Successful Surgical Treatment of a Giant Mediastinal False Aneurysm 30 Years after Bentall Operation

False aneurysm occurring after replacement of ascending aorta by a vascular prosthesis is a rare, but life-threatening complication. In spite of advances in endovascular techniques, surgery remains the treatment of choice in the majority of cases. We report the case of a huge pseudoaneurysm caused by late dehiscence of the right coronary ostium-aortic tubular graft anastomosis, occurred 30 years after replacement of aortic valve and ascending aorta by classical Bentall operation. A fistula originating from the aneurysmal sac extended across the sternum into the thoracic subcutaneous soft tissues and gave rise to a pulsatile mass well appreciable on the anterior chest wall. The surgical treatment, consisting of partial resection of the aortic tubular graft and sternal reconstruction was effective and uneventful.

Innovation in pathogenesis and management of aortic aneurysm

Aortic aneurysm(AA)refers to the persistent dilatation of the aorta,exceeding three centimeters.Investigating the pathophysiology of this condition is important for its prevention and management,given its responsibility for more than 25000 deaths in the United States.AAs are classified based on their location or morphology.various pathophysiologic pathways including inflammation,the immune system and atherosclerosis have been implicated in its development.Inflammatory markers such as transforming growth factorβ,interleukin-1β,tumor necrosis factor-α,matrix metalloproteinase-2 and many more may contribute to this phenomenon.Several genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome,Ehler-Danlos syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome have also been associated with this disease.Recent years has seen the investigation of novel management of AA,exploring the implication of different immune suppressors,the role of radiation in shrinkage and prevention,as well as minimally invasive and newly hypothesized surgical methods.In this narrative review,we aim to present the new contributing factors involved in pathophysiology of AA.We also highlighted the novel management methods that have demonstrated promising benefits in clinical outcomes of the AA.

Massive inferior wall aneurysm presenting with ventricular tachycardia and refractory cardiomyopathy requiring multiple interventions:A case report

BACKGROUND Inferior wall left ventricular aneurysms are rare,they develop after transmural myocardial infarction(MI)and may be associated with poorer prognosis.We present a unique case of a large aneurysm of the inferior wall complicated by ventricular tachycardia(VT)and requiring surgical resection and mitral valve replacement.CASE SUMMARY A 59-year-old male was admitted for VT one month after he had a delayed presentation for an inferior ST-segment elevation MI and was discovered to have a large true inferior wall aneurysm on echocardiography and confirmed on coronary computed tomography(CT)angiography.Due to the sustained VT,concern for aneurysm expansion,and persistent heart failure symptoms,the patient was referred for surgical resection of the aneurysm with patch repair,mitral valve replacement,and automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator insertion with significant improvement in functional and clinical status.CONCLUSION Inferior wall aneurysms are rare and require close monitoring to identify electrical or contractile sequelae.Coronary CT angiography can outline anatomic details and guide surgical intervention to ameliorate life-threatening complications and improve performance status.

Giant cavernous aneurysms occluded by aneurysmal thrombosis,calcification,parent artery occlusion:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Patients with giant intracranial aneurysms(GIAs)are at a high risk of rupture,morbidity,and mortality even after surgical or endovascular treatment.We described a case of a spontaneously occluded GIA secondary to gradual growth of the GIA,continuously progressed aneurysmal thrombosis,complete aneurysmal calcification and complete occlusion of the parent artery-the right internal carotid artery(RICA).CASE SUMMARY A 72-year-old female patient complained of sudden pain in her right eye upon admission to our hospital.She had been diagnosed with a GIA[30 mm(axial)×38 mm(coronal)×28 mm(sagittal)]containing an aneurysmal thrombus located in the cavernous sinus segment of RICA diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),enhanced MRI,and magnetic resonance angiography more than 14 years ago.Later,with slow growth of the cavernous carotid GIA,aneurysmal thrombosis progressed continuously,spontaneous occlusion of the RICA,complete aneurysmal calcification,and occlusion of the GIA occurred gradually.She had no history of subarachnoid hemorrhage but missed the chance for endovascular therapy at an early stage.As a result,she was left with severe permanent sequelae from the injuries to the right cranial nerves Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,V1/V2,and Ⅴ.CONCLUSION The risk of rupture of the cavernous carotid GIAs was relatively low and possibly further be reduced by the stasis flow and spontaneous occlusion of the parent artery internal carotid artery(ICA)induced by the mass effect of the cavernous carotid GIAs and the extremely rare aneurysmal calcification.However,nowadays,it is advisable to recommend early endovascular treatment for the cavernous carotid GIAs to prevent injuries to the surrounding intracranial nerves and occlusion of the ICA,mainly caused by the mass effect of the cavernous carotid GIAs.

