比有明显的改善,表明NPR锚索在地震作用下具有良好的吸能特性,能够为隧道结构提供有效支护;通过对比分析普通锚索与NPR锚索的锚索轴力时程曲线可知,在地震波作用下,普通锚索会发生破断现象,轴力突降至零,而NPR锚索的高恒阻力能够持续提供有效支护;分析隧道结构各测点的加速度、应变、土压力等动力响应可知,隧道断层区域在地震作用下的动力响应更为明显,隧道结构在地震作用下呈现出拱肩→拱腰→拱顶的破坏规律,这一研究成果为类似隧道工程的支护对策提供了理论参考。

胀锁型锚索双向加固窄煤柱试验研究与工程应用

针对沿空掘巷窄煤柱非对称变形问题,提出了对穿锚索双向加固窄煤柱技术,设计了伸长型和胀锁型两种对穿锚索结构及工艺,开展了对穿锚索拉拔试验,试验表明两种锚索结构均满足抗拉要求,从锚索破坏形态、施工便捷性和材料经济性等方面对比分析,确定胀锁型对穿锚索为窄煤柱双向加固的首选。进一步通过相似模型试验与数值模拟研究了不同加固方式下煤柱承载变形规律和对穿锚索受力特征。结果表明:双排紧密型对穿锚索加固试件较未加固试件峰值荷载提高了96.04%,且随着锚索排数及数量的增加,窄煤柱双向加固稳定性越来越高,胀锁型对穿锚索提高了煤柱破坏前的能量储存量和临界破坏点。最后,在济宁三号煤矿123_(下)04工作面运输巷开展胀锁式对穿锚索加固窄煤柱工程试验,监测显示对穿锚索锚固力超过220 kN,锚索加固区煤柱帮鼓量降低70%,窄煤柱整体稳定性好,窄煤柱双向加固技术可行,为沿空掘巷工程提供了新技术途径。

地震荷载下预应力锚固边坡离心振动模型试验研究

预应力锚索作为边坡支护的重要技术,已经在边坡加固中得到了广泛应用,但锚固岩质边坡在地震荷载作用下的响应机制以及锚索受力变形规律还不明确。为此,开展了预应力锚固边坡离心振动模型试验,系统介绍了模型相似设计、模型设计与制作、地震荷载施加等试验关键技术,并以紫坪铺水库泄洪洞进口岩质边坡为原型,开展了简谐地震波作用下的锚固边坡离心模型试验。对试验结果进行了分析,并对该离心振动试验的主要影响因素进行了探讨。研究结果表明:地震作用下预应力锚索发挥了较强的被动支护作用,且越靠近滑面处应力应变响应越明显;边坡竖向位移与应力应变值的响应情况随地震烈度的改变产生明显变化。研究成果可为今后离心振动模型试验的开展提供参考与借鉴。

框架梁与锚索桩板墙加固隧道洞口边坡的动力响应特性

针对山岭隧道洞口在降雨、地震等因素作用下易产生变形破坏的问题,以某处采用框架梁与锚索桩板墙支护的隧道洞口边坡工程为原型,开展几何比尺为1∶50的振动台模型试验,分析降雨后地震作用下边坡的动力响应特性及失稳变形规律。结果表明:降雨后坡面无局部破坏,地震作用下边坡的破坏过程可归纳为坡顶张拉破坏—坡脚剪切溃裂—坡体整体失稳滑动,边坡表现为张拉—剪切型破坏;边坡峰值加速度放大系数呈层状分布,“高程效应”与“趋表效应”显著,均随输入正弦波频率、幅值的增加而增大;边坡土体峰值应变分布与坡体滑动破坏面较吻合;桩体锚索轴力与输入正弦波频率、幅值呈正相关,强震作用下锚索轴力增幅显著;桩后峰值土压力近似呈三角形分布,桩体嵌固段内桩土压力最大;桩体弯矩呈“b”型分布,嵌固段内桩体峰值弯矩最大,抗震设计中应注意验算其抗弯强度;桩后土压力与桩体加速度FFT谱幅值主要集中于低频段,结构动力响应主要受地震波低频段部分影响。

