Prestressed tensioning method and its application to testing anchor stress of anchor cables for side-slope stabilization

The anchor stress extent of a prestress anchor cable project has a direct relation with the project safety and performance. Prestressed tensioning method is a kind of nondestructive testing method, by which a reverse stretching load is applied on the external exposure section of anchor cable under construction or in service, and then the elongation variation of stress bars is measured to determine the anchor stress. We elaborated the theory and testing mechanism of prestressed tensioning method, and systematically studied key issues during the prestressed tensioning process of anchor cable by using physical model test, including the composition of tension stress-elongation curve, the variation of anchor stress, the compensation of locked anchor stress, and the judgment of anchor stress, and verified the theory feasibility of prestressed tensioning method. A case study on slope anchor cable of one highway project was conducted to further discuss on the test method, operation procedures and judgment of prestressed tensioning method on obtaining anchor stress, and then the test data of three situations were analyzed. The result provides a theoretical basis and technical base for the application of prestressed tensioning method to the evaluation of construction quality and operation conditions of anchor cable project.

Stresses induced by post-tensioned anchor in jointed rock mass

A new analytical study on stresses around a post-tensioned anchor in rocks with two perpendicular joint sets is presented. The assumptions of orthotropic elastic rock with plane strain conditions are made in derivation of the formulations. A tri-linear bond-slip constitutive law is used for modeling the tendon-grout interface behavior and debonding of this interface. The bearing plate width is also considered in the analysis. The obtained solutions are in the integral forms and numerical techniques that have been used for evaluation. In the illustrative example given, the major principal stress is compressive in the anchor free zone and compressive stress concentrations of 815 k Pa and 727 k Pa(for the anchor load of 300 k N) are observed under the bearing plate and the bond length proximal end, respectively. However, large values of tensile stresses with the maximum of-434 k Pa are formed at the bond length distal end. The results obtained using the proposed solution are compared very those of numerical method(FEM).

Cyclic load testing of pre-stressed rock anchors for slope stabilization

The objective of this research was to assess the characteristics of seismic induced damage and the deformation patterns of pre-stressed cement-grouted cables that are used for rock slope stabilization projects subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading.The experimental configuration includes the installation of 15 pre-stressed cables in a slope model made of concrete blocks(theoretically rigid rock mass) on top of a pre-existing sliding surface.The study showed that:(i) The pre-stressed cables exhibited great seismic performance.Rapid displacement of the model blocks was observed after the complete loss of the initial pre-stress load under continued applied cyclic loads and exceedance of the state of equilibrium,which implies the higher the initial pre-stress load,the better the seismic performance of the rock anchor;(ii) The failure of the pre-stressed cables was due to fracture at the connection of the tendons and cable heads under cyclic loading.The sequence of failure had a distinct pattern.Failure was first observed at the upper row of cables,which experienced the most severe damage,including the ejection of cable heads.No evidence of de-bonding was observed during the cyclic loading;(iii) The stress distribution of the bond length for pre-stressed cables was highly non-uniform.High stress concentrations were observed at both the fixed end and the free end of the bond length both before and immediately after the state of equilibrium is exceeded.The results obtained can be used to evaluate the overall performance of pre-stressed rock anchors subject to seismic loading and their potential as rockfall prevention and stabilization measures.

Stress Analysis of New Type Pre-Stressed Anchor Bearing Plate Combining Stamping with Welding Forming and Its Anchorage Zone

An anchor bearing plate transfers the anchoring force from anchor plate to the concrete and the pre-stress is formed in the concrete structure. Currently, the main type of anchor bearing plate is cast iron. It is brittle during transportation and tension process. This paper presents a new type of anchor bearing plate combined stamping with welding forming. The structure of the new type anchor bearing plate is introduced. The stress states of the anchor bearing plate and anchorage zone under work are studied. Various specifications of anchor bearing plate are studied by ANSYS finite element analysis software following the AASHTO specification. The analysis results are compared with the results of the same type of OVM round-shaped anchor plate. The study results show that the new pre-stressed anchor plates combined stamping with welding forming are feasible and more sturdy which can meet the engineering demand.

Pre-stressed anchoring beam technique applicable in the reinforcement of high-steep slopes

During the construction of some large-scale rock engineering,high-steep slopes and insufficient slope stability induced by unloading fissures are often encountered.For the reinforcement of these slopes,some techniques(including conventional pre-stressed anchoring cable and unconventional anchoring hole)are usually utilized,however,having several obvious defects.Thus,it is very difficult for a designer to design an efficient reinforcement scheme for the high-steep slopes.For this reason,the authors develop the pre-stressed anchoring beam technique,in which tensile capacity of pre-stressed structures are fully utilized.It is analyzed that the new technique is characterized by multi-functions,including engineering investigation,efficient reinforcement,drainage,monitoring and urgent strength supplement,and hoped to be extensively applicable in the reinforcement of high-steep slopes.