Thoracoscopic resection of giant left atrial appendage aneurysm: A case report

Left atrial appendage aneurysm(LAAA)was first reported in the 1960s.1 LAAA is a rare condition,with just over 100 congenital or acquired cases reported to date.2 LAAA is frequently diagnosed incidentally during echocardiography or computed tomography(CT)scans.Most patients with LAAA are asymptomatic,while a few exhibit nonspecific symptoms,such as dyspnea,palpitation,and chest tightness.Patients with LAAA frequently present with atrial arrhythmias and systemic thromboembolism,such as stroke or multiorgan infarctions,due to the formation of a left atrial appendage thrombus.3 The lesion may be cured using aneurysm resection.Considering it as the potential cause of atrial arrhythmias and thromboembolism,the lesion must be identified on time and cured using a suitable treatment approach.

Differences and Correlations of Morphological and Hemodynamic Parameters between Anterior Circulation Bifurcation and Side-wall Aneurysms

Objective:The objective of this research was to explore the difference and correlation of the morphological and hemodynamic features between sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms in anterior circulation arteries,utilizing computational fluid dynamics as a tool for analysis.Methods:In line with the designated inclusion criteria,this study covered 160 aneurysms identified in 131 patients who received treatment at Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,China,from January 2021 to September 2022.Utilizing follow-up digital subtraction angiography(DSA)data,these cases were classified into two distinct groups:the sidewall aneurysm group and the bifurcation aneurysm group.Morphological and hemodynamic parameters in the immediate preoperative period were meticulously calculated and examined in both groups using a three-dimensional DSA reconstruction model.Results:No significant differences were found in the morphological or hemodynamic parameters of bifurcation aneurysms at varied locations within the anterior circulation.However,pronounced differences were identified between sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms in terms of morphological parameters such as the diameter of the parent vessel(Dvessel),inflow angle(θF),and size ratio(SR),as well as the hemodynamic parameter of inflow concentration index(ICI)(P<0.001).Notably,only the SR exhibited a significant correlation with multiple hemodynamic parameters(P<0.001),while the ICI was closely related to several morphological parameters(R>0.5,P<0.001).Conclusions:The significant differences in certain morphological and hemodynamic parameters between sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms emphasize the importance to contemplate variances in threshold values for these parameters when evaluating the risk of rupture in anterior circulation aneurysms.Whether it is a bifurcation or sidewall aneurysm,these disparities should be considered.The morphological parameter SR has the potential to be a valuable clinical tool for promptly distinguishing the distinct rupture risks associated with sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms.

Knowledge domain and emerging trends in the rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms research from 2004 to 2023

BACKGROUND Intracranial aneurysms(IAs)pose significant health risks,attributable to their potential for sudden rupture,which can result in severe outcomes such as stroke and death.Despite extensive research,the variability of aneurysm behavior,with some remaining stable for years while others rupture unexpectedly,remains poorly understood.AIM To employ bibliometric analysis to map the research landscape concerning risk factors associated with IAs rupture.METHODS A systematic literature review of publications from 2004 to 2023 was conducted,analyzing 3804 documents from the Web of Science Core Collection database,with a focus on full-text articles and reviews in English.The analysis encompassed citation and co-citation networks,keyword bursts,and temporal trends to delineate the evolution of research themes and collaboration patterns.Advanced software tools,CiteSpace and VOSviewer,were utilized for comprehensive data visualization and trend analysis.RESULTS Analysis uncovered a total of 3804 publications on IA rupture risk factors between 2006 and 2023.Research interest surged after 2013,peaking in 2023.The United States led with 28.97%of publications,garnering 37706 citations.Notable United States-China collaborations were observed.Capital Medical University produced 184 publications,while Utrecht University boasted a citation average of 69.62 per publication.“World Neurosurgery”published the most papers,contrasting with“Stroke”,the most cited journal.The PHASES score from“Lancet Neurology”emerged as a vital rupture risk prediction tool.Early research favored endovascular therapy,transitioning to magnetic resonance imaging and flow diverters.CONCLUSION This study assesses global IA research trends and highlights crucial gaps,guiding future investigations to improve preventive and therapeutic approaches.

