Study on the Protection and Renovation of Ancient Buildings in Likeng

As a famous historical and cultural city of China, and one of the ecological conservation experimental plots of Huizhou culture, Likeng owns many cultural units under state and local protection. The paper elaborated the significance and principles of protecting ancient buildings in Likeng, analyzed the restoration principles and technical schemes. Through analyzing the protection of ancient buildings in Likeng, the rationality of protection, and the balance between protection and development was proposed, and protection of the projects in the national historic and cultural heritage list, cultural relics protection units at all levels, famous historic and cultural cities was introduced.

Combustion Properties of Textiles Applied in Tibet Ancient Buildings and Their Clean Flame Retarding Designs

In the Tibet ancient buildings, there are large amounts of combustible decorative textiles that pose great potential fire hazards. Some typical textile samples were collected from the Potala Palace. Their combustion properties were analyzed by UL 94 Vertical Burning test and Limiting Oxygen Index test. The effects of plateau climate on combustion properties, an important fact required to be considered in the flame retarding design for combustible textiles, were preliminarily compared via test data in the plain and those in the plateau. Based on the foregoing analyses, some thoughts were presented on the clean and feasible flame retarding means for the decorative textiles due to their special applications in Tibet, in ancient buildings and in plateau climate. The fire resistance, weather resistance, UV resistance, endurance, ornamentation and religious performances for these textiles must be taken into considerations comprehensively in the designs.

Application of Three-dimensional Laser Scanning Technology in the Teaching Practice of Surveying and Mapping of Ancient Buildings

Based on the study of the application of three-dimensional laser scanning technology in ancient building surveying and mapping,this paper briefly describes the working principle and flow of three-dimensional laser scanning technology.Based on the practical application,this paper puts forward the discussion of related problems and matters needing attention.This has a certain reference significance for the study of new technology in surveying and mapping of ancient buildings.

Architectural Features of Stilted Buildings of the Tujia People: A Case Study of Ancient Buildings in the Peng Family Village in Western Hubei Province, China

This paper describes and analyzes the stilted buildings of the Tujia people (an ethnic group living in China's Mainland), a distinctive building style unique to them, from the perspectives of site selection, spatial layout, construction techniques, and cultural inheritance. The cluster of stilted buildings (Diaojiao Lou in Mandarin Pinyin) in the Pengjia Village (meaning most of the villagers share the surname of Peng) is presented as a case study in this paper. The paper makes a case for their preservation as authentic carriers of the Tujia people’s cultural history, which is quickly disappearing due to development pressures. Three preservation strategies are discussed to meet this preservation goal. The first is to provide a detail analysis of the construction language to guarantee authenticity in the documentation, preservation and restoration processes of the stilted buildings. The second is to keep alive the expert knowledge and skill of traditional artisans by involving them in the construction of new structures using diaojiaolou techniques. The third strategy is to encourage local people to “dress-up” discordant buildings constructed mid to late 20th century with well-mannered facades using traditional details such as suspension columns, shuaqi, and six-panel and bang doors. Taking as a whole, these strategies are presented to help local residents, preservation experts, developers and policy makers sustain the irreplaceable cultural heritage and economic independence of the Tujia people.

Wudang Ancient Buildings

THE palaces and temples of the ancient building complex in the Wudang Mountains exemplify the architectural and artistic achievements of China＇s secular and religious buildings of the Yuan （1279-1368）. Ming （1368- 1644） and Qing （1644-1911） dynasties. Towering mountains and deep valleys are partnered with nearby woods, rocks and streams, presenting a harmonious picturesque fusion of man-made architecture and nature.

