Towards high-performance and robust anion exchange membranes(AEMs)for water electrolysis:Super-acid-catalyzed synthesis of AEMs

The increasing demand for hydrogen energy to address environmental issues and achieve carbon neutrality has elevated interest in green hydrogen production,which does not rely on fossil fuels.Among various hydrogen production technologies,anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)has emerged as a next-generation technology known for its high hydrogen production efficiency and its ability to use non-metal catalysts.However,this technology faces significant challenges,particularly in terms of the membrane durability and low ionic conductivity.To address these challenges,research efforts have focused on developing membranes with a new backbone structure and anion exchange groups to enhance durability and ionic conductivity.Notably,the super-acid-catalyzed condensation(SACC)synthesis method stands out due to its user convenience,the ability to create high molecular weight(MW)polymers,and the use of oxygen-tolerant organic catalysts.Although the synthesis of anion exchange membranes(AEMs)using the SACC method began in 2015,and despite growing interest in this synthesis approach,there remains a scarcity of review papers focusing on AEMs synthesized using the SACC method.The review covers the basics of SACC synthesis,presents various polymers synthesized using this method,and summarizes the development of these polymers,particularly their building blocks including aryl,ketone,and anion exchange groups.We systematically describe the effects of changes in the molecular structure of each polymer component,conducted by various research groups,on the mechanical properties,conductivity,and operational stability of the membrane.This review will provide insights into the development of AEMs with superior performance and operational stability suitable for water electrolysis applications.

Anion exchange membranes with a semi-interpenetrating polymer network using 1,6-dibromohexane as bifunctional crosslinker

An anion exchange membrane(AEM)is generally expected to possess high ion exchange capacity(IEC),low water uptake(WU),and high mechanical strength when applied to electrodialysis desalination.Among different types of AEMs,semi-interpenetrating polymer networks(SIPNs)have been suggested for their structural superiorities,i.e.,the tunable local density of ion exchange groups for IEC and the restrained leaching of hygroscopic groups by insolubility for WU.Unfortunately,the conventional SIPN AEMs still struggle to balances IEC,WU,and mechanical strength simultaneously,due to the lack of the compact crosslinking region.In this work,we proposed a novel SIPN structure of polyvinylidene difluoride/polyvinylimidazole/1,6-dibromohexane(PVDF/PVIm/DBH).On the one hand,DBH with two cationic groups of imidazole groups are introduced to enhance the ion conductivity,which is different from the conventional monofunctional modifier with only one cationic group.On the other hand,DBH has the ability to bridge with PVIm,where the mechanical strength of the resulting AEM is increased by the increase of crosslinking degree.Results show that a low WU of 38.1%to 62.6%,high IEC of 2.12—2.22 mmol·g^(-1),and excellent tensile strength of 3.54—12.35 MPa for PVDF/PVIm/DBH membrane are achieved.This work opens a new avenue for achieving the high-quality AEMs.

Durable poly(binaphthyl-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium)-based anion exchange membranes with dual side chains

Building well-developed ion-conductive highways is highly desirable for anion exchange membranes(AEMs).Grafting side chain is a highly effective approach for constructing a well-defined phaseseparated morphological structure and forming unblocked ion pathways in AEMs for fast ion transport.Fluorination of side chains can further enhance phase separation due to the superhydrophobic nature of fluorine groups.However,their electronic effect on the alkaline stability of side chains and membranes is rarely reported.Here,fluorine-containing and fluorine-free side chains are introduced into the polyaromatic backbone in proper configuration to investigate the impact of the fluorine terminal group on the stability of the side chains and membrane properties.The poly(binaphthyl-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium)AEM(QBNp TP)has the highest molecular weight and most dimensional stability due to its favorable backbone arrangement among ortho-and meta-terphenyl based AEMs.Importantly,by introducing both a fluorinated piperidinium side chain and a hexane chain into the p-terphenyl-based backbone,the prepared AEM(QBNp TP-QFC)presents an enhanced conductivity(150.6 m S cm^(-1))and a constrained swelling at 80℃.The electronic effect of fluorinated side chains is contemplated by experiments and simulations.The results demonstrate that the presence of strong electro-withdrawing fluorine groups weakens the electronic cloud of adjacent C atoms,increasing OH^(-)attack on the C atom and improving the stability of piperidinium cations.Hence QBNp TP-QFC possesses a robust alkaline stability at 80℃(95.3%conductivity retention after testing in 2 M Na OH for 2160 h).An excellent peak power density of 1.44 W cm^(-2)and a remarkable durability at 80℃(4.5%voltage loss after 100 h)can be observed.

