Effects of mesenchymal stem cell on dopaminergic neurons,motor and memory functions in animal models of Parkinson's disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Parkinson’s disease is chara cterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars com pacta,and although restoring striatal dopamine levels may improve symptoms,no treatment can cure or reve rse the disease itself.Stem cell therapy has a regenerative effect and is being actively studied as a candidate for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Mesenchymal stem cells are considered a promising option due to fewer ethical concerns,a lower risk of immune rejection,and a lower risk of teratogenicity.We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives on motor function,memory,and preservation of dopamine rgic neurons in a Parkinson’s disease animal model.We searched bibliographic databases(PubMed/MEDLINE,Embase,CENTRAL,Scopus,and Web of Science)to identify articles and included only pee r-reviewed in vivo interve ntional animal studies published in any language through J une 28,2023.The study utilized the random-effect model to estimate the 95%confidence intervals(CI)of the standard mean differences(SMD)between the treatment and control groups.We use the systematic review center for laboratory animal expe rimentation’s risk of bias tool and the collaborative approach to meta-analysis and review of animal studies checklist for study quality assessment.A total of 33studies with data from 840 Parkinson’s disease model animals were included in the meta-analysis.Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells significantly improved motor function as assessed by the amphetamine-induced rotational test.Among the stem cell types,the bone marrow MSCs with neurotrophic factor group showed la rgest effect size(SMD[95%CI]=-6.21[-9.50 to-2.93],P=0.0001,I^(2)=0.0%).The stem cell treatment group had significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopamine rgic neurons in the striatum([95%CI]=1.04[0.59 to 1.49],P=0.0001,I^(2)=65.1%)and substantia nigra(SMD[95%CI]=1.38[0.89 to 1.87],P=0.0001,I^(2)=75.3%),indicating a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons.Subgroup analysis of the amphetamine-induced rotation test showed a significant reduction only in the intracranial-striatum route(SMD[95%CI]=-2.59[-3.25 to-1.94],P=0.0001,I^(2)=74.4%).The memory test showed significant improvement only in the intravenous route(SMD[95%CI]=4.80[1.84 to 7.76],P=0.027,I^(2)=79.6%).Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to positively impact motor function and memory function and protect dopaminergic neurons in preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease.Further research is required to determine the optimal stem cell types,modifications,transplanted cell numbe rs,and delivery methods for these protocols.

Neurophysiological, histological, and behavioral characterization of animal models of distraction spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Distraction spinal cord injury is caused by some degree of distraction or longitudinal tension on the spinal cord and commonly occurs in patients who undergo corrective operation for severe spinal deformity.With the increased degree and duration of distraction,spinal cord injuries become more serious in terms of their neurophysiology,histology,and behavior.Very few studies have been published on the specific characteristics of distraction spinal cord injury.In this study,we systematically review 22 related studies involving animal models of distraction spinal cord injury,focusing particularly on the neurophysiological,histological,and behavioral characteristics of this disease.In addition,we summarize the mechanisms underlying primary and secondary injuries caused by distraction spinal cord injury and clarify the effects of different degrees and durations of distraction on the primary injuries associated with spinal cord injury.We provide new concepts for the establishment of a model of distraction spinal cord injury and related basic research,and provide reference guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Role of CD36 in central nervous system diseases

CD36 is a highly glycosylated integral membrane protein that belongs to the scavenger receptor class B family and regulates the pathological progress of metabolic diseases.CD36 was recently found to be widely expressed in various cell types in the nervous system,including endothelial cells,pericytes,astrocytes,and microglia.CD36 mediates a number of regulatory processes,such as endothelial dysfunction,oxidative stress,mitochondrial dysfunction,and inflammatory responses,which are involved in many central nervous system diseases,such as stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and spinal cord injury.CD36 antagonists can suppress CD36 expression or prevent CD36 binding to its ligand,thereby achieving inhibition of CD36-mediated pathways or functions.Here,we reviewed the mechanisms of action of CD36 antagonists,such as Salvianolic acid B,tanshinone IIA,curcumin,sulfosuccinimidyl oleate,antioxidants,and small-molecule compounds.Moreover,we predicted the structures of binding sites between CD36 and antagonists.These sites can provide targets for more efficient and safer CD36 antagonists for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Optimization of tracheoesophageal fistula model established with Tshaped magnet system based on magnetic compression technique