Temperature effect on the structural strains of an ancient Tibetan building based on long-term monitoring data

Many studies have indicated that structural strain will be significantly influenced by temperature variations,and a good understanding of the effect of temperature on structural strain is essential.A structural health monitoring system has been installed in a typical Tibetan timber building to measure the structural strains and ambient temperature since 2012.This paper presents the correlation between temperature and strain data from the monitored structure.A method combining singular spectrum analysis and polynomial regression is proposed for modeling the temperature induced strains in the structure.Singular spectrum analysis is applied to smooth the temperature data,and the correlation between the resulting temperature time series and the measured strains is obtained by polynomial regression.Parameters of the singular spectrum analysis and the regression model are selected to have the least regression error.Results show that the proposed method has both good reproduction and prediction capabilities for temperature induced strains,and that the method is accurate and effective for eliminating the effect of temperature from the measured strain.A standardized Novelty Index based on the residual strain is also used for the condition assessment of the structure.

出踩与面宽方向柱头科斗栱抗震性能对比试验及数值分析

为研究加载方向对斗栱抗震性能的影响,文章基于地震作用的随机性和斗栱出踩与面宽方向的构造差异,对2个足尺柱头科斗栱分别沿出踩和面宽方向进行拟静力试验,得到斗栱的破坏模式、承载力、刚度与强度退化、耗能和变形能力。结果表明:斗栱在出踩和面宽方向分别加载时,大斗均相对平板枋滑移,馒头榫挤压剪断。出踩方向受力时单昂与桃尖梁相对滑移,面宽方向受力时整体明显转动。相比面宽方向受力的斗栱,出踩方向受力的斗栱具有更高的承载力、初始刚度和耗能能力,而变形能力较差。文章开展柱头科斗栱的数值分析,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,研究出踩和面宽不同加载方向、轴压荷载、木构件之间摩擦系数和木材弹性模量对其抗震性能的影响。结果表明:面宽方向是柱头科斗栱的最不利受力方向,其正负向承载力比出踩方向分别低19.21%和17.03%;轴压荷载和木构件之间摩擦系数越大,斗栱承载力越大,而木材顺纹弹性模量和横纹径向弹性模量对斗栱的初始刚度和承载力影响较小。

古建筑木构件开裂机制、评估与加固研究进展

开裂作为古建筑木构件最常见的残损类型之一,影响木构件的长期服役性能,是古建筑稳定性与安全性评估的重要考查内容。本文从古建筑木构件开裂情况、原因、影响,评估方法及修复加固等方面,系统梳理古建筑木构件开裂残损相关研究成果。分析发现我国古建筑木构件开裂的主要原因为木材干缩与受力破坏,主要类型为纵向开裂,开裂可降低木构件力学性能,也可为其他不利因素作用于木构件提供条件。目前主要通过实际试验与数值模拟评估开裂对木构件性能的影响,利用金属材料、纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)与高分子树脂材料对开裂木构件进行修复加固。然而,由于古建筑的特殊性与木材变异性,仍需进一步探索木构件的不同尺度开裂机制,开发适用于古建筑开裂木构件的检测、评估与加固方法,建立科学系统性的古建筑保护体系。

木结构斗拱出挑层数对建筑抗震性能的影响

木结构古建筑是世界建筑史的重要组成部分,目前的研究大部分集中在结构整体的抗震性能上,或者单独对构件的受力机理进行分析,主要的研究构件包括斗拱、柱、梁架等,但是在构件对整个结构抗震性能的影响方面研究较少。以殿堂型结构中的斗拱为研究目标,利用ANSYS和ABAQUS软件对其展开模态与动力时程分析。通过对不同层数的斗拱进行分析比对,总结出斗拱层数变化对其抗震性能的影响。结果显示,在地震波作用下两模型柱脚和柱顶位移相差不大,但屋脊位置的位移量五踩斗拱模型比三踩斗拱模型多40%,五踩斗拱的柱顶加速度比三踩斗拱的柱顶加速度小23.02%,五踩斗拱的屋脊加速度比三踩斗拱屋脊小24.27%,证明在一定范围内斗拱层数的增加有利于结构的耗能减震。

