Numerical simulation of rockburst disaster and control strategy of constant resistance and large deformation anchor cable in Gaoloushan tunnel

The Gaoloushan Tunnel in Longnan City,Gansu Province,China,frequently experiences rockburst disasters due to high in-situ stress.Managing rockburst in deep-buried tunnels remains a challenging issue.This paper employs RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis)software to establish a calculation model of constant resistance and large deformation(CRLD)anchorages and analyzes the effects of different support methods and pre-stress levels on rockburst.We simulate the process of tunnel rockburst disasters and find that ordinary anchor support incurs rockburst on the right arch waist and arch top,forming a V-shaped explosion pit.CRLD anchor support has several advantages in rockburst control,such as more uniform stress distribution in the surrounding rock,a uniform distribution of plastic zones,less noticeable damage to the tunnel,and effective control of the arch top displacement.The effectiveness of the CRLD anchor support under varying pre-stress conditions shows that a higher prestress results in a smaller plastic zone of the surrounding rock and arch top displacement and a lower number of acoustic emission signals,which better explains the excavation compensation effect.Moreover,adding long anchorages in the deep surrounding rock area can better control rockburst and reduce surrounding rock deformation.Based on these findings,we propose a comprehensive control system that combines long and short anchorages and provides the optimal scheme based on calculations.Therefore,by using high-prestress CRLD anchor support and the combination of long and short anchorages at critical positions,we can enhance the integrity of the surrounding rock,effectively absorb the energy released by the surrounding rock deformation,and reduce the incidence of rockburst disasters.

Case study on the mechanics of NPR anchor cable compensation for large deformation tunnel in soft rock in the Transverse Mountain area,China

A study was conducted to analyze the deformation mechanism of strongly weathered quartz schist in the Daliangshan Tunnel,located in the western Transverse Mountain area.A large deformation problem was experienced during the tunnel construction.To mitigate this problem,a support system was designed incorporating negative Poisson ratio(NPR)anchor cables with negative Poisson ratio effect.Physical model experiments,field experiments,and numerical simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the compensation mechanical behavior of NPR anchor cables.The large deformations of soft rocks in the Daliangshan Tunnel are caused by a high ground stress,a high degree of joint fracture development,and a high degree of surrounding rock fragmentation.A compensation mechanics support system combining long and short NPR anchor cables was suggested to provide sufficient counter-support force(approximately 350 kN)for the surrounding rock inside the tunnel.Comparing the NPR anchor cable support system with the original support system used in the Daliangshan tunnel showed that an NPR anchor cable support system,combining cables of 6.3 m and 10.3 m in length,effectively prevented convergence of surrounding rock deformation,and the integrated settlement convergence value remained below 300 mm.This study provides an effective scientific basis for resolving large deformation problems in deeply buried soft rocks in western transverse mountain areas.

Excavation compensation theory and supplementary technology system for large deformation disasters

Given the challenges in managing large deformation disasters in energy engineering,traffic tunnel engineering,and slope engineering,the excavation compensation theory has been proposed for large deformation disasters and the supplementary technology system is developed accordingly.This theory is based on the concept that“all destructive behaviors in tunnel engineering originate from excavation.”This paper summarizes the development of the excavation compensation theory in five aspects:the“theory,”“equipment,”“technology,”the design method with large deformation mechanics,and engineering applications.First,the calculation method for compensation force has been developed based on this theory,and a comprehensive large deformation disaster control theory system is formed.Second,a negative Poisson's ratio anchor cable with high preload,large deformation,and super energy absorption characteristics has been independently developed and applied to large deformation disaster control.An intelligent tunnel monitoring and early warning cloud platform system are established for remote monitoring and early warning system of Newton force in landslide geological hazards.Third,the double gradient advance grouting technology,the two-dimensional blasting technology,and the integrated Newton force monitoring--early warning--control technology are developed for different engineering environments.Finally,some applications of this theory in China's energy,traffic tunnels,landslide,and other field projects have been analyzed,which successfully demonstrates the capability of this theory in large deformation disaster control.

