Negative Poisson's ratio and peripheral strain of an NPR anchor cable

Materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio effect perform significantly better than traditional materials for rock mass impact resistance,shear resistance,and energy absorption.Based on these advantages,a negative Poisson’s ratio anchor cable(NPR anchor cable)with high elongation and constant resistance was developed and successfully applied in the field of mine disaster control.However,theoretical and experimental research on the negative Poisson’s ratio effect and peripheral strain characteristics of NPR anchor cables is currently incomplete.This study used several theories and methods,such as static tensile,peripheral strain measurement,and static negative Poisson’s ratio measurement,to investigate the radial deformation law of an NPR anchor cable and the negative Poisson’s ratio characteristics.Experimental results elucidated constant resistance changes in an NPR anchor cable during operation,the motion of the constant resistance body in the constant resistance sleeve,and the deformation law of the constant resistance sleeve.Negative Poisson’s ratio characteristics of the NPR anchor cable and its superior energy absorption characteristics were verified and it provided a theoretical and experimental basis for energy absorption mechanisms of an NPR anchor cable.

Model test of negative Poisson’s ratio cable for supporting super-largespan tunnel using excavation compensation method

In recent years,there is a scenario in urban tunnel constructions to build super-large-span tunnels for traffic diversion and route optimization purposes.However,the increased size makes tunnel support more difficult.Unfortunately,there are few studies on the failure and support mechanism of the surrounding rocks in the excavation of supported tunnel,while most model tests of super-large-span tunnels focus on the failure characteristics of surrounding rocks in tunnel excavation without supports.Based on excavation compensation method(ECM),model tests of a super-large-span tunnel excavation by different anchor cable support methods in the initial support stage were carried out.The results indicate that during excavation of super-large-span tunnel,the stress and displacement of the shallow surrounding rocks decrease,following a step-shape pattern,and the tunnel failure is mainly concentrated on the vault and spandrel areas.Compared with conventional anchor cable supports,the NPR(negative Poisson’s ratio)anchor cable support is more suitable for the initial support stage of the super-large-span tunnels.The tunnel support theory,model test materials,methods,and the results obtained in this study could provide references for study of similar super-large-span tunnels。

Negative Poisson’s ratio cable compensation support for 32 m super-large-span highway tunnel:A case study

Although super-large-span tunnels ensure convenient transportation,they face many support challenges.The lack of normative construction guidance and the limited number of reference engineering cases pose a significant challenge to the stability control of superlarge-span tunnels.Based on the geological conditions of a super-large-span tunnel(span=32.17 m)at the bifurcation section of the Shenzhen interchange,this study determined support parameters via theoretical calculation,numerical simulation,and engineering analogy.The support effects of negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)anchor cables and ordinary anchor cables on super-long-span tunnels were simulated and studied.Further,based on FLAC3D simulations,the surrounding rock stress field of NPR anchor cables was analyzed under different prestressing conditions,and the mechanism of a long-short combination,high-prestress compensation NPR anchor cable support was revealed.On the basis of numerical simulations,to our knowledge,the three-dimensional(3D)geomechanical model test of the NPR anchor cable and ordinary anchor cable support for super-large-span tunnel excavation is conducted for the first time,revealing the stress evolution law of super-large-span tunnels,deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock,and the changing trend of the anchor cable’s axial force,and verifies that NPR anchor cables with high preloads are suitable for super-large-span tunnel support and have advantages over ordinary anchor cables.This study can provide a reliable theoretical reference for the support design and stability control of the surrounding rock of similar shallow-buried super-large-span tunnels.

Support characteristics of flexible negative Poisson’s ratio anchor cable response to blasting impacts

With the gradual decrease and exhaustion of shallow mineral resources,underground mining has progressed to greater depths.Here,the geological environment is significantly more complex and nonlinear,and large deformations of rock masses have great potential to occur.Many geotechnical engineering disasters have occurred even while using Poisson’s ratio(PR)anchor cable supports.To efficiently deal with these issues,a new support material called negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)anchor cable is proposed;this material can withstand large deformations and provide high constant resistance.In this study,the support characteristics of macro-NPR anchor cable under blasting impact were mainly studied.The support effects of PR anchor cable and macro-NPR anchor cable were compared and analyzed with the help of field experiments and numerical simulations.The results indicate that field experiments and discontinuous deformation analysis accurately reflect the failure state of the selected roadway,as well as the tension and deformation of the anchor cables.The road-way supported by PR anchor cables cannot resist rock bursts under ordinary circumstances.However,the NPR anchor cable-supported roadway resisted a rock burst caused by the impact equivalent to a mine earthquake magnitude above 3;it meets the requirements of roadway stability.