Development of advanced anion exchange membrane from the view of the performance of water electrolysis cell

Green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis combined with renewable energy is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high energy density with zero-carbon emissions.Among water electrolysis technologies,the anion exchange membrane(AEM) water electrolysis has gained intensive attention and is considered as the next-generation emerging technology due to its potential advantages,such as the use of low-cost non-noble metal catalysts,the relatively mature stack assembly process,etc.However,the AEM water electrolyzer is still in the early development stage of the kW-level stack,which is mainly attributed to severe performance decay caused by the core component,i.e.,AEM.Here,the review comprehensively presents the recent progress of advanced AEM from the view of the performance of water electrolysis cells.Herein,fundamental principles and critical components of AEM water electrolyzers are introduced,and work conditions of AEM water electrolyzers and AEM performance improvement strategies are discussed.The challenges and perspectives are also analyzed.

Electrochemical reconstruction of non-noble metal-based heterostructure nanorod arrays electrodes for highly stable anion exchange membrane seawater electrolysis

Direct seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production has been regarded as a viable route to utilize surplus renewable energy and address the climate crisis.However,the harsh electrochemical environment of seawater,particularly the presence of aggressive Cl^(-),has been proven to be prone to parasitic chloride ion oxidation and corrosion reactions,thus restricting seawater electrolyzer lifetime.Herein,hierarchical structure(Ni,Fe)O(OH)@NiCoS nanorod arrays(NAs)catalysts with heterointerfaces and localized oxygen vacancies were synthesized at nickel foam substrates via the combination of hydrothermal and annealing methods to boost seawater dissociation.The hiera rchical nanostructure of NiCoS NAs enhanced electrode charge transfer rate and active surface area to accelerate oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and generated sulfate gradient layers to repulsive aggressive Cl^(-).The fabricated heterostructure and vacancies of(Ni,Fe)O(OH)tuned catalyst electronic structure into an electrophilic state to enhance the binding affinity of hydroxyl intermediates and facilitate the structural transformation into amorphousγ-NiFeOOH for promoting OER.Furthermore,through operando electrochemistry techniques,we found that theγ-NiFeOOH possessing an unsaturated coordination environment and lattice-oxygen-participated OER mechanism can minimize electrode Cl^(-)corrosion enabled by stabilizing the adsorption of OH*intermediates,making it one of the best OER catalysts in the seawater medium reported to date.Consequently,these catalysts can deliver current densities of 100 and 500 mA cm-2for boosting OER at minimal overpotentials of 245and 316 mV,respectively,and thus prevent chloride ion oxidation simultaneously.Impressively,a highly stable anion exchange membrane(AEM)seawater electrolyzer based on the non-noble metal heterostructure electrodes reached a record low degradation rate under 100μV h-1at constant industrial current densities of 400 and 600 mA cm-2over 300 h,which exhibits a promising future for the nonprecious and stable AEMWE in the direct seawater electrolysis industry.

Electrochemical synthesis of trimetallic nickel-iron-copper nanoparticles via potential-cycling for high current density anion exchange membrane water-splitting applications

Hydrogen is known for its elevated energy density and environmental compatibility and is a promising alternative to fossil fuels.Alkaline water electrolysis utilizing renewable energy sources has emerged as a means to obtain high-purity hydrogen.Nevertheless,electrocatalysts used in the process are fabricated using conventional wet chemical synthesis methods,such as sol-gel,hydrothermal,or surfactantassisted approaches,which often necessitate intricate pretreatment procedures and are vulnerable to post-treatment contamination.Therefore,this study introduces a streamlined and environmentally conscious one-step potential-cycling approach to generate a highly efficient trimetallic nickel-iron-copper electrocatalyst in situ on nickel foam.The synthesized material exhibited remarkable performance,requiring a mere 476 mV to drive electrochemical water splitting at 100 mA cm^(-2)current density in alkaline solution.Furthermore,this material was integrated into an anion exchange membrane watersplitting device and achieved an exceptionally high current density of 1 A cm^(-2)at a low cell voltage of2.13 V,outperforming the noble-metal benchmark(2.51 V).Additionally,ex situ characterizations were employed to detect transformations in the active sites during the catalytic process,revealing the structural transformations and providing inspiration for further design of electrocatalysts.