BACKGROUND The magnetic compression technique has been used to establish an animal model of tracheoesophageal fistula(TEF),but the commonly shaped magnets present limitations of poor homogeneity of TEF and poor model control.We designed a Tshaped magnet system to overcome these problems and verified its effectiveness via animal experiments.AIM To investigate the effectiveness of a T-shaped magnet system for establishing a TEF model in beagle dogs.METHODS Twelve beagles were randomly assigned to groups in which magnets of the Tshaped scheme(study group,n=6)or normal magnets(control group,n=6)were implanted into the trachea and esophagus separately under gastroscopy.Operation time,operation success rate,and accidental injury were recorded.After operation,the presence and timing of cough and the time of magnet shedding were observed.Dogs in the control group were euthanized after X-ray and gastroscopy to confirm establishment of TEFs after coughing,and gross specimens of TEFs were obtained.Dogs in the study group were euthanized after X-ray and gastroscopy 2 wk after surgery,and gross specimens were obtained.Fistula size was measured in all animals,and then harvested fistula specimens were examined by hematoxylin and eosin(HE)and Masson trichrome staining.RESULTS The operation success rate was 100%for both groups.Operation time did not differ between the study group(5.25 min±1.29 min)and the control group(4.75 min±1.70 min;P=0.331).No bleeding,perforation,or unplanned magnet attraction occurred in any animal during the operation.In the early postoperative period,all dogs ate freely and were generally in good condition.Dogs in the control group had severe cough after drinking water at 6-9 d after surgery.X-ray indicated that the magnets had entered the stomach,and gastroscopy showed TEF formation.Gross specimens of TEFs from the control group showed the formation of fistulas with a diameter of 4.94 mm±1.29 mm(range,3.52-6.56 mm).HE and Masson trichrome staining showed scar tissue formation and hierarchical structural disorder at the fistulas.Dogs in the study group did not exhibit obvious coughing after surgery.X-ray examination 2 wk after surgery indicated fixed magnet positioning,and gastroscopy showed no change in magnet positioning.The magnets were removed using a snare under endoscopy,and TEF was observed.Gross specimens showed well-formed fistulas with a diameter of 6.11 mm±0.16 mm(range,5.92-6.36 mm),which exceeded that in the control group(P<0.001).Scar formation was observed on the internal surface of fistulas by HE and Masson trichrome staining,and the structure was more regular than that in the control group.CONCLUSION Use of the modified T-shaped magnet scheme is safe and feasible for establishing TEF and can achieve a more stable and uniform fistula size compared with ordinary magnets.Most importantly,this model offers better controllability,which improves the flexibility of follow-up studies.

Face animation based on multiple sources and perspective alignment

Background Face image animation generates a synthetic human face video that harmoniously integrates the identity derived from the source image and facial motion obtained from the driving video.This technology could be beneficial in multiple medical fields,such as diagnosis and privacy protection.Previous studies on face animation often relied on a single source image to generate an output video.With a significant pose difference between the source image and the driving frame,the quality of the generated video is likely to be suboptimal because the source image may not provide sufficient features for the warped feature map.Methods In this study,we propose a novel face-animation scheme based on multiple sources and perspective alignment to address these issues.We first introduce a multiple-source sampling and selection module to screen the optimal source image set from the provided driving video.We then propose an inter-frame interpolation and alignment module to further eliminate the misalignment between the selected source image and the driving frame.Conclusions The proposed method exhibits superior performance in terms of objective metrics and visual quality in large-angle animation scenes compared to other state-of-the-art face animation methods.It indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method in addressing the distortion issues in large-angle animation.

Audio2AB:Audio-driven collaborative generation of virtual character animation

Background Considerable research has been conducted in the areas of audio-driven virtual character gestures and facial animation with some degree of success.However,few methods exist for generating full-body animations,and the portability of virtual character gestures and facial animations has not received sufficient attention.Methods Therefore,we propose a deep-learning-based audio-to-animation-and-blendshape(Audio2AB)network that generates gesture animations and ARK it's 52 facial expression parameter blendshape weights based on audio,audio-corresponding text,emotion labels,and semantic relevance labels to generate parametric data for full-body animations.This parameterization method can be used to drive full-body animations of virtual characters and improve their portability.In the experiment,we first downsampled the gesture and facial data to achieve the same temporal resolution for the input,output,and facial data.The Audio2AB network then encoded the audio,audio-corresponding text,emotion labels,and semantic relevance labels,and then fused the text,emotion labels,and semantic relevance labels into the audio to obtain better audio features.Finally,we established links between the body,gestures,and facial decoders and generated the corresponding animation sequences through our proposed GAN-GF loss function.Results By using audio,audio-corresponding text,and emotional and semantic relevance labels as input,the trained Audio2AB network could generate gesture animation data containing blendshape weights.Therefore,different 3D virtual character animations could be created through parameterization.Conclusions The experimental results showed that the proposed method could generate significant gestures and facial animations.