The incidence rate and histological characteristics of intimal hyperplasia in elastase-induced experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice

Intimal hyperplasia(IH)is a negative vascular remodeling after arterial injury.IH occasionally occurs in elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA)mouse models.This study aims to clarify the incidence and histological characteristics of IH in aneurysmal mice.A retrospective study was conducted by including 42 male elastaseinduced mouse AAA models.The IH incidence,aortic diameters with or without IH,and hyperplasia lesional features of mice were analyzed.Among 42 elastase-induced AAA mouse models,10 mice developed mild IH(24%)and severe IH was found in only 2 mice(5%).The outer diameters of the AAA segments in mice with and without IH did not show significant difference.Both mild and severe IH lesions show strong smooth muscle cell positive staining,but endothelial cells were occasionally observed in severe IH lesions.There was obvious macrophage infiltration in the IH lesions of the AAA mouse models,especially in mice with severe IH.However,only a lower numbers of T cells and B cells were found in the IH lesion.Local cell-secreted matrix metalloproteinases(MMP)2 was highly expressed in all IH lesions,but MMP9 was only overexpressed in severe lesions.In conclusion,this study is the first to demonstrate the occurrence of aneurysmal IH and its histological characteristics in an elastaseinduced mouse AAA model.This will help researchers better understand this model,and optimize it for use in AAA-related research.

Causal Relationship between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Observational studies indicate a positive correlation between COPD and the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), suggesting individuals with COPD are more likely to develop AAA. However, the causal relationship between COPD and AAA remains unclear. Method: This study employed a bidirectional Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to assess the causal relationship between COPD and AAA. A two-step MR analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediating effect of 1400 circulating metabolites between COPD and AAA. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) were sourced from the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC-IEU) database, and MR analysis was performed using the TwoSampleMR R package. The results were filtered using the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method to identify genes strongly associated with both COPD and AAA. Furthermore, the Super Exact Test R package was utilized to determine the overlapping genes between COPD and AAA. Enrichment analysis for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was conducted using the clusterProfiler R package. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was carried out using STRING v12.0. Results: The IVW method indicated a causal relationship between the risk increase of COPD and AAA (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.16 - 1.86, p = 0.001). Among 1400 circulating metabolites, plasma-free proline was identified as mediating the relationship between COPD and AAA, with a mediation effect proportion of −4.6% (95% CI: −9.032%, −0.164%, p = 0.042). Additionally, PPI analysis revealed 20 functionally interrelated genes mediating the linkage between COPD and AAA. KEGG enrichment analysis showed functional enrichment of these genes in the pathway of aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Conclusion: Our study supports a causal relationship between COPD and an increased risk of AAA. Specifically, plasma-free proline and pathways related to aldosterone synthesis and secretion may play key roles in the connection between COPD and AAA.

Unusual Presentation of Heart Failure Secondary to Ruptured Aneurysmal Sinus of Valsalva: A Case Report

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm (SOVA) arises from an abnormal dilation of the aortic root, leading to enlargement between the aortic annulus and the sinotubular junction. Although often presenting without symptoms, these aneurysms bear the potential for life-threatening complications, primarily from the looming risk of rupture. We present the case of a 42-year-old Malay gentleman with a history of bilateral pedal edema and dyspnea on exertion who was diagnosed with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. The patient underwent successful surgical repair of the aneurysm, leading to symptomatic improvement and favorable outcomes. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention in managing this uncommon condition.