Semi-interpenetrating network anion exchange membranes based on quaternized polyvinyl alcohol/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

The semi-interpenetrating network anion exchange membranes(AEMs)based on quaternized polyvinyl alcohol(QPVA)and poly(-diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDDA)are synthesized.The chemical cross-linking structure is formed between hydroxyl groups of QPVA and aldehyde groups of glutaraldehyde(GA),which makes PDDA more stable embed in the QPVA matrix and also improves the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of AEMs.Due to the phase separation phenomenon of AEMs swelling in water,a microporous structure may be formed in the membrane,which reduces the transmission resistance of hydroxide ions and provides a larger space for the transfer of hydroxide ions,thus improving the conductivity.The ring structure of PDDA is introduced as a cationic group to transfer hydroxide ions,and shields the nucleophilic attack of the hydroxide ions through the steric hindrance effect,which improves alkaline stability.The hydroxide conductivity of semi-interpenetrating network membrane(QPVA/PDDA0.5-GA)is 36.5 mS cm^(-1) at 60℃.And the membrane of QPVA/PDDA0.5-GA exhibits excellent mechanical property with maximum tensile strength of 19.6 MPa.After immersing into hot 3 mol L^(-1) NaOH solutions at 60℃ for 300 h,the OHconductivity remains 78%of its initial value.The semi-interpenetrating network AEMs with microporous structure exhibit good ionic conductivity,mechanical strength and alkaline durability.

One-Step Fabrication of Methylthiazole-Functionalized Anion Exchange Membranes for Diffusion Dialysis

Anion exchange membranesusing brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) as starting material were prepared from one-step functionalization by 4-methylthiazole (MTz). The obtain membranes with high thermal stability and mechanical strength showed satisfied diffusion dialysis performance for acid recovery. Specifically, when the optimal membrane was evaluated to recover acid from the simulated iron polishing waste solution (1.0 mol·L-1 FeCl2 + 0.2 mol·L-1 HCl), its acid diffusion coefficient (UH+) was 0.019 m h-1 and separation factor was 40.1 at 25°C, both of these two parameters are much higher than the corresponding values of the commercial DF-120 membrane, suggesting the great potential in the practical application for acid recovery.

Using an Anion Exchange Membrane to Predict Soil Available N and S Supplies and the Impact of N and S Fertilization on Canola and Wheat Growth

A growth chamber study was conducted to determine the relationships between the supply of soil available nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) and canola (Brassica napus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Biggar') N and S uptake and yield in three Western Canadian soils. The suitability of one-hour burial with an anion exchange membrane (AEM) was assessed for its utility as a quick test of the available N:S balance in the soil. Canola and wheat were grown on a Luvisolic soil low in available S and on Brown and Black Chernozemic soils low in both available N and S, with different rates and combinations of N and S fertilizers applied. AEM burial was used to assess soil available nitrate and sulfate supply rates after fertilization. Dry matter yield and N and S concentrations in plant tissues were determined after 6 weeks of growth. The soil available N:S ratio determined by AEM burial closely reflected the relative supplies of available N and S as revealed in the N:S ratios of plant tissue dry matter. The highest yields were achieved where the available N:S ratio in soil and plant tissue ranged from 5 to 13. Thus, a one-hour burial of an AEM probe in the field may be a useful tool to quickly test if a balanced N and S supply is present in the soil for optimum crop yield.