Development and Evaluation of 3D Delivery Animation Software Designed to Improve the Mother’s and Spouse’s Satisfaction with Delivery

Purpose: To clarify the effectiveness of 3-D delivery animation software for the mother’s and husband’s satisfaction with delivery. Subjects and Method: We independently developed a software application used to display the pelvic region and explain the labor process. The study involved a collaboration with hospital staff who recruited 18 primiparous and 18 multiparous mothers who were hospitalized for delivery at Facility A. The midwife explained the process of delivery using the “Delivery Animation Software”. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was distributed and analyzed separately for primiparous and multiparous mothers and their husbands. Results: 1) For both primiparous and multiparous couples, both mothers and their husbands gained a significantly higher level of understanding after delivery than during pregnancy. 2) The Self-Evaluation Scale for Experience of Delivery results were as follows: “I did my best for the baby even if it was painful” was selected more often for “birth coping skills”;“reliable medical staff” was selected more often for “physiological birth process”;“the birth progressed as I expected” was selected frequently by primiparous mothers;and “the birth progressed smoothly” was selected often by multiparous mothers. 3) In terms of husbands’ satisfaction with the delivery, “I was satisfied with the delivery”, “I was given an easy-to-understand explanation”, and “They explained the process to me” was selected of primiparous and multiparous fathers. 4) All primiparous and multiparous mothers positively evaluated whether the delivery animation was helpful in understanding the process of delivery. Conclusion: The delivery animation was effective in improving the understanding and satisfaction of both the mothers and their husbands.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy in traumatic central nervous system diseases:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Although there are challenges in treating traumatic central nervous system diseases,mesenchymal stem cell-de rived extracellular vesicles(MSC-EVs) have recently proven to be a promising non-cellular the rapy.We comprehensively evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-de rived extracellular vesicles in traumatic central nervous system diseases in this meta-analysis based on preclinical studies.Our meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO(CRD42022327904,May 24,2022).To fully retrieve the most relevant articles,the following databases were thoro ughly searched:PubMed,Web of Science,The Cochrane Library,and Ovid-Embase(up to April 1,2022).The included studies were preclinical studies of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for traumatic central nervous system diseases.The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation(SYRCLE)’s risk of bias tool was used to examine the risk of publication bias in animal studies.After screening 2347studies,60 studies were included in this study.A meta-analysis was conducted for spinal co rd injury(n=52) and traumatic brain injury(n=8).The results indicated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment prominently promoted motor function recovery in spinal co rd injury animals,including rat Basso,Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores(standardized mean difference [SMD]:2.36,95% confidence interval [CI]:1.96-2.76,P <0.01,I2=71%) and mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores(SMD=2.31,95% CI:1.57-3.04,P=0.01,I2=60%) compared with controls.Further,mesenchymal stem cell-de rived extracellular vesicles treatment significantly promoted neurological recovery in traumatic brain injury animals,including the modified N eurological Severity Score(SMD=-4.48,95% CI:-6.12 to-2.84,P <0.01,I2=79%) and Foot Fault Test(SMD=-3.26,95% CI:-4.09 to-2.42,P=0.28,I2=21%) compared with controls.Subgroup analyses showed that characteristics may be related to the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell-de rived extra cellular vesicles.For Basso,Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores,the efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles was higher than that of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(allogeneic:SMD=2.54,95% CI:2.05-3.02,P=0.0116,I2=65.5%;xenogeneic:SMD:1.78,95%CI:1.1-2.45,P=0.0116,I2=74.6%).Mesenchymal stem cellde rived extracellular vesicles separated by ultrafiltration centrifugation combined with density gradient ultra centrifugation(SMD=3.58,95% CI:2.62-4.53,P <0.0001,I2=31%) may be more effective than other EV isolation methods.For mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores,placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell-de rived extracellular vesicles worked better than bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(placenta:SMD=5.25,95% CI:2.45-8.06,P=0.0421,I2=0%;bone marrow:SMD=1.82,95% CI:1.23-2.41,P=0.0421,I2=0%).For modified Neurological Severity Score,bone marrow-derived MSC-EVs worked better than adipose-derived MSC-EVs(bone marrow:SMD=-4.86,95% CI:-6.66 to-3.06,P=0.0306,I2=81%;adipose:SMD=-2.37,95% CI:-3.73 to-1.01,P=0.0306,I2=0%).Intravenous administration(SMD=-5.47,95% CI:-6.98 to-3.97,P=0.0002,I2=53.3%) and dose of administration equal to 100 μg(SMD=-5.47,95% CI:-6.98 to-3.97,P <0.0001,I2=53.3%)showed better res ults than other administration routes and doses.The heterogeneity of studies was small,and sensitivity analysis also indicated stable results.Last,the methodological quality of all trials was mostly satisfactory.In conclusion,in the treatment of traumatic central nervous system diseases,mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles may play a crucial role in promoting motor function recovery.