动载作用下锚固体应力波传递及破坏特征研究

为研究动载作用下锚固体的应力波传播规律及破坏特征,利用分离式霍普金森杆(SHPB)对锚固体试件开展了不同预应力及不同冲击次数的冲击试验。研究结果表明:随着预应力增加,锚固围岩中应力波峰值逐渐增加,衰减速度逐渐减小,增大锚杆预应力,锚固自由端拉伸波峰值明显减小;随锚固体试件预应力增加,锚固体轴力损失越快,轴力损失率呈二次线性增加的趋势;预应力较小时,锚固自由端围岩产生裂缝较多,多次冲击下裂缝距离较为接近;随着预应力的增加,自由端头破坏程度减弱;随着预应力增加,拉拔最大位移量越来越小,未受动载作用的原始试件拉拔后未出现明显的破坏;动载作用后,随着预应力增大,锚固端头发生一定程度的劈裂破坏,预应力持续增加劈裂破坏程度越来越弱。

锚杆岩体界面载荷传递规律及锚固长度设计

为揭示巷道围岩锚固界面脱粘失效机理,量化锚杆支护设计参数,采用三线性粘结滑移模型进行理论分析,对轴向载荷作用下锚固脱粘失效全过程中,锚固段界面剪应力、锚杆轴力分布演化规律以及界面极限锚固力进行研究,根据锚固段长度不同,得到两种界面剪应力分布演化类型。研究结果表明:当锚固长度较短时,界面剪应力存在全长软化阶段;当锚固长度较长时,界面剪应力存在弹性-软化-滑移三段共存阶段。锚固粘结界面弹性段、软化段、摩擦段内的剪应力分别呈现双曲余弦函数衰减分布、余弦函数上升分布、均匀分布规律,锚杆轴力随界面剪应力分布演化呈现多种形态的衰减分布规律。根据锚固界面模型解析计算获得极限锚固力,当不考虑脱粘摩擦力时,极限锚固力随锚固长度的增加趋近于某一固定值;当考虑脱粘摩擦力时,增加锚固长度能够持续提高锚固界面安全系数。研究成果可为锚固机制分析、锚杆支护参数设计提供理论参考。

既有隧道不同扩挖宽度下锚杆参数的优化

以黄山洞隧道工程为依托,通过对现场数据的监测和利用有限元分析软件Midas GTS NX进行数值模拟,分析了不同扩挖宽度下隧道拱顶沉降值、周边收敛值和围岩有效应力变化的规律,并改变锚杆的长度和锚杆间距,分析在不同锚杆长度下围岩有效应力、衬砌应力以及锚杆应力的变化规律,确定了不同扩挖宽度下最优的锚杆长度和锚杆间距.研究结果表明:随着扩挖宽度的增加,围岩有效应力由大至小依次为拱脚处压应力、拱腰处压应力、拱顶处压应力和仰拱处拉应力;拱顶处压应力随扩挖宽度的增大而减小,拱腰处压应力随扩挖宽度的增大而增大,但增大趋势不明显;受单侧扩挖方式的影响,扩挖侧的应力大于非扩挖侧;拱脚处受到应力集中的影响,其压应力随着扩挖宽度的增大而增大;扩挖宽度为1.5~2.5 m时的最优锚杆长度和间距分别为2.5 m和1.7 m,扩挖宽度为3.5~4.5 m时二者分别为3.0 m和1.2 m.

大跨环形矮塔斜拉桥主塔力学性能分析

以大跨度环形矮塔斜拉桥的主塔为研究对象,借助大型有限元程序midas进行了静力及地震动时程分析,通过提取杆系模型中的最不利内力,对索塔锚固区及下塔柱钢混结合段空间应力进行分析。结果表明:1)钢塔在静力及地震工况下强度及稳定均满足要求;2)索塔锚固区及钢混结合段应力状态良好、构造细节处理较为合理。

