The History of Xu-style Garden in the Pre-Qin Period

Based on ancient documents and archaeology,this paper studied the general situation and landscape conditions of ancient Xuzhou in the pre-Qin period,including regional changes,economic development,and gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens.The study found that ancient Xuzhou had been inhabited by human beings as early as 6,000 years ago,and villages and kingdoms had gradually formed.When Yu the Great ruled the country(also known as Jiuzhou,or nine states),Xu was one of the nine states,known as Xuzhou.Local natural geographical environment was superior,the transportation was convenient,economy and society was relatively developed,thus by the Zhou Dynasty,ancient Xuzhou region had already had a large number of early garden forms.This period was the incubation period of Xu-style garden.

先秦的“圣人崇拜”与诸子之称“经”——兼论中国文化主流为人文信仰

中国上古宗教是由天子、诸侯、宗子垄断祭祀权力的身份性宗教。处在这一宗教体系圈子中的人不可能发展宗教思想学说。而无缘进入这种宗教体系圈子中的人也不愿冒着"僭越"的巨大风险,去发展与其相关的宗教思想学说。为此,孔子及先秦诸子另辟蹊径倡导"圣人崇拜"。在先秦文献中,"圣人"概念包括掌握国家政治、军事权力的君王和大臣(如武王、周公),也包括那种以其思想学说救世的布衣之士。出现这种将"圣人"范围扩大到民间无身份人士的现象,本身就是一种进步。这种进步绕开了那些垄断宗教资源的天子、诸侯、宗子们,而从哲学、伦理学、政治学的方向寻求突破,来实现他们"救世"的宏伟目标。始于春秋末期的"圣人崇拜"思潮正是中国经学孕育的温床。

由近出汉简论《庄子》拟托古圣先贤人物故事

《庄子》富含托名色彩的故事虽曾为学者所留意,但其作品的具体托名内涵与创作特征仍有若干待发之覆,近出阜阳汉简《庄子》、张家山汉简《庄子·盗跖》正可为此书存在托名虚构篇目以及类似之文在彼时确有一定传播的情况提供证明。除了为人熟知的假托于儒、道学派代表人物的故事外,《庄子》中还多有托名于黄帝、尧、舜、禹等古圣先贤人物的相关故事。诸文或设置人物“论道”之说,或编造人物“求道”之事,其中所展现的核心内涵是借助人物身份以增信其言、利用人物声名以彰显学说。《庄子》拟托故事惯用想象恣意、铺排对举等手法,既达到了借重历史人物以撰文喻理、释说述理之目的,又为战国文学作品的发展注入了精妙俊逸的审美风貌。