Mimicking aneurysm in a patient with chronic occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery:A case report

BACKGROUND With the popularization of various cerebrovascular imaging methods and increased attention to the field,more cerebrovascular diseases are being detected in asymptomatic patients.Different cerebrovascular diseases are typically isolated but occasionally occur simultaneously,causing difficulties in diagnosis and treatment.Morphological changes in the collateral circulation of blood vessels in chronic cerebral artery occlusion patients are slow and dynamic,intercepting morphological development at a specific moment.Excessive reliance on single imaging tests such as digital subtraction cerebral angiography(DSA)can lead to misdiagnosis.CASE SUMMARY We report a 52-year-old male who was admitted to our department for treatment of an unruptured aneurysm during a follow-up examination for brain trauma after 1 mo.Computed tomography(CT)scan was negative,but CT angiography(CTA)revealed a sac-like bulge at the bifurcation of the left middle cerebral artery.DSA revealed an unruptured aneurysm with unique scapular morphology.The stump of a middle cerebral artery occlusion was observed during exposure during aneurysm clipping surgery,and the diagnosis of chronic cerebral artery occlusion was confirmed intraoperatively.This case was confusing because of the peculiar morphology of the arterial stump and compensatory angiogenesis due to multiple cerebral artery stenoses observed on preoperative CTA and DSA.The surgery did not cause secondary damage to the patient,and medical treatment for risk factors was continued postoperatively.CONCLUSION Multiple cerebral arterial stenoses can occur in conjunction with aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations,and their unique morphology can lead to misdiagnosis.

Hematochezia due to rectal invasion by an internal iliac artery aneurysm: A case report

BACKGROUND This case report presents the rare occurrence of hematochezia due to an internal iliac artery aneurysm leading to an arterioenteric fistula,expanding the differential diagnosis for gastrointestinal bleeding.It emphasizes the importance of considering vascular origins in cases of atypical hematochezia,particularly in the absence of common gastrointestinal causes,and highlights the role of imaging and multidisciplinary management in diagnosing and treating such unusual presentations.CASE SUMMARY A 75-year-old man with a history of hypertension presented with 12 d of hematochezia,experiencing bloody stools 7-8 times per day.Initial computed tomography(CT)scans revealed an aneurysmal rupture near the right internal iliac artery with suspected hematoma development.Hemoglobin levels progressively decreased to 7 g/dL.Emergency arterial angiography and iliac arterycovered stent placement were performed,followed by balloon angioplasty.Despite initial stabilization,minor rectal bleeding and abdominal pain persisted,leading to further diagnostic colonoscopy.This identified a neoplasm and potential perforation at the proximal rectum.An exploratory laparotomy confirmed the presence of a hematoma and an aneurysm invading the rectal wall,necessitating partial rectal resection,intestinal anastomosis,and ileostomy.Postoperative recovery was successful,with no further bleeding incidents and normal follow-up CT and colonoscopy results after six months.CONCLUSION In cases of unusual gastrointestinal bleeding,it is necessary to consider vascular causes for effective diagnosis and intervention.

Isolated Third Nerve Cranial Palsy: Complication of Brain Aneurysm

This case report highlights a critical and emergent condition, isolated third nerve cranial palsy due to a brain aneurysm. It emphasizes the importance of differential diagnosis and attentiveness to the physical exam in an emergency setting. The detailed progression from initial symptoms and misinterpretation to final diagnosis offers valuable insight into the dangers of overlooking critical diagnoses. A bilobed intracranial aneurysm arising from the internal carotid artery (ICA) caused symptoms in this patient that could have been attributed to a less malignant etiology, such as a complex migraine. Overlooking the urgency of the situation and missing the diagnosis could have had a grave and irreversible outcome.

An unusual etiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage,basilar artery perforator aneurysms,in Macao:Three case reports and review of literature

BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a severe neurological condition that requires prompt and appropriate treatment to prevent complications.Aneurysms are the most common cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.Conversely,basilar artery perforator aneurysms(BAPAs)are a rare etiology.There is no consensus on the optimal management of ruptured BAPAs in the acute setting.CASE SUMMARY We present a case series of 3 patients with ruptured BAPAs who were treated at our institution.Two patients had a modified Fisher grade of I,and one had a grade of IV on initial presentation.The aneurysms were detected by computed tomography angiography in two cases and conventional angiography in one case.The 3 patients underwent endovascular treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils.Post-treatment,the patients had good clinical outcomes,and follow-up brain computed tomography scans showed reduced subarachnoid hemorrhage without any new hemorrhage.However,one patient experienced a cerebral infarction 2 months later and eventually succumbed to the condition.The other 2 patients showed progressive recovery,and no aneurysm recurrence was observed at the 2-year follow-up.CONCLUSION Endovascular treatment may be a preferable approach for managing ruptured BAPAs compared with surgical intervention or conservative management.Early detection and prompt treatment is important to achieve favorable patient outcomes.