注浆长度与套管类型对扩大头锚索性能的影响

扩大头锚索因具有抗拔承载力大、支护效率高等优点在岩土工程中应用广泛,而注浆段落的长度和自由段保护套管的类型将对锚索受力变形特性产生影响。为此,依托实际工程开展了锚固段注浆+PE波纹管(设计方案)、全长注浆+聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)波纹管(实际施工常用方案)、锚固段注浆+高密度聚乙烯(high density polyethylen, HDPE)套管、全长注浆+HDPE套管等四种不同工况扩大头锚索的现场拉拔试验,对比分析了不同工况下锚索的拉拔荷载-位移(Q-s)曲线、荷载-弹性位移(Q-se)曲线与荷载-塑性位移(Q-sp)曲线、自由段伸长量比例、刚度系数等受力变形特征。试验结果表明,相同注浆长度条件下,采用HDPE套管相比PE波纹管能够更好地发挥对自由段的隔离保护作用,保证自由段的变形性能;而采用相同套管类型时,注浆长度的增加会导致自由段伸长量值的减小,并会增大锚索刚度系数。在试验研究的基础上,提出现场锚索施工采用锚固段注浆+HDPE套管或全长注浆+HDPE套管的建议方案,从而保证锚索受力变形性能均达到设计预期。

黄土边坡预应力锚索框架应力变形监测研究

通过对拉力集中型锚索和压力分散型锚索布设土压力盒后,测定受力框架与黄土接触面处的土压力值,测试基底土压力的分布规律,掌握地基反力,了解不同类型锚索的框架横梁、竖肋的受力情况,以期为黄土地区设计锚索框架提供理论依据。

基于理论承载性能与应力扩散计算的高强预应力锚索适配垫板设计方法

垫板是高强预应力锚索系统的核心组成构件,当其与锚索间适配性不足时,会出现结构可靠性低以及围岩支护效果差等问题。基于垫板的承载力学特性及其应力扩散作用,提出适配高强预应力锚索的垫板设计方法。为此,首先分析垫板的应力扩散作用与锚索的支护效应间的关联性。其次,基于不同形式垫板的结构受力特征,提出碗形垫板和平板形垫板的理论承载力计算公式,并由此计算得到满足高强预应力锚索承载性能需求的垫板型式及其结构参数。接着,通过建立“垫板(碗形、平板形)-围岩”三维数值仿真模型,分析不同型式及结构参数垫板的围岩应力扩散效果,并由此优选得到适配高强预应力锚索的垫板型式及其结构参数。最后,通过现场应用案例,分析适配垫板下高强预应力锚索系统支护效果。研究结果表明:提出的垫板设计方法实现了对高强预应力锚索系统中垫板的有效选用,适配加载300 kN的高强预应力锚索系统垫板为25 cm×25 cm×16 mm的碗形垫板,其拱高35 mm、孔口半径32 mm、碗底半径75 mm;同时,适配垫板下高强预应力锚索系统的围岩变形控制效果提升了11.9%~15.2%。研究结果有助于提升高强预应力锚索系统的可靠性与支护效果,并为预应力锚固系统中垫板的设计提供了一种可行且有效的方法。

基于CAN总线与ZigBee的矿井下锚杆应力监测系统设计

早期矿井下,用于顶板工作面的锚杆应力采集装置,多采用电缆线将检测结果传送至井下基站,使得网络布线繁杂、移动不便、维护困难。为此,文章设计了一套基于ZigBee无线技术与CAN总线的应力监测系统。该系统采用扩散硅压力传感器对分布在顶板上的锚杆应力进行检测,通过ZigBee无线技术传送至通信分站,然后采用CAN总线技术将接收到的压力值传送至地面监控中心,便于对历史数据进行分析,达到预防顶板塌方的目的。通过大量的实验,文章验证了该套系统的可行性。

近距离下煤层中空注浆锚索注浆前后周边剪应力作用机理

为解决近距离下煤层破碎巷道围岩难以控制的问题,基于理论分析和数值模拟研究中空注浆锚索注浆前后对破碎围岩的控制效果,即注浆前后中空注浆锚索与围岩的周边剪应力作用机理。结果表明:注浆前锚固段符合粘弹性本构模型,剪应力曲线呈现线性增加到非线性下降再到稳定的单峰值,注浆后巷道周围预应力场沿锚索形成一个渐变式的整体,使巷道围岩应力场重新分布,剪应力强度随之降低,应力曲线转变二次线性快速增加到非线性快速下降再到稳定的双峰值曲线,有效提高破碎围岩和软岩巷道的抗剪强度。

