Polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis alleviate neuronal cell injury caused by oxidative stress

Angelica sinensis has antioxidative and neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of polysaccharides isolated from Angelica sinensis. In a pre-liminary experiment, Angelica sinensis polysaccharides not only protected PC12 neuronal cells from H202-induced cytotoxicity, but also reduced apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential induced by H202 treatment. In a rat model of local cerebral ischemia, we further demonstrated that Angelica sinensis poly-saccharides enhanced the antioxidant activity in cerebral cortical neurons, increased the number of microvessels, and improved blood flow after ischemia. Our findings highlight the protective role of polysaccharides isolated from Angelica sinensis against nerve cell injury and impairment caused by oxidative stress.

Polysaccharide from Angelica Sinensis Suppresses Inflammation and Reverses Anemia in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced Rats

The antinlammatory and antianemic activities of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide(ASP)isolated from roots of Angelica sinensis(AS)was investigated in a complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA)-induced arthritic rat model.It was observed that serum iron(SI)and total iron binding capacity(TIBC)levels were elevated after 4-week oral administration of ASP.Red blood cell(RBC)count and hemoglobin(Hb)concentrations were ameliorated as well.Moreover,infammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-a were decreased strikingly in CFA-induced arthritic rats after treatment of ASP.Evidence also showed that ASP strongly inhibited hepcidin expression through the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription(JAK2/STAT3)pathway.Furthermore,ASP exhibited reduced primary and secondary lesions in adjuvant arthritis,attenuating synovitis and inflammatory joint damage.Data presented in this article collectively indicated that ASP significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines(TNF-a,IL-6),which might play a crucial role in the CFA-induced arthritic rats,and had a therapeutic effect on adjuvant arthritis in rats.Results of Western blot analysis indicated that ASP inhibited the activation of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the CFA-induced arthritic rats.

Preparation and Identification of Angelica sinensis Polysaccharide-iron Complex

Angelica sinensis polysaccharide（ASP） was extracted from Angelica sinensis by boiling water. An Angelica sinensis polysaccharide-iron complex（APC） was prepared under the alkaline condition by adding a ferric chloride solution to the ASP solution. Then some identifiable properties of the complex were studied. The content of iron（ Ⅲ ） in the complex was determined with iodometry. The thermal property, the microscopic structure, the spectral characteristics, and N, C, H contents of the complex were examined by a variety of techniques including DSC, TEM, IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The content of iron（ Ⅲ ） in the complex ranges from 10% to 40%. The DSC result shows that the melting point of the complex is about 450 ℃. The TEM result shows that the complex has an iron（ Ⅲ ） core（β-FeOOH core） linked by hydroxy and oxy bridges, with the polysaccharide chains attached to the surface of the core. The IR and NMR results also show that there is a β-FeOOH core in the complex. The elemental analysis shows that the contents of N, C, H in the complex are, respectively, lower than those of N, C, H in ASP. All our studies indicate that the APC consists of a β-FeOOH core surrounded by ASP.

Angelica sinensis polysaccharides ameliorate 5-flourouracil-induced bone marrow stromal cell proliferation inhibition via regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Chemotherapy may cause cellular oxidative stress to bone marrow.Oxidative damage of bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment is closely related to chronic myelosuppression after chemotherapeutic treatment.Angelica sinensis polysaccharides(ASP)are major effective ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine Angelica with multi-target anti-oxidative stress features.In the current study,we investigated the protective roles and mechanisms of ASP on chemotherapy-induced bone marrow stromal cell(BMSC)damage.The human bone marrow stromal cell line HS-5 cells were divided into control group,5-FU group,5-FU+ASP group,and 5-FU+LiCl group to investigate the mechanism of ASP to alleviate 5-FU-induced BMSC proliferation inhibition.The results showed that 5-FU inhibits the growth of HS-5 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner;however,ASP partially counteracted the 5-FU-induced decrease in cell viability,whereas Wnt signaling inhibitor Dkk1 antagonized the effect of ASP on HS-5 cells.ASP reversed the decrease in total cytoplasmicβ-catenin,p-GSK-3β,and CyclinD1 following 5-FU treatment and modulated nuclear expression ofβ-catenin,Lef-1,and C-myc proteins.Furthermore,ASP also enhanced the antioxidant capacity of cells and reduced 5-FU-induced oxidative stress,attenuated FoxO1 expression,thus weakened its downstream apoptosis-related proteins and G0/G1 checkpoint-associated p27^(Kip1) expression to alleviate 5-FU-induced apoptosis and to promote cell cycle progression.All the results above suggest that the protective role of ASP in 5-FU-treated BMSCs proliferation for the chemotherapy may be related to its activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and keeping homeostasis betweenβ-catenin and FoxO1 under oxidative stress.The study provides a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating chemotherapeutic damage on BMSCs.