Ternary layered double hydroxide oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst for anion exchange membrane alkaline seawater electrolysis

Anion exchange membrane(AEM)water electrolyzers are promising energy devices for the production of clean hydrogen from seawater.However,the lack of active and robust electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)severely impedes the development of this technology.In this study,a ternary layered double hydroxide(LDH)OER electrocatalyst(NiFeCo-LDH)is developed for high-performance AEM alkaline seawater electrolyzers.The AEM alkaline seawater electrolyzer catalyzed by the NiFeCo LDH shows high seawater electrolysis performance(0.84 A/cm^(2)at 1.7 Vcell)and high hydrogen production efficiency(77.6%at 0.5 A/cm^(2)),thus outperforming an electrolyzer catalyzed by a benchmark IrO_(2)electrocatalyst.The NiFeCo-LDH electrocatalyst greatly improves the kinetics of the AEM alkaline seawater electrolyzer,consequently reducing its activation loss and leading to high performance.Based on the results,this NiFeCo-LDH-catalyzed AEM alkaline seawater electrolyzer can likely surpass the energy conversion targets of the US Department of Energy.

Synthesis and characterization of quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)for anion-exchange membrane

Chloromethylated poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） （CMPPESK） was prepared from poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） （PPESK） using chloromethyl octyl ethers （CMOE） with lower toxicity as chloromethylated regent. CMPPESK was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone （NMP）, N,N-dimethylacetamide （DMAc） and chloroform. Quaternized poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） （QAPPESK） was prepared from CMPPESK by quaternization. QAPPESK had excellent solvent resistance, which was only partly soluble in sulfuric acid （98%） and swollen in N,N-dimethylformamide （DMF）. The vanadium redox flow battery （V-RFB） using QAPPESK anion-exchange membrane had better performance with 88.3% of overall energy efficiency.

Technical factors affecting the performance of anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer

Anion exchange membrane(AEM)electrolysis is a promising membrane-based green hydrogen production technology.However,AEM electrolysis still remains in its infancy,and the performance of AEM electrolyzers is far behind that of well-developed alkaline and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers.Therefore,breaking through the technical barriers of AEM electrolyzers is critical.On the basis of the analysis of the electrochemical performance tested in a single cell,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and the number of active sites,we evaluated the main technical factors that affect AEM electrolyzers.These factors included catalyst layer manufacturing(e.g.,catalyst,carbon black,and anionic ionomer)loadings,membrane electrode assembly,and testing conditions(e.g.,the KOH concentration in the electrolyte,electrolyte feeding mode,and operating temperature).The underlying mechanisms of the effects of these factors on AEM electrolyzer performance were also revealed.The irreversible voltage loss in the AEM electrolyzer was concluded to be mainly associated with the kinetics of the electrode reaction and the transport of electrons,ions,and gas-phase products involved in electrolysis.Based on the study results,the performance and stability of AEM electrolyzers were significantly improved.

Poly(Ionic Liquid) as an Anion Exchange Membrane for a 3.3 V Copper–Lithium Battery

Metal–metal battery bears great potential for next-generation large-scale energy storage system because of its simple manufacture process and low production cost.However,the cross-over of metal cations from the cathode to the anode causes a loss in capacity and influences battery stability.Herein,a coating of poly(ionic liquid)(PIL)with poly(diallyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide)(PDADMA^(+)TFSI^(−))on a commercial polypropylene(PP)separator serves as an anion exchange membrane for a 3.3 V copper–lithium battery.The PIL has a positively charged polymer backbone that can block the migration of copper ions,thus improving Coulombic efficiency,long-term cycling stability and inhibiting self-discharge of the battery.It can also facilitate the conduction of anions through the membrane and reduce polarization,especially for fast charging/discharging.Bruce-Vincent method gives the transport number in the electrolyte to be 0.25 and 0.04 for PP separator without and with PIL coating,respectively.This suggests that the PIL layer reduces the contribution of the internal current due to cation transport.The use of PIL as a coating layer for commercial PP separator is a cost-effective way to improve overall electrochemical performance of copper–lithium batteries.Compared to PP and polyacrylic acid(PAA)/PP separators,the PIL/PP membrane raises the Coulombic efficiency to 99%and decreases the average discharge voltage drop to about 0.09 V when the current density is increased from 0.1 to 1 mA cm^(−2).