Prenatal Diagnosis of an Apically Located Congenital Left Ventricular Aneurysm: A Rare Case

Congenital ventricular aneurysm is a very rare cardiac anomaly.A diagnosis can be made during the prenatal period using fetal echocardiography.This study presents a very rare apically located left ventricular aneurysm case,and the relevant literature was reviewed and discussed.In this case,a 35-year-old,gravida 2,parity 1 preg-nant woman at 24 weeks of gestation,displayed a wide aneurysmal image in the left ventricular apical wall on fetal echocardiography.There was a 1.79 mm muscular ventricular septal defect at the apical region of the interven-tricular septum.In the course of the color Doppler ultrasonography examination,an aberrantfibrous band within the left ventricle and consequent turbulentflow during systole were observed.The baby,born via cesarean section at 37 weeks of gestation,is now in its postnatal seventh month.However,during echocardiographic follow-ups,changes have been observed,including mild to moderate mitral insufficiency and a decrease in systolic function.Despite thesefindings,the clinical condition remains asymptomatic.It is of great importance to use a multidis-ciplinary approach in managing these rare cases that could lead to potential adverse outcomes during the antena-tal or postnatal periods.

Mimicking aneurysm in a patient with chronic occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery

The chronic occlusion of intracranial arteries generally has no or mild clinical symptoms,and the clinical symptoms of acute cerebral artery occlusion are mostly manifested as severe cerebral infarction symptoms,which often make early diagnosis difficult,thus losing the best treatment opportunity.Once cerebral infarction occurs,the consequences are difficult to recover.This is also an important reason for the high misdiagnosis rate and mortality of this disease.In this paper,the characteristics of the disease were analyzed to provide clinical reference.

Endovascular treatment of ruptured lobulated anterior communicating artery aneurysms:A retrospective study of 24 patients

BACKGROUND Lobulated intracranial aneurysm is a special type of aneurysm with at least one additional cyst in the neck or body of the aneurysm.Lobulated intracranial aneurysm is a complex aneurysm with complex morphology and structure and weak tumor wall,which is an independent risk factor for rupture and hemorrhage.Lobular aneurysms located in the anterior communicating artery complex account for 36.9%of all intracranial lobular aneurysms.Due to its special anatomical structure,both craniotomy and endovascular treatment are more difficult.Compared with single-capsule aneurysms,craniotomy for lobular intracranial aneurysms has a higher risk and complication rate.AIM To investigate the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment for ruptured lobulated anterior communicating artery aneurysm(ACoAA).METHODS Patients with ruptured lobulated ACoAA received endovascular treatment in Sanming First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University from June 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively included.Their demographic,clinical and imaging characteristics,endovascular treatment methods and follow-up results were collected.RESULTS A total of 24 patients with ruptured lobulated ACoAA were included,including 9 males(37.5%)and 15 females(62.5%).Their age was 56.2±8.9 years old(range 39-74).The time from rupture to endovascular treatment was 10.9±12.5 h.The maximum diameter of the aneurysms was 5.1±1.0 mm and neck width were 3.0±0.7 mm.Nineteen patients(79.2%)were double-lobed and 5(20.8%)were multilobed.Fisher's grade:Grade 2 in 16 cases(66.7%),grade 3 in 6 cases(25%),and grade 4 in 2 cases(8.3%).Hunt-Hess grade:Grade 0-2 in 5 cases(20.8%),grade 3-5 in 19 cases(79.2%).Glasgow Coma Scale score:9-12 in 14 cases(58.3%),13-15 in 10 cases(41.7%).Immediately postprocedural Raymond-Roy grade:grade 1 in 23 cases(95.8%),grade 2 in 1 case(4.2%).Raymond-Roy grade in imaging follow-up for 2 wk to 3 months:grade 1 in 23 cases(95.8%),grade 2 in 1 case(4.2%).Followup for 2 to 12 months showed that 21 patients(87.5%)had good functional outcomes(modified Rankin Scale score≤2),and there were no deaths.CONCLUSION Endovascular treatment is a safe and effective treatment for ruptured lobulated AcoAA.