The potential of gene therapies for spinal cord injury repair:a systematic review and meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies

Currently,there is no cure for traumatic spinal co rd injury but one therapeutic approach showing promise is gene therapy.In this systematic review and meta-analysis,we aim to assess the efficacy of gene therapies in pre-clinical models of spinal cord injury and the risk of bias.In this metaanalysis,registe red at PROSPERO(Registration ID:CRD42020185008),we identified relevant controlled in vivo studies published in English by searching the PubMed,Web of Science,and Embase databases.No restrictions of the year of publication were applied and the last literature search was conducted on August 3,2020.We then conducted a random-effects meta-analysis using the restricted maximum likelihood estimator.A total of 71 studies met our inclusion crite ria and were included in the systematic review.Our results showed that overall,gene therapies were associated with improvements in locomotor score(standardized mean difference[SMD]:2.07,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.68-2.47,Tau^(2)=2.13,I^(2)=83.6%)and axonal regrowth(SMD:2.78,95%CI:1.92-3.65,Tau^(2)=4.13,I^(2)=85.5%).There was significant asymmetry in the funnel plots of both outcome measures indicating the presence of publication bias.We used a modified CAMARADES(Collaborative Approach to M eta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data in Experimental Studies)checklist to assess the risk of bias,finding that the median score was 4(IQR:3-5).In particula r,reports of allocation concealment and sample size calculations were lacking.In conclusion,gene therapies are showing promise as therapies for spinal co rd injury repair,but there is no consensus on which gene or genes should be targeted.

Acute liver failure:A systematic review and network meta-analysis of optimal type of stem cells in animal models

BACKGROUND The therapeutic effects of various stem cells in acute liver failure(ALF)have been demonstrated in preclinical studies.However,the specific type of stem cells with the highest therapeutic potential has not been determined.AIM To validate the efficacy of stem cells in ALF model and to identify the most promising stem cells.METHODS A search was conducted on the PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,Scopus,and Cochrane databases from inception to May 3,2022,and updated on November 16,2022 to identify relevant studies.Two independent reviewers performed the literature search,identification,screening,quality assessment,and data extraction.RESULTS A total of 89 animal studies were included in the analysis.The results of traditional meta-analysis showed that stem cell therapy could significantly reduce the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase[weighted mean difference(WMD)=-181.05(-191.71,-170.39)],aspartate aminotransferase[WMD=-309.04(-328.45,-289.63)],tumor necrosis factor-alpha[WMD=-8.75(-9.93,-7.56)],and interleukin-6[WMD=-10.43(-12.11,-8.76)]in animal models of ALF.Further subgroup analysis and network meta-analysis showed that although mesenchymal stem cells are the current research hotspot,the effect of liver stem cells(LSCs)on improving liver function is significantly better than that of the other five types of stem cells.In addition,the ranking results showed that the possibility of LSCs improving liver function ranked first.This fully proves the great therapeutic potential of LSCs,which needs to be paid more attention in the future.CONCLUSION LSCs may have a higher therapeutic potential.Further high-quality animal experiments are needed to explore the most effective stem cells for ALF.

Construction of Computer Aided Animation Appreciation System

By using computer multimedia and database technology to build the animation appreciation auxiliary system (AACAS), we classify the classical animation works according to types, categorize the appreciation main points and define the attribute, and input the corresponding information into the relevant database in real time so as to realize the logical connection of massive animation resources, and make appreciation information be able to realize free storage, rapid retrieval and easy for calling. In addition, the horizontal comparison of multiple works and the vertical comparison of the same work can be realized. This will significantly change the past inefficient situation of animation appreciation under a single thread, greatly improve the timeliness of the appreciation.