Study on Extraction Technology for Polysaccharide from Blood-Supplementing Angelica Sinensis Decoction

Purpose:Optimize water-alcohol technology for extracting polysaccharide from blood-supplementing angelica sinensis decoction to improve the extraction rate.Method:Draw the standard curve of glucose reference substance and build the regression equation to calculate the polysaccharide content.Investigate the effect of water addition times,extraction duration,extraction times,ethanol concentration for ethanol precipitation and times of ethanol precipitation on the extraction rate of polysaccharide.Result Add 8 times the medicinal material quality of water,and perform 2 extractions for 120min each time;it shows that conducting 2 ethanol precipitations with 80%ethanol concentration results in the maximum polysaccharide content,indicating the best extraction condition.Conclusion:The experiment establishes an easy and convenient water-alcohol method for extracting polysaccharide from blood-supplementing angelica sinensis decoction,and lays a research foundation on pharmacodynamics of polysaccharide in blood-supplementing angelica sinensis decoction.

Mitochondrial membrane stabilization by Angelica sinensis polysaccharide in murine aplastic anemia

In order to investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial membrane stabilization by Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) in murine aplastic anemia (AA).ICR mice were randomly divided into control, AA and ASP-treated groups. The AA group mice were treated with 60Coγand intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide and chloramphenicol. The control animals were treated with lead shielding irradiation and saline injection. The treated AA mice were fed with ASP for 2 wk. Mitochondrial ultrastructure of the bone marrow was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the transmembrane potential of bone marrow-nucleated cells (BMNC)was examined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The Cox and MDH contents of the medium were also studied in the three groups.The mitochondrial number and transmembrane potential of BMNC in the bone marrow decreased in the AA group as compared to the control group, but improved in the ASP-treated group as compared to the AA group. Complete mitochondrial cleavage in the ASP-treated group was significantly delayed (P<0.05) as compared to the AA group. We conclude that ASP might improve mitochondrial membrane stabilization, and suppress the downregulation of transmembrane potential and apoptosis of BMNC in AA.

Effects of Angelica Polysaccharide on telomere length in mice with benzene-induced aplastic anemia

Objective:To investigate the changes in telomere length and the level of burst-forming units-erythrocyte(BFU-Es)and colony-forming unit-erythrocytes(CFU-Es)in mice with benzene-induced aplastic anemia(AA),and follow-up the therapeutic effects of Angelica Polysaccharide(AP).Methods:Male BALB/c mice(n=120)were randomly divided into three groups(1,2,3):normal control(n=24),AA control(n=48),and treated AA(n=48),respectively.Mice in Group 2 received benzene inhalation for 2.5 months and 1 ml distilled water p.o.per day for 2 weeks after the establishment of AA models.Similar procedure was applied to the mice in Group 3 and AP was given for 2 weeks after the establishment of AA models.Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to survey relative telomere length measurement of the bone marrow cells.A BFU-Es and CFU-Es survey was done to follow-up the therapeutic effects of AP.Results:Compared with normal control,significant reductions of RBC,WBC,and platelet counts were found in peripheral blood of AA mice.After treatment with AP,counts of BFU-Es and CFU-Es were restored up to 66.8%and 77.25%,respectively,and length of telomere was restored up to 76.34%,of the normal levels.The telomere length in treated AA group was higher than the control AA group.Conclusion:The AP can protect the telomere length and differentiation of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells,accelerate the recovery of BFU-Es and CFU-Es of AA mice,and then improve the bone marrow failure.