Impact and explosion resistance of NPR anchor cable:Field test and numerical simulation

With the reduction of shallow resources,the degree of damage and the frequency of dynamic hazards,such as deep rock bursts and impact ground pressure,are increasing dramatically.However,the existing support materials are incapable of meeting the safety require-ments of the refuges and roadways under a strong impact force.To effectively solve these problems,a novel negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)anchor cable with excellent properties,such as impact resistance and the ability to withstand large deformation,is proposed.In the present study,a series of field tests and numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the mechanical and support charac-teristics of NPR anchor cables under blast impact.Laboratory mechanical tests show that NPR anchor cables can maintain constant resistance and produce large deformation under the action of multiple drop hammer impacts.According to the results of field tests,the roadway supported by conventional anchor cables was unable to endure the blast impact,while the roadway supported by NPR anchor cables was able to withstand the severe impact equivalent to a Class 3 mine earthquake.The dynamic response of the NPR anchor cable that supports the roadway under explosion is investigated using the innovative coupled modeling approach that combines the finite element method and the discrete element method,and the support effect of the NPR anchor cable is verified.The study shows that the NPR anchor cable has a superior impact and blast resistance performance,and a broad application prospect in the support of chambers and roadways that are at high risk of rock bursts and impact ground pressure.

穿断层隧道NPR锚索支护体系抗震特性振动台试验研究

为研究具有负泊松比效应(negative Poisson’s ratio,NPR)的恒阻大变形锚索在地震作用下的吸能特性与动力响应规律,利用振动台开展含断层隧道使用普通锚索支护以及使用NPR锚索支护的振动台物理模型试验,对比分析地震作用下处于不同围岩条件中以及使用不同锚索进行支护时隧道结构的动力响应规律。研究结果表明:在同一地震波作用下,使用NPR锚索进行支护的隧道结构破坏程度与使用普通锚索进行支护的隧道结构相比有明显的改善,表明NPR锚索在地震作用下具有良好的吸能特性,能够为隧道结构提供有效支护;通过对比分析普通锚索与NPR锚索的锚索轴力时程曲线可知,在地震波作用下,普通锚索会发生破断现象,轴力突降至零,而NPR锚索的高恒阻力能够持续提供有效支护;分析隧道结构各测点的加速度、应变、土压力等动力响应可知,隧道断层区域在地震作用下的动力响应更为明显,隧道结构在地震作用下呈现出拱肩→拱腰→拱顶的破坏规律,这一研究成果为类似隧道工程的支护对策提供了理论参考。

NPR锚索对跨断层软岩大变形隧道控制技术研究

为探究NPR锚索对东马场跨断层软岩大变形隧道控制效果,首先对NPR锚索进行静力拉伸试验,验证其恒阻大变形的能力和具有良好的抵御外力的效果;随后开展NPR锚索对东马场隧道围岩变形控制的三维物理模型试验。试验现象和数据表明:在开挖过程中,隧道围岩也没有出现较大垮落和坍塌,NPR锚索对软岩隧道围岩有较好的支护效果。在加载完成后,NPR锚索对非断层处的隧道围岩最大位移约为14 mm,断层处的围岩最大位移约为21 mm,隧道区域所受应力分布的不规律性,导致隧道围岩出现挤压变形,位移曲线呈振荡状。在NPR锚索的支护下,围岩应力最大发生在左拱肩,围岩临空面3 cm处切应力最大(0.3 MPa),隧道未出现大规模的不对称破坏现象,隧道总体呈现出“小塌而不垮”,变形总体可控。

岩爆机制及其控制

随着岩体工程向深部发展,开挖引发的围岩大变形和强冲击诱发的动力破坏日益严峻。岩爆作为深部地下工程中常见的一种强动力灾害,被称为岩土工程界的“癌症”,其具有突发性特点,难以有效预报及防治,严重地威胁着施工人员的安全和设备的正常运行。通过对比岩石在真三轴卸荷和单轴压缩这2种应力路径下的储能差异,对岩爆多余能量机制进行探讨。首先,根据岩爆诱发机制的不同,将岩爆分为由应力集中导致的应变型岩爆和扰动诱发的冲击岩爆。然后,模拟开挖诱发的不同类型岩爆的应力路径进而在室内再现各种岩爆现象,并对其机制进行研究,自主研发3套真三轴岩爆模拟试验系统:第1代应变岩爆试验系统、第2代应变岩爆试验系统、冲击岩爆试验系统。同时,在实验室内成功模拟不同类型的岩爆:巷道应变岩爆、巷道交叉点应变岩爆、3个临空面矿柱应变岩爆、矿柱应变岩爆以及动荷载诱发的冲击岩爆。最后,为有效控制岩爆灾害,提出开挖补偿法,并研发具有负泊松比效应的宏观和微观NPR锚杆/索。工程实践证明,NPR锚杆/索能提供高预应力来补偿开挖造成的应力损失,同时具备良好的延展性和吸能效果,可为岩爆灾害的防治提供有效途径。