Evolution of art form of video animation design under the background of computer graphics system development

According to the development of discipline and teaching situation of computer graphics, computer graphics analysis in thecurriculum system, the reform of teaching contents and teaching methods, improve students＇ computer graphics theory teaching and practiceteaching effects by using limited time, adapt to the social demand for graphics software R ＆ D personnel. Motion design and production are ofgreat importance to film and television animation. This article mainly elaborates the present situation, the characteristic and the master method ofthe movie animation movement design and manufacture. Including the animation, motion animation design and production of organized, plannedproduction features that emphasize the characteristics of movement, exaggeration, force and rhythm, this paper presents the common problemsand solutions in the animation language, and the main differences between the animation design and performance in different forms of animation.Through the animation design and expression of the past and present situation analysis, looking forward to the future animation art movementdesign development. Aesthetic lens performance is the artistic pursuit of many film and television creators. Animation, as a highly hypotheticalart form, which is one of the distinctive artistic features of film and television animation, which is based on the limitation of the camera and is fullof expressive lenses.

Animal models of vascularized nerve grafts:a systematic review

The aim of this review is to present and compare the various animal models of vascularized nerve grafts described in the literature as well as to summarize preclinical evidence for superior functional results compared to non-vascularized free nerve grafts. We also will present the state of the art on prefabricated vascularized nerve grafts. A systematic literature review on vascularized nerve graft models was conducted via the retrieval with the Pub Med database on March 30, 2019. Data on the animal, nerve, and vascularization model, the recipient bed, the evaluation time points and methods, and the results of the study results were extracted and analyzed from selected articles. The rat sciatic nerve was the most popular model for vascularized nerve grafts, followed by the rabbit;however, rabbit models allow for longer nerve grafts, which are suitable for translational evaluation, and produced more cautious results on the superiority of vascularized nerve grafts. Compared to free nerve grafts, vascularized nerve grafts have better early but similar long-term results, especially in an avascular bed. There are few studies on avascular receiving beds and prefabricated nerve grafts. The clinical translation potential of available animal models is limited, and current experimental knowledge cannot fully support that the differences between vascularized nerve grafts and free nerve grafts yield a clinical advantage that justifies the complexity of the procedure.

Towards system genetics analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using the mouse model,cellular platform,and clinical human data

Head and neck squamous cell cancer(HNSCC)is a leading global malignancy.Every year,More than 830000 people are diagnosed with HNSCC globally,with more than 430000 fatalities.HNSCC is a deadly diverse malignancy with many tumor locations and biological characteristics.It originates from the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity,oropharynx,nasopharynx,larynx,and hypopharynx.The most frequently impacted regions are the tongue and larynx.Previous investigations have demonstrated the critical role of host genetic susceptibility in the progression of HNSCC.Despite the advances in our knowledge,the improved survival rate of HNSCC patients over the last 40 years has been limited.Failure to identify the molecular origins of development of HNSCC and the genetic basis of the disease and its biological heterogeneity impedes the development of new therapeutic methods.These results indicate a need to identify more genetic factors underlying this complex disease,which can be better used in early detection and prevention strategies.The lack of reliable animal models to investigate the underlying molecular processes is one of the most significant barriers to understanding HNSCC tumors.In this report,we explore and discuss potential research prospects utilizing the Collaborative Cross mouse model and crossing it to mice carrying single or double knockout genes(e.g.Smad 4 and P53 genes)to identify genetic factors affecting the development of this complex disease using genome-wide association studies,epigenetics,micro RNA,long noncoding RNA,lnc RNA,histone modifications,methylation,phosphorylation,and proteomics.

Ultra-Lightweight Face Animation Method for Ultra-Low Bitrate Video Conferencing

Video conferencing systems face the dilemma between smooth streaming and decent visual quality because traditional video compression algorithms fail to produce bitstreams low enough for bandwidth-constrained networks.An ultra-lightweight face-animation-based method that enables better video conferencing experience is proposed in this paper.The proposed method compresses high-quality upperbody videos with ultra-low bitrates and runs efficiently on mobile devices without high-end graphics processing units(GPU).Moreover,a visual quality evaluation algorithm is used to avoid image degradation caused by extreme face poses and/or expressions,and a full resolution image composition algorithm to reduce unnaturalness,which guarantees the user experience.Experiments show that the proposed method is efficient and can generate high-quality videos at ultra-low bitrates.