千米深井切顶卸压自成巷支护技术及应用

为了解决深部复杂条件下的切顶卸压自成巷难题,以红阳三矿703工作面运输巷道为研究对象,从恒阻大变形锚索超前支护、切顶巷内支护、切顶巷旁支护三个方面研究了切顶卸压沿空成巷支护技术,并对现场试验巷道顶板受力以及巷道围岩变形量进行了监测。结果表明:在超前工作面实施爆破切顶能够极大降低巷道所受应力,成巷区巷道顶板整体下沉量较小,巷中顶板最大下沉量约385 mm,平均下沉量约280 mm,巷中底鼓最大值545 mm,碎石巷帮无明显侧鼓现象,实体煤帮无明显片帮现象,满足安全和使用要求,巷道围岩变形在可控范围内,留巷效果良好。

复合扩管式锚索恒阻器的研发与试验研究

深部高应力、软弱围岩、强烈采动影响等条件下的巷道围岩频繁出现大变形,此类围岩大变形支护可控性普遍较差,常规锚索因其较低的延伸率无法适应巷道大变形而大量破断或锚固失效,导致巷道出现冒顶隐患。针对此类问题,研发了一种与常规锚索配合使用的复合扩管式恒阻器,其结构主要由止进端盖、扩径管、一体式托盘和锥式锁具组成,通过锥式锁具克服扩径管“扩胀—摩削”所产生的近似恒定的复合阻力,实现围岩大变形过程中的锚索支护阻力恒定,通过理论分析、数值模拟和静力拉伸试验等综合研究方法,系统分析和试验了复合扩管式恒阻器的力学特性和工作稳定性,掌握了该恒阻器扩径增量、锁具锥角对扩径管变形及恒阻器复合阻力的影响规律。试验结果表明:恒阻器复合阻力主要分为阻力快升段和近恒定阻力段2个过程,且近恒定阻力段作为主要阶段达到试验全程的85%~90%;锁具锥角、扩径增量直接影响了扩径管变形及恒阻器力学特性,锁具锥角小于20°时,扩径管变形均匀且恒阻器复合阻力发挥稳定,而扩径增量则决定了恒阻器复合阻力的大小,可通过调整扩径增量获取需要的锚索恒阻力;Ф17.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°、扩径增量为5 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为265.92 kN,Ф21.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°,扩径增量为8 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为424.15 kN,且工作状态稳定可靠,可较好的符合大变形巷道的恒阻支护要求。此外,该恒阻器还具有工作稳定性强、恒阻行程及阻力可调、结构简单、安装便捷等特点,是大变形巷道围岩控制技术的有效补充。

NPR锚索对跨断层软岩大变形隧道控制技术研究

为探究NPR锚索对东马场跨断层软岩大变形隧道控制效果,首先对NPR锚索进行静力拉伸试验,验证其恒阻大变形的能力和具有良好的抵御外力的效果;随后开展NPR锚索对东马场隧道围岩变形控制的三维物理模型试验。试验现象和数据表明:在开挖过程中,隧道围岩也没有出现较大垮落和坍塌,NPR锚索对软岩隧道围岩有较好的支护效果。在加载完成后,NPR锚索对非断层处的隧道围岩最大位移约为14 mm,断层处的围岩最大位移约为21 mm,隧道区域所受应力分布的不规律性,导致隧道围岩出现挤压变形,位移曲线呈振荡状。在NPR锚索的支护下,围岩应力最大发生在左拱肩,围岩临空面3 cm处切应力最大(0.3 MPa),隧道未出现大规模的不对称破坏现象,隧道总体呈现出“小塌而不垮”,变形总体可控。

跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形机理及控制技术研究

针对跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形大不易支护的问题,以棋盘井煤矿东区11101工作面运输巷为工程背景,探究跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形机理,研究“切顶卸压+恒阻锚索”支护对跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形的控制效果。建立力学分析模型研究断层及切顶卸压自成巷顶板各相关参数对巷道直接顶应力的影响,将切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形过程划分为4个阶段,研究巷道顶板各阶段及总垂直位移量计算方法并给出计算公式,并将相关参数代入公式求解跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板垂直位移量;利用3DEC数值模拟软件建立跨断层切顶卸压自成巷数值计算模型,研究断层附近巷道顶板应力应变演化规律及恒阻锚索控制效果,研究结果表明:数值模拟上下盘巷道顶板变形数据与理论分析所得数据结果误差分别为1.14%、4.04%;恒阻锚索能够有效减小巷道顶板变形,与未使用恒阻锚索模型相比,上盘巷道切缝侧顶板垂直位移量减小至16.8%,下盘巷道切缝侧顶板垂直位移量减小至50.7%;上下盘巷道顶板在工作面回采过巷道测点断面过程中出现不同程度的应力集中,其中上盘巷道顶板的垂直应力集中值大于下盘巷道,分别为5.72 MPa和4.48 MPa;恒阻锚索通过减缓断层附近巷道顶板变形速率,待巷旁碎石帮充填完成后与碎石帮共同对巷道顶板变形进行控制;将11101工作面运输巷围岩位移监测数据与理论模型计算结果相比较,误差均在10%以内,证明“切顶卸压+恒阻锚索”支护方式对跨断层巷道顶板变形具有良好的控制效果。

乌兰木伦煤矿大断面硐室围岩变形破坏规律及控制

针对煤矿井下巷道大断面硐室的围岩变形破坏问题,以乌兰木伦煤矿井下分选及充填大断面硐室为研究对象,采用相似模拟实验方法,进行单调递增加载和恒定荷载加载单轴压缩实验,对大断面硐室围岩变形破坏规律进行了研究。结果表明:①2种加载方式在压密阶段、弹性变形阶段及微破裂稳定发展阶段破坏演化和变形位移趋势相似。②采用单调递增加载方式的试样裂纹较少但裂纹缝隙较大,试样沿着主裂纹突然发生破断,期间有大量碎屑飞出,试样变形位置主要集中在围岩边界,破坏时释放能量较多,但峰后释放能量持续时间较短。③采用恒定荷载加载方式的试样应力保持不变,应变缓慢增加,期间产生大量微小裂纹,试样变形位置主要围绕在硐室周围,破坏时释放能量较少,但峰后释放能量持续时间较长。依据大断面硐室围岩变形破坏规律,提出了锚杆索支护方案:硐室顶部打长锚索,将顶板和上方坚硬岩石连成整体;在硐室煤岩交界处打倾斜锚杆,将煤岩交界面与周围岩体紧密连接。数值模拟结果表明,支护后围岩应力、位移、塑性区均明显减小,围岩稳定性大幅提高,支护效果良好。

破碎复合型顶板巷道支护参数优化与围岩控制方法

针对工作面复合型顶板巷道破碎围岩的变形问题,采取理论分析、数值模拟以及现场监测的综合方法,在优化现有巷道支护参数的基础上,提出了一种“高强度螺纹钢锚杆+预应力锚索+恒阻大变形锚索+钢筋梯子梁”的综合支护方法。数值模拟结果表明,该方法可以在巷道支护区域形成一定范围的卸压区,显著减少围岩的变形量,以确保巷道的稳定性。工程实践表明,基于该方法设计的余吾煤业N1103胶带顺槽支护方案,巷道顶底板最大移近量78 mm,两帮最大移近量限102 mm,有效地控制了巷道围岩变形。该方法为工作面在类似条件下实现安全和高效的回采提供了可能,也为类似条件下的矿山巷道围岩控制提供了有价值的参考和指导。

基于大变形升阻锚索深埋巷道围岩稳定性控制研究

研发了一种新型大变形升阻锚索支护结构,通过串联6个壁厚5 mm含环形V槽的直管型钢结构实现锚索吸能让压,吸能率为44.55 J/g。拉拔试验结果表明新型锚索极限变形量(221.58 mm)与普通传统锚索相比增加了4.87倍,具有大变形、增阻及高吸能等优良性能。通过离散元UDEC程序的二次开发,模拟了新型大变形增阻锚索支护阻力−变形曲线的双弹性阶段。采用新型锚索对深埋巷道围岩支护效果数值模拟结果表明,与无支护及传统锚索支护相比,顶板下沉量分别减小了88.33%与74.64%,稳定状态下最大主应力峰值分别减小了23.15%与18.34%,塑性区厚度分别减小了37.50%与62.50%。最后将新型大变形增阻锚索成功应用于真实巷道,两帮最大收敛变形量约为300 mm,实现了较好的支护效果。