高地应力软岩隧道围岩大变形NPR锚索控制方法研究

为解决高地应力软岩隧道建设过程中支护结构破坏、围岩大变形等问题,依托地处炭质板岩地层,具有地质构造复杂、断层发育、埋深大、地应力极高等特点的木寨岭特长公路隧道工程,对隧道围岩NPR锚索支护方案进行研究。首先,采用原位试验、现场勘察和室内试验方法,对其地质条件及破坏成因进行分析;然后,利用自主研发的高预紧力恒阻大变形锚索(NPR锚索)材料,设计出一种能够控制公路隧道围岩大变形的NPR锚索综合控制体系;最后,使用该控制体系在现场进行工业性试验,通过对NPR锚索加固区的围岩变形量、钢拱架应力和NPR锚索受力进行实时监测,分析NPR锚索支护方案的围岩控制效果。试验结果表明:采用NPR锚索“非对称布设和长-短锚索组合搭配”的综合控制体系,能有效控制隧道围岩初期支护大变形难题,最大变形量从2936 mm控制到240 mm以内,消除了初期支护侵限、开裂等破坏隐患,控制效果显著。

西南地区节理化薄层软岩隧道大变形力学机理及支护控制方法

针对西南山区高地应力软岩隧道支护结构破坏、围岩大变形等问题,以云南昌宁隧道为工程背景,分析了隧道围岩大变形破坏模式及力学机理,开展了软岩隧道NPR锚索应力补偿支护技术应用研究工作。首先采用现场勘查和室内试验的方法,对隧道地质条件及破坏成因进行分析;然后,研究了昌宁隧道影响围岩稳定性的主要控制因素和围岩破坏模式,提出了以NPR锚索为核心的应力补偿支护技术;最后,通过现场试验分析了NPR锚网耦合支护条件下昌宁隧道围岩控制效果。结果表明:岩层挤压弯折和层间剪切滑移是昌宁隧道围岩破坏的主要模式;以NPR锚索为核心的应力补偿支护技术能有效控制隧道围岩初期支护大变形,隧道围岩最大变形量从2150 mm降低到100 mm以内,效果显著。研究成果可为软岩隧道大变形的防治提供参考。

高恒阻大变形锚索静力学特性数值模拟分析及应用

近些年,滑坡地质灾害发生的强度和频率逐年上升。在滑坡发生过程中,传统预应力锚索无法抵抗岩土体大变形而发生拉断、破坏、失效等问题。针对上述问题,自主研发了三种不同类型的高恒阻大变形锚索(NPR锚索),其核心结构由恒阻装置与传统锚索连接组成。首先,通过现场静力拉伸试验,得到该新型锚索结构最大恒阻力值约850 kN,最大变形量达2000 mm;其次,在ABAQUS中采用STATIC,GENERAL准静态分析方法对静力拉伸条件下恒阻装置的应力应变特性进行数值模拟分析,分析结果证明NPR锚索拉伸过程是一个恒阻且吸收能量的过程;最后,现场应用验证了NPR锚索结构能够随着边坡失稳而产生大变形的特性,避免了传统锚索因大变形而被拉断破坏,实现了滑坡灾害防治、监测、预报智能一体化的目标,为合理解释滑坡体运移规律与监测预警曲线之间的关系提供了科学依据。

预应力锚索在高地应力软岩隧道的控变应用效果分析

为解决高地应力软岩隧道的施工变形控制问题,渭武高速木寨岭公路隧道先后采用锚喷钢架、NPR恒阻锚索、预应力锚索等3种支护方案,通过现场监控量测实测数据,对3种不同方案的控变效果进行对比分析。结果表明:1)预应力锚索支护与NPR恒阻锚索支护对高地应力软岩隧道的控变效果较为接近,相较锚喷钢架支护,控变效果显著提高,隧道变形最大值控制在450 mm以内;2)3种支护方案中,预应力锚索的控变效果最佳。建议在高地应力软岩或类似大变形隧道施工中采用预应力锚索进行支护,更利于围岩及支护结构稳定。