杂填土地层深基坑微型桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性原位试验

为深入研究杂填土地层深基坑桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性,依托青岛市某深基坑工程开展微型桩-锚-撑原位试验,分析不同开挖工况下双排微型钢管桩桩身弯矩与预应力锚索轴力的演化规律,揭示该支护体系下前、后排桩的受力性状、预应力锚索应力分布特征,探讨邻近建筑物、基坑暴露时间及钢支撑拆除对该支护体系内力的影响。研究结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,前排桩在受力中起主导作用;当开挖至基底时,桩身最大正、负弯矩极值呈现增大趋势,且极值点不断下移,开挖面以上桩身弯矩均呈正“S”型分布。2)开挖深度增加引起开挖面上、下1.0 m范围内桩身弯矩显著增大,前排桩桩身的反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m、开挖面位置。3)在开挖过程中,锚索轴力沿埋深方向呈现减小趋势,锚固段前端1.5 m之后的轴力基本不变或呈微小波动。4)锚索锚固段应力高度集中在锚固段前端4.0 m以内的区域,约为锚固段长度的44%,锚固段末端基本未产生轴力,可对该段长度进行优化处理。5)邻近建筑物对微型钢管桩桩身受力影响较小;随着基坑暴露时间增加,桩身弯矩呈微小增长趋势;钢支撑拆除后,前排桩的弯矩变化集中在0.38H~0.96H(H为基坑开挖深度)。6)桩-锚-撑组合支护体系能够较好地限制基坑变形,选择合理的支撑预应力是该类基坑设计的关键。

预应力钢锚管注浆锚索边坡加固力学特性

为解决传统预应力锚索在边坡支护应用中存在安全耐久性不足、加固效果有限等的问题,通过室内和现场试验研究了预应力钢锚管注浆锚索力学特性,开发了边坡复合加固方法。研究结果表明,锚索荷载-位移曲线的非线性变化特征更明显;钢锚管的加卸载刚度变化规律不一致,而锚索的加卸载刚度变化均表现为幂函数衰减的规律;钢锚管和锚索的弹性位移随荷载呈线性增长,而塑性位移随荷载呈增长幂函数变化。边坡现场工程试验结果显示,新型加固技术对于不同地质边坡均适用。对于完整地层,锚固结构受力时产生的变形较少且刚度变化不大,不可恢复变形小,边坡变形易达到稳定状态;对于破碎地层,裂隙增加了浆体渗透提高了其与岩土体的黏结强度,增加了锚固力,因而受力时变形大,刚度变化大,产生的不可恢复变形量大,相对于传统锚索支护,新型支护技术能够更好发挥不同结构间的协作。可见新加固方法可为类似工程边坡加固设计提供参考。

自锚式悬索桥主缆锚固设计及铸钢锚锭制造

主缆锚固区是自锚式悬索桥的关键部位,其结构型式的设计一定程度上决定了自锚式悬索桥的总体布置。针对主缆锚固构造在设计和建造中存在的问题,先对比分析了自锚式悬索桥主缆4种锚固方式、适用条件及其优缺点,后以九乔路大桥为实例,介绍了该桥总体设计、主缆钢结构锚固方案,并探讨了铸钢锚锭在制造、安装过程中的难点和关键技术。建成后通车运行情况表明:1)本桥总体设计、主缆锚固方案合理,适应航道、路网规划,桥型美观;2)铸钢锚锭的铸造、安装工艺先进,主缆锚固可靠。

软土地层扩体锚索极限抗拔承载力特性及其改进措施研究

为解决软弱土层中预应力锚索抗拔承载力不足的问题,依托实际工程,通过现场拉拔试验,对比分析扩体锚索和普通锚索的极限抗拔承载力,并研究影响扩体锚索抗拔力的因素,提出相应改进措施,为同类工程提供理论依据与改进思路。结果表明:扩体锚索相比普通锚索的极限抗拔承载力可提高20%~40%,在软土地层具有更好的适用性;提出的改进措施可有效控制软弱土层中锚索抗拔力不足的各种因素,使扩体锚索的极限抗拔承载力提高40%以上;工程应用数据证明,扩体锚索能有效控制基坑位移,具有较好的工程应用效果。

持有荷载法测试锚索锁定力试验研究

依托某深基坑支护工程,采用持有荷载法对基坑锚索展开锁定力测试,得到各实测锁定力,并对初始预应力损失原因进行分析,根据测试结果为优化锁定工艺提供了依据。同时分析各锚索的荷载-位移变化规律,通过对比发现荷载-位移增量曲线在分析判定锁定力值方面更加直观,具有重要参考作用。相关结论可为预应力锚索张拉锁定施工提供有益的参考。

高压旋喷锚索在全砂地层深基坑中的应用研究

全砂层地质条件下,普通锚杆施工时易出现塌孔、涌砂等情况,地层很难达到锚固承载力设计值。为探究高压旋喷锚索在全砂地层深基坑中的应用效果,以陕西省某医院基坑工程项目为例进行研究,介绍了高压旋喷锚索基本原理及特点,通过现场试验分析了高压旋喷锚索在全砂地层中的抗拔承载力,并对基坑变形监测数据进行了分析。结果表明:高压旋喷锚索可有效解决全砂地层锚索成孔难的问题,且锚索抗拔力大,具有良好的工程应用前景。

Physical model test study on shear strength characteristics of slope sliding surface in Nanfen open-pit mine