当归多糖对低氧环境中骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化潜能的影响

目的探讨当归多糖对低氧环境中骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)成骨分化潜能的影响。方法将BMSC随机分为空白组、低氧组、当归多糖组。使用OriCellTM成人BMSC成骨诱导分化完全培养基对3组细胞进行培养,其中当归多糖组的培养基含有50μg/mL的当归多糖。对空白组BMSC进行常规培养(21%氧浓度),将低氧组与当归多糖组BMSC置于6%氧浓度环境中进行培养。培养14 d后,观察3组的BMSC形态学变化和钙盐沉积情况,检测3组BMSC的成骨分化相关蛋白(骨桥蛋白和骨钙素)表达水平,以及成骨分化关键转录因子RUNT相关转录因子2(RUNX2)表达情况。结果与空白组相比,低氧组BMSC的骨钙素、骨桥蛋白、RUNX2的表达水平均降低(P<0.05),高密度钙结节及钙盐沉积减少。与低氧组相比,当归多糖组BMSC骨钙素、骨桥蛋白、RUNX2的表达升高(P<0.05),高密度钙结节及钙盐沉积增多。结论低氧环境可以抑制BMSC的成骨分化潜能,而当归多糖能够有效维持低氧环境中BMSC成骨分化潜能的稳定。

当归多糖对再生障碍性贫血小鼠骨髓Th17/Treg细胞平衡及相关炎性因子蛋白表达的影响

目的探究当归多糖(Angelica polysaccharide,APS)对再生障碍性贫血(aplastic anemia,AA)小鼠骨髓Th17/Treg细胞平衡及相关炎性因子蛋白表达的影响。方法50只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、环孢素A组、APS低、高剂量组,利用射线照射联合异源淋巴细胞输注的方法制备再生障碍性贫血小鼠模型。建模后灌胃给药28 d,观察小鼠一般情况、体重变化、脾指数,检测外周血基本血液学参数变化,HE染色评价小鼠骨髓组织病理变化;ELSIA法检测骨髓TGF-β1、IL-10、IL-17A、IL-6等蛋白表达水平;FCM检测骨髓Th17、Treg细胞比例及Th17/Treg细胞平衡变化。结果与正常组相比,模型组小鼠活动笨拙,精神萎靡,眼睑唇色耳廓颜色苍白,进食饮水量减少;体重及脾指数均明显下降;外周血红细胞、白细胞、血小板计数及血红蛋白浓度均明显降低;骨髓组织结构紊乱,造血组织增生度明显减低;IL-17A、IL-6蛋白表达明显上调,TGF-β1、IL-10蛋白表达明显下调;骨髓Th17细胞比例明显增高,Treg细胞比例明显降低,Th17/Treg细胞比值显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,APS低、高剂量组一般状况均改善,进食量及饮水量增加,体重、脾指数明显升高,外周血红细胞、白细胞、血小板计数及血红蛋白浓度明显升高(P<0.05),骨髓组织结构改善,造血组织增生度升高(P<0.05);IL-17A、IL-6蛋白表达明显下调,TGF-β1、IL-10蛋白表达明显上调(P<0.05或P<0.01);骨髓Th17细胞比例明显降低,Treg细胞比例明显升高,Th17/Treg细胞比值显著下降(P<0.01)。结论当归多糖能改善AA小鼠骨髓造血功能,其机制可能是通过调节Th17/Treg细胞平衡来实现。