110采煤工法的技术原理及其先进性探究

110采煤工法是以机械化、自动化、信息化和智能化为基本特征的新型煤矿开采方法,可提高煤炭资源回收率,最大限度满足现代化煤矿生产需要。对110采煤工法(即厚煤层切顶卸压沿空自动成巷无煤柱开采技术)进行了分析和研究,阐述了110采煤工法的基本原理和主要技术特点。该工法包括恒阻锚索支护和超前聚能爆破切顶等一系列关键技术。结合传统采煤方式对110采煤工法的工艺、技术先进性进行了分析,得出该工法具有自成巷道稳固、掘进量小、资源利用率高等优势,建议在全行业范围内进一步广泛推广。

大埋深沿空掘巷非对称支护技术的数值模拟研究

针对充填开采沿空巷道支护过程中的非对称性大变形难题,以邢东矿11216运料巷为实例,运用数值模拟确定不同支护方案下的预应力场分布特征。模拟结果表明,综合考虑支护效果和成本,顶锚索呈“3-3-3”排布、实体煤帮锚索为双排排布、煤柱帮锚索为单排排布的支护方案最好。现场围岩形变观测结果表明,支护方案能够有效控制巷道形变。

煤矿井下无煤柱成巷综采技术的应用分析

为了解决寺河煤矿井下利用预留煤柱支护方案所存在的煤炭回采率低、经济性差的问题,提出了一种基于"110工法"的井下无煤柱成巷技术,综合运用NPR恒阻锚索补强、顶板定向预裂切缝、留巷挡矸支护及矿压监测预警技术,实现了井下煤炭回采率的提升.根据实际应用表明,该技术能够降低44%的巷道掘进量,年多回收煤炭18万t,创造经济效益5400万元.

中厚煤层综采工作面切顶卸压沿空留巷应用研究

针对杜儿坪煤矿中厚煤层综采工作面回采率低、掘进成本高、采掘接续紧张等相关问题,以62709工作面回采巷道为工程背景,结合理论分析和现场工业试验,采用爆破切顶卸压和沿空留巷技术,通过中厚煤层综采工作面切顶卸压控制技术的关键参数优化,确定“切顶卸压+恒阻大变形锚索联合支护”协同控制方案。切顶高度为8 m、切顶角度为15°的情况下,具有最佳的切顶卸压效果。现场试验结果表明,在回采过程中,巷道爆破切顶段顶板动量较未切顶段下降约40%,巷道两侧变形量较未切顶段下降约50%。该技术对提高煤炭的回收利用率,缓解生产接续紧张的压力,推动煤炭企业可持续发展有重要作用。

适用于围岩大变形的膨胀吸能锚杆研发研究

为解决岩爆及大变形隧道的开挖稳定性问题,在现有锚杆的基础上,提出了一种膨胀吸能锚杆(简称EEA锚杆)。EEA锚杆的主要组成部分为一个可扩径的外管体、锥形挡块及限位环。其特点是在使用中具有稳定的恒阻力和可控的大位移,恒阻力是由锥形挡块和外管体内表面的摩擦力以及外管体的膨胀所提供的,大位移是由锥形挡块在外管体中的滑动所提供的。通过建立一个理论模型来预测EEA锚杆的恒阻力,通过有限元模型分析,研究了不同材料、锥形挡块锥角、外管体壁厚、摩擦系数等参数对EEA锚杆恒阻力的影响。理论结果和有限元模拟结果表明,恒阻力和锥角、外管体壁厚成线性关系,但对于摩擦系数则呈现非线性关系,这些结果可以为EEA锚杆的设计以及施工应用提供一定的理论依据。