Ruptured venous aneurysm associated with a dural arteriovenous fistula:Two case reports

BACKGROUND In general,venous aneurysm associated with dural arteriovenous fistula(dAVF)is considered to be developed under long standing venous hypertension and manifested as venous ectasia of draining vein itself.However,discrete saccular shaped venous aneurysm without angiographic evidence of venous hypertension arising from the draining vein,like cerebral arterial aneurysm,is quite rare and its pathomechanism remains unclear in patients with dAVF.CASE SUMMARY In this report,we present two cases of ruptured saccular venous aneurysms associated with dAVF without venous hypertension or venous ectasia.In both cases,significant curve or stenosis is observed in draining vein,which is located in just distal portion of the venous aneurysms.These aneurysms were successfully treated with a transarterial embolization.Underlying mechanism of venous aneurysms in these cases is discussed.CONCLUSION Although there is little doubt that hemodynamic stress has a critical role in the development of venous aneurysms in patients with dAVF,preceding venous hypertension or venous ectasia is not necessary for development and enlargement of venous aneurysms.Considering the significant risk of rupture,a careful review of draining vein features including tortuosity or stenosis is needed,especially in venous aneurysms without evidence of venous hypertension.

Ilizarov technique for treatment of a giant aneurysmal bone cyst at the distal femur:A case report

BACKGROUND Aneurysmal bone cyst(ABC)is a benign cystic of unknown etiology,characterized by multiple chambers and a high recurrence rate.Current treatment options include vascular embolization,surgical excision,curettage with cavity filling,sclerosing agent injection into the cavity,radiotherapy,and systemic drug therapy.Among these,surgical excision and curettage are the preferred treatment modalities.However,when the cyst reaches a large size,extensive removal of diseased tissue during surgery can hinder bone healing.In our department,we treated a case of a large ABC at the distal end of the femur in a child using the Ilizarov technique.The tumor was completely excised,and reconstruction was achieved through autologous femoral bone transfer.The follow-up at two years post-surgery indicated good results without tumor recurrence,and the growth and development of the child were essentially unaffected.CASE SUMMARY An 11-year-old boy was presented with an accidental fracture of his right leg.Despite having been examined at other hospitals,he had not received treatment.Given the potential for significant bone defects and the difficulty of the surgery,our doctors opted to use the Ilizarov technique to minimize harm to the patient.Upon admission,the patient underwent a needle biopsy and complete tumor resection-the Ilizarov technique assisted in the transport and reconstruction of the autologous femoral bone.Postoperatively,the patient exhibited regular followups,during which bone transport was gradually performed,and the external fixation frame was removed on time.Follow-up X-rays of the right lower limb displayed no tumor recurrence,with a normal appearance.Bone formation at the cutting site was satisfactory,and the union of the bone ends indicated good healing.After two years of follow-up,the patient had essentially returned to normal.CONCLUSION We successfully applied the Ilizarov technique to treat ABC,reducing the financial burden of patients and the pain of multiple surgeries.In cases where significant bone defects occur,the Ilizarov technique has demonstrated satisfactory therapeutic outcomes.

Endovascular treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistula resulting from rupture of intracavernous carotid aneurysm: A case report

BACKGROUND Direct carotid cavernous fistulas(CCFs)are typically the result of a severe traumatic brain injury.High-flow arteriovenous shunts secondary to rupture of an intracavernous aneurysm,resulting in direct CCFs,are rare.The use of a pipeline embolization device in conjunction with coils and Onyx glue for treatment of direct high-flow CCF resulting from ruptured cavernous carotid artery aneurysm in a clinical setting is not well documented.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old woman presented to our department with symptoms of blepharoptosis and intracranial bruits for 1 wk.During physical examination,there was right eye exophthalmos and ocular motor palsy.The rest of the neurological examination was clear.Notably,the patient had no history of head injury.The patient was treated with a pipeline embolization device in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery across the fistula.Coils and Onyx were placed through the femoral venous route,followed by placement of the pipeline embolization device with assistance from a balloon-coiling technique.No intraoperative or perioperative complications occurred.Preoperative symptoms of bulbar hyperemia and bruits subsided immediately after the operation.CONCLUSION Pipeline embolization device in conjunction with coiling and Onyx may be a safe and effective approach for direct CCFs.