当归多糖促进骨髓移植重建受体小鼠造血功能

目的探讨当归多糖(ASP)调控骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)促进供体骨髓移植(BMT)重建受体小鼠造血功能的机制。方法分离纯化8~10周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠骨髓单个核细胞(BMMNCs),移植给同龄同种雌性受体小鼠,第9天取受体鼠BMMNCs,再次移植给雌性受体小鼠。移植受体鼠分为对照组:假照射;辐射组:8.0 Gy X射线全身一次性照射;骨髓移植组:照射同辐射组,经尾静脉移植雄性供体BMMNCs(5×10^(6)个细胞);骨髓移植ASP组:同骨髓移植组,从移植的第1天起连续腹腔注射ASP[100 mg/(kg·d)×9]。模型构建期间记录小鼠体重与生存变化,模型构建结束后采集受体小鼠BMMNCs检测Y染色体性别决定区(SRY)基因,测定外周血血常规指标,计算股骨BMMNCs数,观察骨髓组织病理学;分离培养受体鼠BMSCs,观察细胞贴壁生长,5-乙炔基-2’-脱氧尿苷(EdU)法检测BMSCs增殖;分析细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;检测BMSCs培养上清液中粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、干细胞因子(SCF)和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)水平,检测BMMNCs与各组BMSCs共培养48 h,形成造血祖细胞混合集落(CFU-Mix)数量;Real-time PCR分析受体BMMNCs的Notch信号通路相关基因(Notch1、Jagged1、Hes1)表达。结果单纯辐射组小鼠全部死亡,骨髓移植ASP组受体鼠体重下降不明显;在受体雌鼠BMMNCs中检测到SRY基因;骨髓移植ASP组受体鼠外周血血常规和BMMNCs总数下降幅度不显著,骨髓组织病理学损伤减轻;ASP能促进BMSCs增殖,降低BMSCs中ROS、MDA含量,提高SOD活性;促进BMSCs分泌SCF、GM-CSF及IGF-1,提高BMMNCs与受体BMSCs共培养后的CFU-Mix产率;提高受体小鼠BMMNCs中Notch1、Jagged1、Hes1 mRNA表达。结论ASP促进受体小鼠造血功能重建机制与减轻造血微环境氧化应激损伤,提高BMSCs分泌造血生长因子,调控Notch信号通路有关。

当归多糖对结直肠癌细胞顺铂耐药性的影响及作用机制

目的 探讨当归多糖对结直肠癌细胞顺铂耐药性的影响及作用机制。方法 将人结直肠癌细胞HT-15、顺铂耐药细胞株HT-15/DDP仅使用30μmol/L浓度的顺铂干预设为对照组,使用对应质量浓度1.0、1.5、2.0 mg/mL的当归多糖干预12 h后再加入30μmol/L浓度顺铂设为当归多糖组。通过脂质体细胞转染技术分别将miR-10b-5p inhibitor、TGFBR2 mimics转染至HT-15/DDP细胞中,再加入2.0 mg/mL当归多糖干预48 h,然后将其分为当归多糖(2.0 mg/mL)+miR-10b-5p inhibitor组、当归多糖(2.0 mg/mL)+TGFBR2 mimics组。MTT法检测细胞增殖能力;Transwell小室试验检测细胞迁移能力;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡能力。RT-PCR检测miR-10b-5p、TGFBR2 mRNA表达水平;Western blot检测TGFBR2蛋白表达水平。结果 单独顺铂干预的对照组HT-15/DDP细胞增殖率、细胞迁移个数明显高于HT-15细胞(P<0.01);经不同质量浓度当归多糖预处理12 h后,可明显增强HT-15/DDP细胞对顺铂的敏感性,HT-15/DDP细胞增殖率、细胞迁移个数明显降低(P<0.01)。单独顺铂干预的对照组HT-15/DDP细胞凋亡率明显低于HT-15细胞(P<0.01);经不同质量浓度当归多糖预处理12 h后,明显增强了HT-15/DDP细胞对顺铂的敏感性,HT-15/DDP细胞凋亡率明显升高(P<0.01)。HT-15/DDP细胞miR-10b-5p、TGFBR2表达水平在各组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01);不同剂量当归多糖组中HT-15/DDP细胞miR-10b-5p表达水平明显低于对照组,TGFBR2表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01),随着当归多糖剂量的增加miR-10b-5p表达水平逐渐降低,TGFBR2表达水平逐渐升高(P<0.01)。使用生物信息学数据库(TargetScan、miRanda)预测miR-10b-5p的靶基因,结果显示,TGFBR2是miR-10b-5p的候选靶基因。miR-10b-5p表达下调后,HT-15/DDP细胞中TGFBR2相对表达量明显高于对照组HT-15/DDP细胞中TGFBR2相对表达量(P<0.01)。当归多糖(2.0 mg/mL)+miR-10b-5p inhibitor组、当归多糖(2.0 mg/mL)+TGFBR2 mimics组的HT-15/DDP细胞增殖率、细胞增殖迁移个数明显低于当归多糖组(2.0 mg/mL),HT-15/DDP细胞凋亡率明显高于当归多糖组(2.0 mg/mL)(P<0.05)。结论 当归多糖可通过下调miR-10b-5p表达、上调TGFBR2表达逆转结直肠癌细胞顺铂耐药性,进而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移,促进细胞凋亡。