深埋藏厚煤层切顶卸压沿空留巷技术研究及应用

针对矿井深埋藏且资源枯竭衔接紧张的现状,以干河煤矿2-300工作面沿空留巷无煤柱开采技术应用为研究对象,通过恒阻锚索加强支护技术、顶板深孔定向聚能预裂切顶技术、门式支架临时支护技术、碎石帮挡矸防漏风技术应用,制定了沿空留巷实施方案,并进行井下现场试验与矿压监测,监测结果表明:工作面顶板碎胀系数取1.31,切顶眼深度取13 m,恒阻锚索取15.3 m时,能够达到有效减小超前应力集中,控制留巷顶底板移近量小于400 mm,两帮回缩量小于500 mm的目的,留巷满足后期使用要求,有效缓解矿井衔接紧张局面,提高了资源采出率,为矿井今后沿空留巷的推广使用提供依据。

Studies on classification,criteria and control of rockbursts

This paper attempts to present the findings involving rockbursts classification, rockburst failure criteria, and related control measures. Experimental investigations were performed using the strainburst testing machine and impact-induced rockburst testing machine. According to the stress paths and experimental methods, rockbursts were classified into two major groups, i.e. the strainbursts and impact-induced bursts. The mechanisms and criteria of rockburst obtained from experimental investigations were discussed. Then, the developments of constant-resistance and large-deformation bolt （CRLDB）, which can adapt itself to the external loading at a constant resistance by elongating continually, were introduced. The deformation energy Of country rocks with large deformation can be absorbed by CRLDBs. Finally, the principles and the experimental results for control and prevention of rockburst using the CRLDBs were presented.

基于主动支护的木寨岭隧道高地应力软岩大变形预应力锚索支护设计实践

为解决在建木寨岭特长公路隧道薄层极软岩在高地应力下发生的挤压性大变形问题,结合现场展开的工程地质分析、设计变更、监控量测工作,提出一种预应力长短锚索+W型钢带+柔性纤维网组合的基于主动支护的设计方案。该方案采用“先锚后支”的施工工艺,采用数值分析和试验段施工对设计方案进行验证。结果表明,预应力长短锚索组合的主动支护能够充分发挥锚索的锚固和悬吊作用加固围岩,提高围岩的抗剪能力,控制围岩形变能的释放态势,有效控制围岩变形,将初期支护变形控制在20 cm以内,减小约50%。在实际施工过程中对锚索防腐、锚索支护参数及锚索施工设备选型等进行优化调整,确保了隧道施工的顺利进行。

盾构隧道变阻滑移锚式接头抗剪性能研究

盾构隧道管片接头是整体衬砌结构的薄弱环节,接缝张开量超限极易导致结构出现不同程度的损伤和破坏。针对盾构隧道环间大变形问题,提出了一种变阻滑移锚式接头,并基于有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了接头-管片三维精细化数值模型,考虑管片厚度、强度、轴力等影响因素对接头-管片结构抗剪性能及破坏机理展开深入研究。结果表明:管片强度对接头-管片结构抗剪刚度及结构损伤影响较小;不同轴力下管片损伤及套杆应力分布情况不一致,随着轴力的逐渐增加,摩擦力增大后会分担一部分剪力,造成管片损伤相应减小,而套杆损伤程度相对增加;管片较薄时难以充分发挥接头力学性能,甚至会在管片内侧表面出现裂缝进而影响衬砌结构安全。该研究成果可为新型接头的设计与加工提供技术参考。

软岩大变形隧道预应力锚索一体化施工设备与机械化配套工艺研究——以木寨岭公路隧道为例

为提高软岩大变形隧道预应力锚索的施工质量与施工速度,推进软岩大变形隧道机械化施工进程,依托木寨岭公路隧道,基于预应力锚索机械化施工关键技术研发,以实现预应力锚索钻、装、锚、拉一体化施工为突破口,通过悬臂掘进机、多功能锚索台车等大型关键设备构建软岩大变形隧道全机械化施工方法,于武都右线方向开展试验段研究。得出主要结论:1)预应力锚索机械化施工关键技术的研发与集成,实现了软弱破碎围岩预应力锚索高效、稳定施工,锚索施工质量显著提升,锚索有效预应力提高近100 k N;2)软岩大变形隧道全机械化施工方法转变了传统依靠人力的施工模式,施工质量、施工速度得以大幅提升,初期支护施工人员减少1/5,单个初期支护施工循环时间缩短近2 h,洞周收敛减小值最大达48.6%。