Poly(alkyl-biphenyl pyridinium)anion exchange membranes with a hydrophobic side chain for mono-/divalent anion separation

A series of poly(alkyl-biphenyl pyridinium)anion exchange membranes(AEMs)with a hydrophobic side chain were prepared for mono-/divalent anion separation using electrodialysis(ED).A poly(alkyl-biphenyl pyridinium)polymer was synthesized via superacid-catalyzed polymerization,and then quaternization was conducted using Menshutkin reactions with 1-bromopentane.The obtained quaternized product had excellent solubility in common organic solvents,making it flexible to form homogeneous membranes by a solution casting method.The introduction of a hydrophobic side chain resulted in a microphase separation structure in the membrane,which is favorable to the active transport of Cl−(higher Cl−flux of up to 3.37 mol m−2 h−1 at a 10 mA cm−2 current density)compared with that of SO42−ions giving a high permselectivity of 11.9 in a mixed salt(NaCl/Na2SO4)system.In addition,the prepared membrane exhibited excellent alkaline stability in successive ED tests.It showed an OH−flux of up to 3.6 mol m−2 h−1 with a permselectivity of 361.2 between OH−and WO42−,which is much higher than that of Neosepta ACS membrane.The ED results manifest that the poly(alkyl-biphenyl pyridinium)AEMs can be promising candidates for practical mono-/divalent anion separation in industry.

Long-term durable anion exchange membranes based on imidazole-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone)incorporating cationic metal-organic framework

In this work,poly(ether ether ketone)(PEEK)was synthesized by direct polycondensation reaction.Subsequently,PEEK was functionalized by 1-vinylimidazole to prepare the polymer matrix(Im-PEEK).Cationic UiO-66-NH_(2) metal-organic frameworks(C-MOF)were synthesized as fillers.The structure of the C-MOF and the morphology of the membranes were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM).The prepared hybrid membranes exhibited excellent alkali stability,among which Im-PEEK/C-MOF^(-1)%could retain 89.2%of the conductivity compared to the original membrane after immersing in 1 mol L^(-1) NaOH solution for 320 h at 60℃.In addition,the ionic conductivity of Im-PEEK/C-MOF^(-1)%was 73 mS cm^(-1) at 80℃,which was higher than that of pure Im-PEEK under the same condition(44.3 mS cm^(-1) at 80℃).The results showed that the hybrid membranes have great potential for application in the field of anion exchange membranes.

Boosting Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance on NiFe‑Based Catalysts Through d‑Orbital Hybridization

Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers(AEMWEs)for green hydrogen production have received intensive attention due to their feasibility of using earth-abundant NiFe-based catalysts.By introducing a third metal into NiFe-based catalysts to construct asymmetrical M-NiFe units,the d-orbital and electronic structures can be adjusted,which is an important strategy to achieve sufficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance in AEMWEs.Herein,the ternary NiFeM(M:La,Mo)catalysts featured with distinct M-NiFe units and varying d-orbitals are reported in this work.Experimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that the doping of La leads to optimized hybridization between d orbital in NiFeM and 2p in oxygen,resulting in enhanced adsorption strength of oxygen intermediates,and reduced rate-determining step energy barrier,which is responsible for the enhanced OER performance.More critically,the obtained NiFeLa catalyst only requires 1.58 V to reach 1 A cm^(−2) in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer and demonstrates excellent long-term stability of up to 600 h.

Effect of the calcination temperature on the characteristics of Ni/Fe-oxide electrocatalysts for application in anion exchange membrane electrolysers

Nickel–iron-oxide catalysts were synthesized by a liquid-phase method,through the oxalate route,and used,as anodes,in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer.The effect of the heating treatments(performed at 350℃,450℃,and 550℃)on the structure,composition,particle size,and catalytic activity was analyzed.The morphological features were investigated by transmission electron microscopy(TEM),showing an increased particle size for the catalysts treated at higher temperatures(from≈4 nm at 350℃ to≈10 nm at 550℃).The structure and surface composition were evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),respectively.The electrochemical characterization was performed in a 5 cm^(2) single-cell setup.The highest performance was obtained with the sample treated at 450℃,reaching current density values equal to 3.25 A cm^(-2) at 2.2 V.The catalysts'behavior was also compared,under the same conditions,with NiO and IrO_(2) commercial catalysts,demonstrating a higher activity of this class of compounds.The time-stability test of ca.100 h showed a more constant behavior for the catalyst treated at 350℃.