当归多糖调节骨髓造血微环境治疗再生障碍性贫血的机制

背景:如何改善造血微环境是目前再生障碍性贫血治疗的热点问题。目的:结合GEO测序分析、网络药理学与实验验证当归多糖改善骨髓造血微环境治疗再生障碍性贫血的作用机制。方法:借助GEO数据库获得了再生障碍性贫血相关差异表达基因并进行GO和GSEA分析。结合文献与PubChem、SwissTargetPrediction、PharmMapper数据库获取当归多糖活性成分和靶点。取交集靶点后利用STRING和Cytoscape构建蛋白相互作用网络,并进行GO和KEGG富集分析。构建再生障碍性贫血小鼠模型,利用血细胞分析仪、流式细胞术、ELISA、免疫组化、免疫荧光染色、Western blot方法验证当归多糖对再生障碍性贫血的疗效与作用机制。结果与结论:(1)共筛选出834个差异表达基因,参与细胞发育、造血、髓系细胞分化等生物学过程;(2)检索得到当归多糖相关347个靶点并筛选出77个潜在治疗基因,其中VEGFA、EGLN1、BCL2、干扰素γ、白细胞介素2、白细胞介素4、白细胞介素6等血管生成、凋亡及免疫相关因子度值显著;(3)KEGG通路富集分析治疗靶点主要富集在Th17细胞分化、NK相关细胞毒性、细胞黏附因子等干扰素γ、白细胞介素2、白细胞介素4相关信号通路;(4)动物实验表明,当归多糖能够显著改善再生障碍性贫血小鼠骨髓造血,增加外周血细胞及骨髓单个核细胞计数,提高小鼠存活率;与模型组相比,当归多糖组小鼠Th1/Th2细胞比例显著下降(P<0.01),干扰素γ水平显著降低(P<0.01),白细胞介素4水平升高(P<0.05),VEGFA表达显著升高(P<0.01),EGLN1表达显著降低(P<0.01),骨髓单个核细胞凋亡率、活性氧水平显著降低(P<0.01),Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达显著增高(P<0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比值显著降低(P<0.01);(5)结果表明:当归多糖能够通过调节异常T细胞亚群,促进血管生成以改善造血微环境,并抑制骨髓单个核细胞凋亡,以改善再生障碍性贫血小鼠的造血功能。

Effects of Three Kinds of Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides on the Immune Effect of Newcastle Disease Vaccine