A physical model for the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine, China was established using a selfdeveloped deep geological engineering disaster model test system. A thermosensitive similar material,paraffin, was selected to simulate a weak structural plane in the slope to reproduce the landslide process.From an experimental perspective, the variation trend of shear strength parameters of weak structural plane and the mechanical support characteristics of NPR(negative Poisson’s ratio) anchor cable under the condition of a large landslide deformation and failure were examined. The results of this model test showed that slope failure has four distinct stages:(1) soil compaction stage,(2) crack generation stage,(3) crack propagation stage, and(4) sliding plane transfixion stage. According to the test results, the rock mechanics parameters of weak surface in the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine were calculated.The cohesion is approximately 1.35×10~5 Pa, and the internal friction angle is approximately 6.33°.During slope failure, the NPR anchor cable experiences a large deformation but no damage occurs, indicating that the NPR anchor cable can be continuously monitored and reinforced during the deformation and failure of landslide. The stress characteristics of NPR anchor cables during the test are consistent with the monitoring results of Newtonian force at the landslide site, proving that NPR anchor cables are effective and reasonable in landslide monitoring and early warning.

Prediction of load-displacement performance of grouted anchors in weathered granites using FastICA-MARS as a novel model

With the rising needs of better prediction of the load-displacement performance of grouted anchors in an era of developing large-scale underground infrastructures,the existing methods in literature lack an accurate analytical model for the real-life projects or rigorous understanding of the parameters such as grouting pressures.This paper proposes Fast ICA-MARS as a novel data-driven approach for the prediction of the load-displacement performance of uplift-resisting grouted anchors.The hybrid and data-driven Fast ICA-MARS approach integrates the multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)technique with the Fast ICA algorithm which is for Independent Component Analysis(ICA).A database of 4315 observations for 479 different anchors from 7 different projects is established.The database is then used to train,validate and compare the Fast ICA-MARS approach with the classical MARS approach.The developed Fast ICA-MARS model can provide more accurate predictions than MARS.Moreover,the developed Fast ICA-MARS model is easy to interpret since the evaluation of the parameter importance of the independent components can be conducted along with the considerations of the correlations with the original variables.It is noteworthy to point out that the grouting pressures play a central role in the proposed model,which is considered of paramount importance in engineering practices but has not been properly taken into account in any prior analytical or empirical predictive models for the load-displacement relationships.

光纤光栅传感器对预应力锚索的受力监测

预应力锚索的受力状态监测特别是锚索内应力分布的监测是目前工程领域一大难题。提出了将准分布式光纤布拉格光栅(fiber bragg grating,FBG)内嵌至锚索材料-钢绞线中心丝的技术,以实现对其受力状态及应力分布进行监测。基于此技术,结合FBG监测原理和锚索锚固理论,以锚索锚固长度、FBG布设位置及数量为主要变化参数,设计了FBG自感知钢绞线材料并将其浇筑于钢管内作为锚索模型试件;并对FBG自感知钢绞线材料进行张拉标定试验和钢管锚索拉拔试验。张拉标定试验表明,内嵌于钢绞线中心丝材料中的准分布式FBG传感器成活率为100%,应变灵敏度集中在0.0012,应变-波长的拟合度皆超过0.999。拉拔试验结果表明,内嵌式FBG传感器可有效监测全长黏结型锚索轴力分布规律;且传感器可实现对锚固段、自由段应力传递规律的定点监测;为锚索浇筑长度的设计、张拉应力的补充提供了计算依据。

多因素耦合条件下锚索材料腐蚀演变规律

基于实际工程预应力锚索面临的复杂多因素腐蚀环境,为了更真实全面地掌握其材料腐蚀耐久性及规律,开展了pH值、侵蚀性离子(Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-))、近真实荷载应力耦合作用下的锚索室内加速腐蚀试验。监测了运行中锚索钢绞线锚固荷载变化特性,采用材料微观表征和力学性能测试方法系统研究了锚索钢绞线表观腐蚀演化、产物结构特征以及单位长度质量损失、抗拉强度损失率等时变规律,并分析揭示了相应的腐蚀反应机理。研究表明,荷载应力对钢绞线腐蚀程度有一定加剧作用,与无应力状态下相比,高应力条件下钢绞线抗拉强度损失率显著增大。SO_(4)^(2-)与Cl^(-)同时存在比SO_(4)^(2-)或Cl^(-)单一存在更加速了钢绞线腐蚀,碱性溶液中腐蚀程度相对低于酸性溶液中的腐蚀程度。加速腐蚀试验1 a后钢绞线单位长度质量损失最高可达0.5 g/cm,抗拉强度损失率最高达到近50%。该研究可为评估预测真实服役环境中锚索腐蚀耐久性寿命提供科学依据和数据支撑。