Highly active ZIF-8@CNT composite catalysts as cathode materials for anion exchange membrane fuel cells

Developing non-precious metal-based inexpensive and highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in alkaline media is important for fuel cell applications.Herein,we report a simple and effective synthesis of transition-metal-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)and carbon nanotube(CNT)composite catalysts(ZIF-8@CNT)prepared via high-temperature pyrolysis at 900℃.The catalysts were characterized using different physicochemical techniques and employed as cathode materials in anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFC).The prepared metal-free(ZNT-900),single-metal-doped(Fe-ZNT-900,Co-ZNT-900)and binary-metal-doped(Fe_(1)Co_(1)-ZNT-900,Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900)catalysts had a sufficient amount of N-doping with the presence of FeCo moieties in the carbon skeleton of the latter two materials.N_(2) adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that all the prepared catalysts possess a sufficient Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area with more micropores present in ZNT-900,while a combined micro–mesoporous structure was obtained for transition-metal-doped catalysts.Binary-metal-doped catalysts showed the highest number of ORR-active sites(pyridinic-N,pyrrolic-N,graphitic-N,M–Nx)and exhibited a half-wave potential(E_(1/2))of 0.846 and 0.847 V vs.RHE for Fe_(1)Co_(1)-ZNT-900 and Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900,respectively,which surpassed that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst(E_(1/2)=0.834 V).In H_(2)–O_(2) AEMFCs,the Fe_(1)Co_(2)-ZNT-900 catalyst delivered a maximum power density(P_(max))of 0.171 W cm^(-2) and current density at 0.5 V(j_(0.5))of 0.326 A cm^(-2),which is very close to that of the Pt/C catalyst(P_(max)=0.215 W cm^(-2) and j_(0.5)=0.359 A cm^(-2)).The prepared ZIF-8@CNT catalysts showed remarkable electrocatalytic ORR activity in 0.1 M KOH solution and fuel cell performance comparable to that of the benchmark Pt/C catalyst.

阴离子交换膜电解水制氢技术的研究进展

氢能是我国2060年“碳中和”的关键支撑,氢气制备又是氢能产业链“制、储、输、用”四大环节中的首要环节,绿色高效地制取氢气是氢能发展的基础。阴离子交换膜电解水(AEMWE)作为新兴的“绿氢”技术,充分结合了碱性水电解技术与质子交换膜电解技术的优势,有望成为最具发展潜力的可再生能源制氢技术。对AEMWE的原理与研究现状做了简要分析,详细论述阴离子交换膜(AEM)水电解槽关键部件的研究进展与发展方向,包括阴离子交换膜、阳极、阴极催化剂、双功能催化剂、离聚物、膜电极、多孔传输层、双极板及电解液。最后结合研究现状,展望了AEMWE制氢技术的研究方向。

哌啶功能化聚苯乙烯/PTFE复合阴离子交换膜研究

阴离子交换膜是阴离子交换膜燃料电池的关键材料,对燃料电池性能起着至关重要的作用。在不同孔径的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)多孔膜内,通过原位热聚合的方法将氯甲基苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯和二乙烯基苯共聚制备成膜,采用N-甲基哌啶(DMP)对膜进行功能化得到哌啶功能化聚苯乙烯/PTFE复合阴离子交换膜(QAPTFE/PVH)。采用三种孔径(1、0.45和0.22μm)PTFE多孔基膜,分别制备了三种复合阴离子交换膜QAPTFE/PVH-1、QAPTFE/PVH-0.45和QAPTFE/PVH-0.22。测试了不同膜的吸水率、溶胀率、离子交换容量和离子电导率等性能,发现QAPTFE/PVH-1具有较高的吸水率和溶胀率,分别为88.06%和50.42%,80℃下电导率达34.44 mS/cm。在65℃、H_(2)/O_(2)气体流速均为0.5 L/min和操作压力为0.1 MPa条件下,QAPTFE/PVH-1膜的单电池峰值功率密度达278.4 mW/cm^(2)。此外,QAPTFE/PVH复合膜的开路电压均高于1.0 V,表明复合膜具有较好的燃料阻隔能力。在80℃的3 mol/L KOH中测试了三种QAPTFE/PVH膜的耐久性,14 d后离子交换容量(IEC)的保留率分别为93.98%、91.88%和92.55%,表明QAPTFE/PVH膜具有较好的耐久性。