无粘结预应力抗浮锚杆抗渗漏性能研究

抗浮锚杆是地下工程设计中常用的一种抵抗地下水浮动力的措施,在地下水位高,抗浮工程设计等级为甲级的地下工程,已严格要求抗浮构件的边缘不出现裂缝,且按照荷载组合计算时,构件受拉边缘混凝土不应产生拉应力,在抗浮设计等级为甲级的地下工程中若采用抗浮锚杆则不能采用常规抗浮锚杆而必须采用预应力抗浮锚杆,以达到预期设计及使用工况要求。预应力抗浮锚杆实际施工过程中,因现场施工原因或者封锚端头设计原因等往往造成预应力抗浮锚杆张拉端出现渗漏问题,这对地下工程防水安全及使用带来极大隐患。论文通过对预应力抗浮锚杆抗渗漏性能研究有效解决了封锚端头渗漏封堵问题,且社会及经济效益明显。

基坑水平内支撑下桩基施工超前试桩技术

某深基坑工程支护结构采用排桩+三道双层水平预应力鱼腹式钢支撑体系,由于基坑内大量水平支撑构件的存在,导致桩基施工前试桩作业因空间限制无法正常施工或工期拖延。针对这一施工难题,论文结合工程案例,对施工顺序进行了创新优化,采取在首道水平内支撑安装前施工桩基试桩的方法,并通过一系列试验进一步论证了超前试桩技术的可行性与适用性,以期为桩基施工提供思路和参考。

大型水利水电工程锚固系统运行状况分析

为了保证大型水利水电工程锚固系统长期有效运行,通过对三峡集团所属6个水电站高边坡和地下洞室锚固系统监测数据统计分析,阐明锚索荷载、锚杆应力的时程演化规律,分析影响锚索荷载、锚杆应力变化特征的因素。结果表明:①各水电站高边坡和地下洞室锚索荷载、锚杆应力多数在设计范围内,其显著变化主要发生在施工期,在开挖支护完成后逐渐趋于稳定。②边坡锚索荷载随时间呈现出显著的3阶段,首先急速下降,然后缓慢下降,最后逐渐稳定或呈周期性变化。地下洞室锚索荷载也呈现出类似特征,但其变化特征更为复杂。③锚杆应力随温度变化呈现显著的负相关关系。④地下洞室锚索荷载存在洞径效应,洞室尺寸越大,锚索荷载均值越大,荷载损失率变化幅度更为显著。⑤地下洞室群交叉洞口、块体及保留岩墩等卸荷充分部位锚杆应力较大,位于块体部位的锚索荷载损失率一般大于其他工程部位。⑥锚固于断层部位的锚索,锚索荷载损失率偏大;岩体质量越低,锚索荷载损失率越大。锚索工程建设期失效特征有钢绞线拉断、锚索击穿锚罩、钢绞线缩孔等,运营长期失效特征有锚墩头锈蚀或锚墩头有碳酸钙析出。

明挖基坑锚索张拉技术探析

为进一步减少桩锚围护结构基坑锚索二次补张拉,提高一次张拉效率,减少工序及工期浪费,通过锚索张拉试验及使用工具改进,以实现一次张拉到位满足设计预应力锁定值要求。基于青岛市地铁15号线南万站明挖基坑锚索具体施工过程,选取试验段对锚索张拉技术控制开展研究,以重点解决拉力型锚索预应力损失过大问题。

近距离煤层多次采动影响巷道围岩破坏特征与控制

针对隆德煤矿近距离煤层上下同采工作面巷道围岩稳定性控制问题,采用现场实测和理论分析方法,对多次采动影响下巷道支护体受力特征和煤柱应力演化特征进行研究。结果表明,巷道锚杆/索受力经历7个变化阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响阶段、双工作面超前影响阶段、采动卸压区快速升高阶段、采动应力恢复区慢速升高阶段、二次稳定阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段;煤柱采动应力演化经历5个阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响区缓慢上升阶段、采动卸压区快速上升阶段、采空区压实自由演化阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段。随着钻孔应力计安装深度增加,煤柱应力呈现先升高后降低趋势,煤柱浅部3 m左右进入塑性状态,承载能力降低;基于上述观测结果,对新掘巷道支护参数进行优化,在保证围岩长期稳定性的同时还可以降低支护费用,实测结果表明,支护参数优化后巷道表面位移量在工程允许范围内,巷道围岩裂隙发育程度较低。

德顺煤业复合顶板巷道围岩控制技术研究

为解决矿井开采顶板支护难、支护效果不佳等问题,基于山西焦煤西山煤电德顺煤业11106工作面复合顶板岩层及锚杆锚索支护情况,利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,建立复合顶板岩层及锚杆支护模型,模拟给锚杆施加不同预紧力,探究复合顶板岩层强度、稳定性、完整性情况,模拟结果表明:高预应力锚杆支护作用较强,增强了围岩的自承载能力。基于模拟结果,采取长短锚索支护方式对11106工作面顶板进行支护,监测发现顶板稳定性较好,现场实践取得了良好效果。