240 14-day-old healthy and non-immune Roman chicken were randomly divided into 8 groups, including blank control group （BC group）, immune control group （IC group）, and immunity groups of each Chinese medicine. On the day of the first immunity, 3 d before the second immunity, the day of the second immunity and 3 d after the second immunity, high-dose concentration and low-dose concen- tration of Astragalus polysaccharide （ASP）, Epimedium polysaccharide （EPP） and Isatis roots polysaccharide （IRPS） were used for the immunity groups of each Chi- nese medicine using the gavage, and 0.5 ml for each chick, and the equivalent normal saline was used for the blank control group and vaccine control group. On the 7^th, 14^th, 21^st and 28^th day after the first immunity, 10 chicken of each group were randomly got and weighed, and the antibody titer and the changes of the pro- liferation of T lymphocyte were measured. The results showed that 3 kinds of Chi- nese medicine polysaccharides all can increase the weight of chicken, improve HI antibody titer of Newcastle disease, and promote the proliferation of peripheral T lymphocyte, in which the effect of IRPS at low dosage is the best.

基于NF-κB信号通路探讨当归多糖对LPS介导的SD大鼠骨性关节炎作用研究

目的探究当归多糖(Angelica sinensis polysaccharides,ASP)对骨关节炎软骨细胞的软骨保护和治疗作用。方法通过体外脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导来构建关节炎软骨细胞,使用CCK-8法(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,CCK-8)筛选出实验组当归多糖的剂量,通过活死细胞染色、DNA和糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)含量检测、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)检测、酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)、免疫荧光染色、番红O固绿及免疫组化染色等来探究当归多糖对关节炎性软骨细胞的保护和治疗效果。结果CCK-8成功筛选出25μg/mL的当归多糖作为实验组。活死细胞染色中实验组细胞活力较模型组好,且实验组DNA含量和GAG分泌量均显著高于模型组(P<0.05)。PCR中实验组的炎症相关基因相对表达量较模型组显著下调(P<0.05),而软骨相关基因相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05)。Elisa显示实验组肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的分泌水平低于模型组(P<0.05),体内免疫组化染色进一步验证了当归多糖实验组的P65(NF-κB P65)、iNOS及MMP13免疫组化中实验组的阳性表达显著低于模型组。结论当归多糖通过抑制NF-κB信号通路的表达对LPS诱导的骨性关节炎具有一定的治疗作用。

当归多糖ASP3的甲基化分析

通过部分酸水解和甲基化分析,结合GC-MS测试手段,对当归多糖ASP3的糖链结构进行了研究.采用0.2mol/L三氟乙酸(Trifluoroacetic acid,TFA)对ASP3进行了部分酸水解,对水解前后的多糖组分进行甲基化分析.结果显示:ASP3的糖残基主要由D-GalpA,D-Galp,L-Araf和L-Rhap组成,主链由1,4-D-GalpA连接,形成"光滑区"半乳糖醛酸聚糖,由1,4-D-GalpA通过O-4位与1,2-;1,2,4-L-Rhap的O-2位交替连接形成含有较多分支的"毛发区"鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖.58.8%的Rhap残基发生O-4位取代(1,2,4-L-Rhap).由T-,1,5-,1,3,5-Araf和T-,1,3-,1,3,6-,1,4-,1,4,6-D-Galp聚合形成的阿拉伯半乳聚糖、半乳聚糖以及阿拉伯聚糖是ASP3侧链的主要组成,通过Rhap残基的O-4位与主链相连.