古建筑落叶松木构件自然老化材性变化

为探究古建筑木构件自然老化材性变化,以距今约350 a的一段古建筑华北落叶松木构件及与其具有相似年轮宽度的落叶松新材为研究对象,加工标准力学试件,测定试件的材性参数(颜色、全干密度、力学性能参数)及无损检测参数(微钻阻力值、超声波波速),对比分析自然老化木材试件的无损检测参数与材性参数的变化及分布规律,并基于所测得的新旧材两类试件的材性及无损检测参数建立落叶松木材物理力学性能参数的多元回归模型;研究结果表明:所测老化木材试件物理力学参数及无损检测参数均衰减明显,且颜色具有极显著差别;自然老化木材试件各参数变异系数均高于新材试件,但两者均符合正态分布,建立的落叶松木构件物理力学性能参数的评估模型具有较高评估性能。

古建筑保护中色彩采集方法及流程设计的应用研究——以岳麓书院为例

建筑色彩数据库的建立,是古建筑保护工作深化的重要技术节点,其技术流程可包括色彩体系的选择、取色仪器的匹配及色彩样本的误差处理。当前古建筑保护存在着色彩原真意识淡薄、数据资料缺乏以及采集规范不全等问题,古建筑色彩保护严谨性与科学性亟待提高。通过梳理色彩数据采集流程以及方法,初步建立了一个系统、明确、可执行的工作模式,为古建筑色彩采集工作提供参考;并规范色彩数据采集工作的流程设计以及数据定量纠偏方法,为古建筑色彩定量研究提供支持。实践结合岳麓书院古建筑群色谱研究,致力于解决建筑古迹色彩采集所涉及的样本选择、高度障碍、材质不均、光强条件、湿度差异、色温影响等重难点问题,为岳麓书院古建筑群后续色彩研究奠定数据基础,是古建筑色彩保护中色彩采集技术路线的有效支撑。

乡村古建筑史迹数字化保护设计

该文从乡村古建筑史迹数字化发展面临的问题出发,选取桂林全州县屏山渡红军古街作为研究对象,通过实地考察收集到的图像和数据,构建出三维数字场景,再现当地建筑环境,达到对乡村古建筑史迹数字化保护的目的。通过数字化的方式,吸引更多的人关注乡村保护,实现文化遗产的传承,同时也对于未来的发展提出一些想法和期望。

山东临清中洲古城区传统民居屋面营造技艺

临清中洲古城区作为明清时期运河的重镇,传统民居的建造受到南北文化和区位环境等多方面因素影响,建筑的屋面特征和营造技艺独具一格。以临清中洲古城区的传统民居屋面作为研究对象,结合田野调查等方法,从当地民居整体特征入手,对古城传统民居屋面形式和构造进行系统阐述,详细分析其营造方式和特点。发现临清中洲古城区传统民居屋面的营造蕴含了南北文化特色和当地风格。通过本研究,以期为保护传承临清中洲古城区传统民居屋面营造技艺和运河文化遗产提供有益价值参考。

浅谈基于建筑遗产保护下的开封古建的兴盛与衰落

宋朝伊始,打破了里坊制度,大街小巷慢慢充斥着人群的欢声笑语,在汴梁城的灯光映射下熠熠生辉。建筑在此刻不仅反映了一个时代,更是一种文化的传承、一种历史的保护。开封古城在经历了多种自然灾害后,如今遗留古建已所剩无几,回顾历史,每一个都有演绎着自己辉煌。在建筑遗产保护觉醒的时代,应充分意识到每一座建筑的艺术价值,构建中国特色建筑遗产保护发展的理论基础上,与时俱进,保护并传承遗产文化,展现古建筑立足于当代的时代价值。

设以广安喻治理,儒宗释教宦殊科——清代承德外八庙之广安寺复原研究

承德外八庙广安寺建于清乾隆盛期,建筑园林随山就势,包括各具特色的十字塔台山门、白台、定慧楼、戒台等建筑。本文收集广安寺陈设档、清宫热河档案、绘画、历史老照片作为史料依据,同时横向对比普陀宗乘之庙、须弥福寿之庙等现存藏式喇嘛庙建筑形式,对广安寺的平面布局、单体建筑、功能布置、文化内涵进行了研究。通过CAD制图、3D数字建模、实体模型等方式展现全部建筑群,最大程度还原乾隆初建时期的建筑园林原貌,以期丰富清朝寺庙建筑研究,也对承德其他寺庙的研究提供参考依据。