Study on the Construction of Circular Economy Development System of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Tibet

As a basic industry in Tibet Autonomous Region,the development of agriculture and animal husbandry circular economy is of great practical significance,which is actively reflected in national high-quality development and new agriculture and animal husbandry circular model.The development direction and future trend directly determine the promotion and enhancement of regional agriculture and animal husbandry economy,which is highly valued and welcomed by academic circles.This paper mainly expounds the development connotation of agriculture and animal husbandry circular economy system from the perspective of Tibet's agriculture and animal husbandry economic development.It focuses on sorting out the construction and future direction of circular economy development system,effectively puts forward ideas and comprehensive understanding of the circular economy development system of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet,effectively promotes the promotion and basic change of circular economy of agriculture and animal husbandry,and effectively changes the traditional development model and new innovation model of agriculture and animal husbandry.

The Developmental Difficulties and Prospects of Chinese-style Animation:Taking Yao-Chinese Folktales as an Example

As one of the important means to spread Chinese traditional culture,Chinese-style animation has been on the rise in recent years.Many excellent works have emerged,among which the Chinese animated short film series Yao-Chinese Folktales is one of the good representatives.It aroused a strong reaction from the audience as soon as it was released on the Internet,and gave the audience a shock to their mind and vision,which has brought some thoughts to the development of Chinese-style animation.Following a linear logic chain of past-present-future Chinese-style animation’s development,this paper takes Yao-Chinese Folktales as an example and analyzes the developmental difficulties and prospects of Chinese-style animation.At the end of the paper,some suggestions about the development path of Chinese-style animation’s future are given from the aspects of creation and dissemination,for the aim of promoting the Chinese-style animation’s development and spreading the Chinese traditional culture.

Sustainable Development of Internet Literature in the Era of Games and Animation:Challenges and Opportunities

The rapid development of Internet literature not only made itself the source of information about animation and the gaming industry,but also boosted the creation of super writers who are now establishing themselves as IP(intellectual property)producers and providers.Rather than creating literary classics,these writers prefer producing commercial novels targeted at a certain group of readers.Meanwhile,the structure of their works tends to cater to the preferences of online games and animation,with the narrative and characters in the novel adjusting accordingly.These changes have enhanced the influence of Internet literature.But an excessive emphasis on IP gradually converts the novels into scripts for games with highly stereotyped content and structure.Fastpaced writing also renders their works with a lack of polish,including such serious problems as mismatched plots and repetitive narratives.Therefore,Internet literature is in urgent need of positive guidance,as its development will be stalled due to the excessive emphasis on IP.

Flight Behavioural Responses for African Ungulates across Species and Vegetation Covers in a Trophy Hunting Ecosystem: A Case Study from Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania

Trophy hunting has severe consequences on wild animals’ behaviors, which in return has implications for affecting wildlife populations. The Selous Game Reserve is a protected area in Tanzania that has been subjected to commercial trophy hunting for decades, and information about the effects of trophy hunting on animals’ welfare is still scarce. The Flight Initiating Distance (FID) can be a good measure to evaluate the welfare of animals and the level of risk perception towards anthropogenic disturbances, including trophy hunting. The study used linear mixed models to assess the flight responses of twelve commonly hunted species in the Selous game reserve (S.G.R.). The study compared animal vigilance between species, vegetation types, and group size. The FID varied between species, with which more vigilance was observed in zebras, elands, wildebeests, and sable antelopes. The study found a significant influence of vegetation cover on individual species’ FID. Further, the study found a significant influence of group size on animals’ vigilance (L. M. M., 95% CI = 0.590 - 4.762), in which there was a decrease in FID with an increase in group size for wildebeests. At the same time, other species, such as buffaloes, eland, hartebeests, and zebras, had their FIDs increasing with the increase in group size. We conclude that the impact of trophy hunting on savannah ungulates varies between species, vegetation covers, and group size of individual species. Regulatory authorities should consider minimum approach distances by trophy hunters in different vegetation cover to reduce animal biological disturbances.

Research on the Application of Virtual Simulation and 3D Animation Technology in the Teaching of Road and Bridge Majors in Higher Vocational Colleges

The informatization of higher vocational education is the future development trend,and it is also encouraged and promoted by the Ministry of Education.This article focuses on the road and bridge major,combined with the author’s experience in introducing virtual simulation and three-dimensional(3D)animation technology into relevant course teaching in recent years,discusses the application of virtual simulation and 3D animation technology in higher vocational education and promotes classroom revolution,to obtain better teaching effect.