当归多糖ASP3及其水解产物的NMR光谱分析

对当归多糖ASP3的糖链结构进行分析.分别采用0.2mol/L三氟乙酸(Trifluoroacetic acid,TFA)和内切-α-(1→4)-聚半乳糖醛酸酶(EndoPG)对ASP3进行部分酸水解和酶水解,并对水解前后多糖组分的1D和2D NMR光谱特征进行分析.实验结果表明,ASP3是一种果胶多糖.GalpA和Rhap位于多糖分子的主链,由1→4-D-GalpA相连形成的"光滑区"(半乳糖醛酸聚糖)是其主要组成部分;由α-(1→4)-GalpA通过O4位与α-(1→2)-和α-(1→2,4)-Rhap的O2位交替连接所形成的重复单元[→4)-α-GalpA-(1→2)-α-Rhap-(1→]构成具有较高分支的"毛发区"(富含中性糖侧链的鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖).Galp和Araf是中性糖侧链的主要组成,通过Rhap残基的O4位与主链相连.非还原性末端T-β-Galp,β-(1→3)-,β-(1→3,6)-,β-(1→4)-,β-(1→4,6)-Galp聚合形成以β-(1→3,6)-Galp为分支点的β-(1→6)-半乳聚糖和以β-(1→4,6)-Galp为分支点的β-(1→4)-半乳聚糖.T-α-Araf,α-(1→5)-Araf和α-(1→3,5)-Araf聚合形成以α-(1→3,5)-Araf为分支点的α-(1→5)-阿拉伯聚糖.此外,由α-(1→5)-阿拉伯聚糖通过α-(1→3)连接与β-(1→6)-半乳聚糖末端聚合形成阿拉伯半乳聚糖.

当归多糖对崇明白山羊冷冻精液质量与DNA甲基化的影响

为了解决崇明白山羊精液冷冻后总体质量偏低的问题,试验采集8只24~26月龄体型匀称的崇明白山羊精液,检测合格后混匀以消除个体差异,分别用未添加当归多糖(ASP)和添加150,300,600,1200μg/mL ASP的基础稀释液稀释后进行冷冻,解冻后评估精液的质量参数(活率、活力、质膜完整率、顶体完整率、线粒体活性)、相关抗氧化指标[丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPH-Px)、一氧化氮(NO)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]及DNA甲基化5-MC水平,最终确定ASP的最适宜添加浓度,并分析了精液DNA甲基化5-MC水平与精液质量参数的相关性。结果表明:与未添加ASP相比,添加600μg/mL ASP的精子活率、活力、质膜完整率和线粒体活性都显著升高(P<0.05);添加300μg/mL ASP的精子顶体完整率显著升高(P<0.05);添加600μg/mL ASP的精子SOD、CAT活性及T-AOC水平都显著升高(P<0.05);添加600μg/mL ASP的精子ROS、MDA含量都显著降低(P<0.05);添加300,600μg/mL ASP的精子DNA甲基化5-MC水平显著降低(P<0.05)。精液DNA甲基化5-MC水平与精子活力、活率、质膜完整率、顶体完整率、线粒体活性均呈现极显著负相关(P<0.01),R分别为-0.983,-0.892,-0.992,-0.732,-0.825。说明在本试验条件下,基础稀释液中添加600μg/mL ASP最利于崇明白山羊精液的冷冻保存。

当归多糖对M2型巨噬细胞分化和功能的影响

目的探讨当归多糖(angelica polysaccharide,APS)对M2型巨噬细胞分化、功能的影响及其分子机制。方法诱导小鼠骨髓来源的巨噬细胞(bone marrow derived macrophage,BMDM)和M2型巨噬细胞,加入APS处理(0、80、160、320μg/mL);分离小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,加入APS处理(0、160μg/mL)。流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)检测M2型巨噬细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞甘露糖受体(mannose receptor,MR)、CD11b、F4/80、CD163、ARG-1表达水平、凋亡情况以及吞噬能力。根据随机数字法将小鼠分为2组,即APS灌胃组(n=5)和对照组(n=5),FCM检测外周血和脾脏中巨噬细胞MR表达水平。荧光显微镜观察BMDM分化的M2型巨噬细胞形态;RT-qPCR检测M2型巨噬细胞MR、ARG-1的mRNA表达水平;免疫荧光检测M2型巨噬细胞分化和功能的分子机制。结果与0μg/mL APS组相比,在一定浓度(80~320μg/mL APS)范围内,随着APS浓度的升高,M2型巨噬细胞的MR表达水平降低(P<0.01);160μg/mL APS组腹腔巨噬细胞MR表达水平也降低(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,APS灌胃组小鼠外周血和脾脏中巨噬细胞MR的表达水平也明显下降(P<0.05)。与0μg/mL APS组相比,80~320μg/mL APS组巨噬细胞CD11b、F4/80、CD163表达水平升高(P<0.01);巨噬细胞形态发生变化,由大多呈梭形且有伪足变为大多为类圆形或不规则且少数细胞有伪足;APS可诱导M2型巨噬细胞凋亡(P<0.05)。与0μg/mL APS组相比,160μg/mL APS组M2型巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球的能力升高(P<0.01),但ARG-1的表达水平降低(P<0.01);M2型巨噬细胞MR和ARG-1的mRNA表达降低(P<0.05);160μg/mL APS组M2型巨噬细胞的磷酸化的信号转导子和转录激活子6(phosphate acidified-signal transducers and activators of transcription 6,p-STAT6)阳性信号的平均荧光强度明显减低(P<0.05)。结论APS对M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能均具有双向调控作用,这可能与APS可下调信号转导子和转录激活子6(signal transducers and activators of transcription 6,STAT6)信号通路相关。

