地表反照率(Albedo)是地表能量收支平衡的重要地表参数。作为新近发射的地球同步轨道卫星,高分四号(GF-4)卫星拥有优于同类卫星的高时间高空间分辨率,然而由于其观测角度单一,基于双向反射分布函数(bidirectional reflectance distribut...地表反照率(Albedo)是地表能量收支平衡的重要地表参数。作为新近发射的地球同步轨道卫星,高分四号(GF-4)卫星拥有优于同类卫星的高时间高空间分辨率,然而由于其观测角度单一,基于双向反射分布函数(bidirectional reflectance distribution function,BRDF)的传统反演方法难以实现地表反照率的精确快速反演,因此采用基于单一观测角度的角度格网法(angular bin,AB1)。首先,利用先验的多角度地球反射极化和方向测量仪(POLarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances,POLDER)卫星观测数据,建立反照率与某一方向反射率之间的经验关系;然后,利用POLDER卫星和GF-4卫星的光谱响应函数与光谱库数据,将该经验关系转换为基于GF-4卫星的反照率与反射率经验关系(即查找表);通过输入单一角度的GF-4卫星反射率数据,得到GF-4卫星反照率结果;最后,利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)与Landsat 8地表反照率结果对反演结果进行交叉验证。结果表明,MODIS反照率与GF-4反照率的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.027 3,Landsat 8反照率与GF-4反照率的RMSE为0.017 6,说明基于AB1算法的反照率反演结果精度可靠,这对于GF-4卫星的反照率产品生产具有一定的应用意义。展开更多
In order to trace azimuthal angle dependence of the initial interaction in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collision, two azimuthal multiplicity-correlation patterns neighboring and fixed-to-arbitrary angularbin correlat...In order to trace azimuthal angle dependence of the initial interaction in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collision, two azimuthal multiplicity-correlation patterns neighboring and fixed-to-arbitrary angularbin correlation patterns -- are suggested. From the simulation of Au ＋ Au collisions at √SNN = 200 GeV by using the Monte Carlo models RQMD with hadron re-scattering and AMPT with and without string melting, we observe that the correlation patterns change gradually from out-of-plane preferential one to inplane preferential one when the centrality of collision shifts from the central collision to peripheral collision, meanwhile the anisotropic collective flow v2 keeps positive in all cases. This regularity is found to be collision energy independent. The physics behind the two opposite trends of correlation patterns, in particular, the presence of out-of-plane correlation patterns at RHIC energy, are discussed.展开更多
文摘地表反照率(Albedo)是地表能量收支平衡的重要地表参数。作为新近发射的地球同步轨道卫星,高分四号(GF-4)卫星拥有优于同类卫星的高时间高空间分辨率,然而由于其观测角度单一,基于双向反射分布函数(bidirectional reflectance distribution function,BRDF)的传统反演方法难以实现地表反照率的精确快速反演,因此采用基于单一观测角度的角度格网法(angular bin,AB1)。首先,利用先验的多角度地球反射极化和方向测量仪(POLarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances,POLDER)卫星观测数据,建立反照率与某一方向反射率之间的经验关系;然后,利用POLDER卫星和GF-4卫星的光谱响应函数与光谱库数据,将该经验关系转换为基于GF-4卫星的反照率与反射率经验关系(即查找表);通过输入单一角度的GF-4卫星反射率数据,得到GF-4卫星反照率结果;最后,利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)与Landsat 8地表反照率结果对反演结果进行交叉验证。结果表明,MODIS反照率与GF-4反照率的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.027 3,Landsat 8反照率与GF-4反照率的RMSE为0.017 6,说明基于AB1算法的反照率反演结果精度可靠,这对于GF-4卫星的反照率产品生产具有一定的应用意义。
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (90503001, 10610285, 10775056)
文摘In order to trace azimuthal angle dependence of the initial interaction in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collision, two azimuthal multiplicity-correlation patterns neighboring and fixed-to-arbitrary angularbin correlation patterns -- are suggested. From the simulation of Au ＋ Au collisions at √SNN = 200 GeV by using the Monte Carlo models RQMD with hadron re-scattering and AMPT with and without string melting, we observe that the correlation patterns change gradually from out-of-plane preferential one to inplane preferential one when the centrality of collision shifts from the central collision to peripheral collision, meanwhile the anisotropic collective flow v2 keeps positive in all cases. This regularity is found to be collision energy independent. The physics behind the two opposite trends of correlation patterns, in particular, the presence of out-of-plane correlation patterns at RHIC energy, are discussed.