遗产化视角下的福州古厝保护与活化研究——兼论《福州市历史建筑保护修缮改造设计技术导则》的价值与局限

文章对福州古厝建筑遗产的类型构成、分类保护与活化原则、方法、模式进行介绍,指出《福州市历史建筑保护修缮改造设计技术导则》是对《文物保护工程设计文件编制深度要求(试行)》的全面借鉴。基于遗产化的视角,指出由于建筑遗产类型内涵与边界不清,导致对部分类型的福州古厝过度保护,并尝试通过对导则的修订、保护框架的建构,达到科学分类保护的目的,为城乡历史文化保护传承体系建构提供理论基础。

复杂场景下集成协作式木结构智能建造技术

为提高木结构建造技术数字化水平,将已有工艺与机械臂运动系统相结合,形成数字化建造工具系统。以切割、开榫、铣削及开孔四种工艺为例,对木结构数字建造技术进行剖析与设计,辅以建造装备系统、控制系统形成高度集成化的加工系统,借助可视化编程技术手段对工具系统运动轨迹、几何数据分析、自动适配工具及路径自动规划进行标准程序开发,选取斗拱结构进行建造实践。结果表明:所提出的加工系统可精确、高效完成非标准化、定制化异形结构建造任务,开发的标准程序实现了建构逻辑集成化应用,输入构件模型可自动生成机械臂可识别路径,通过实际建造验证了加工系统和标准程序的可行性及适用性。

天津蓟州独乐寺古建筑群昆虫多样性及关键害虫防治

对天津蓟州区独乐寺古建筑群昆虫多样性进行系统调查,并对危害建筑、设施、重要文物和古树的害虫进行了综合防治研究。结果表明,寺内发生的昆虫共计12目37科66种,其中有害昆虫5目10科17种。危害古建筑木质构件和泥塑雕像等文物的主要是花斑皮蠹(Trogoderma variabile),危害古建筑室外木构件的主要为黑颚条蜂(Anthophora melanognatha)和黄胸木蜂(Xylocopa appendiculata),黑颚条蜂及十二斑毛斑蜂(Melecta duodecimmaculata)也在壁画和泥塑上筑巢危害;危害古树的主要为白蜡脊虎天牛(Xylotrechus rufilius)等害虫。另外,山斑大头泥蜂(Philanthus triangulum)在山门等处掘土筑巢,造成的危害比较严重。在相关害虫发生期、危害部位和习性调查基础上,综合采用色板、黑光灯、糖醋液诱杀和药物喷洒、注杆、滴孔、药棉填塞、熏蒸等方法,对各类害虫进行了防治,取得良好效果。

古旧木材加固保护研究进展

木材作为一种复杂的多级壁层材料,因其高强重比与可再生等优异特性而被广泛应用于建筑、家具、装饰等领域,并成为国民经济发展不可或缺的绿色环保材料之一。然而,木材在生产应用过程中易遭受昆虫、真菌等侵害而发生材性劣化,这极大限制了木制品应用优势的发挥,同时增加了古旧木材保护与修复的难度。为了更好地保护历史文化遗产,延长古旧木材的历史寿命,促进木材资源的高效与可持续利用,本文从木材的结构和历史应用及其破坏形式出发,概述了建筑文物和古建筑中木材的主要降解破坏形式和生物化学变化;从材料科学角度综述了古旧木材的保护策略与加固方法,重点总结分析了不同加固材料性质与用途及其对古旧木材加固保护的方法特性,尤其是“双碳”背景下生物基加固材料的应用;最后对加固木材的性能表征方法进行总结梳理,以期为加固木材的有效利用提供有力依据,同时为绿色、高效、环保木材加固保护技术的研发奠定理论基础,为我国在林产工业领域实现“双碳”目标提供技术支撑。