当归多糖调控肠道菌群对脑缺血再灌注小鼠的影响

目的 探讨当归多糖(Angelica Sinensis Polysaccharide,ASP)改善小鼠肠道微生态对脑缺血再灌注(Ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/R injury)的影响。方法 将雄性SPF级昆明小鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组),大脑中动脉栓塞组(MCAO组),当归多糖灌胃组(ASP组),粪菌移植组(Fecal microbiota transplantation,ASP-FMT),每组16只。连续给药7 d后建立MCAO模型,24 h后使用mNSS法检测小鼠神经功能缺陷评分;TTC染色法检测脑梗死相对面积;试剂盒法测定右侧大脑缺血半暗带组织SOD、MDA、GSH含量;Western blot测定炎症因子IL-1β、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10表达量;盲肠内容物16s rRNA测序分析肠道微生物多样性。结果 与MCAO组相比,ASP干预后小鼠神经功能明显改善(P<0.001),脑梗死相对面积明显减少(P<0.01),氧化应激水平下降(P<0.05);与MCAO组相比,ASP降低了脑组织IL-1β、IL-5及IL-6表达、上调IL-10表达量(P<0.05);MACO后小鼠肠道菌群丰富度明显减少,益生菌比例下调,当归多糖灌胃或菌群移植均可部分恢复菌群丰富度,上调益生菌比例;肠道菌群的变化与脑组织损伤程度具有相关性。结论 当归多糖通过改善肠道微生态,降低氧化应激水平,下调炎症因子水平,减轻脑缺血再灌注后神经功能损伤,减少梗死范围。

正交设计与Box-Behnken响应面法优化当归多糖抗疲劳饮料制备工艺

目的比较不同原料配方对当归多糖抗疲劳饮料感官指标的影响、不同复合稳定剂配方对当归多糖抗疲劳饮料稳定性的影响,分别利用正交设计与Box-Behnken响应面法优化当归多糖抗疲劳饮料的原料配方及稳定剂配方。方法以当归多糖为原料,研制当归多糖抗疲劳饮料。利用单因素实验和正交试验,考察当归多糖、甜菊糖苷、柠檬酸添加量的原料配比对当归多糖抗疲劳饮料感官指标的影响;采用Box-Behnken响应面优化果胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量的复合稳定剂对当归多糖抗疲劳饮料稳定性的影响。最终确定该饮料的优选配方参数。结果在当归多糖添加量10.0%,甜菊糖苷添加量0.035%,柠檬酸添加量0.20%时获得了感官评分为(66.333±3.055)分的饮料原料;在此基础上果胶添加量0.015%,海藻酸钠添加量0.080%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.20%时获得了沉淀率预测值为2.272%,实际值为(2.339±0.111)%的当归多糖抗疲劳饮料。结论回归模型的预测值与实测值接近,采用单因素实验、正交试验和响应面法共同优化的当归多糖抗疲劳饮料工艺合理可行,并成功制备出了棕色、澄清、酸甜适宜的当归多糖抗疲劳饮料。