Analysis of Ankle-Brachial Index, Waist-Hip Ratio, Ejection-Fraction, Obesity, Smoking, Alcohol Habits, Diabetes and Hypertension as Independent Predictors of Complexity and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease

Background: The present study was conducted to examine the association between various coronary risk factors and clinical parameters, with special emphasis on ankle-brachial index, in predicting the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease. Methods: Patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease at our hospital between September-2012 and December-2014 were examined in this study. Selected patients were screened for cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and alcohol habits as well as for clinical parameters including body-mass index, waist-hip ratio, ankle-brachial index, and ejection fraction. All patients underwent coronary angiography and were evaluated for severity of coronary artery disease (based on number of vessels involved) and complexity of coronary angiographic lesions (measured by computer-assisted Syntax score calculator). The collected data were analyzed to determine the role of cardiovascular risk factors and clinical parameters as predictors of complexity and severity of coronary artery disease. Results: A total of 211 patients (mean age: 54.64 ± 9.9 years;81% males) with coronary artery disease were analyzed. Findings revealed that diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001), smoking habits (p = 0.036), and low ankle-brachial index (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of complex coronary artery disease as measured by Syntax score. Significant associations were also evident between severity of coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001), and ankle-brachial index (p < 0.001). Conversely, other cardiovascular risk factors including body-mass index, alcohol habits, wait-hip ratio, and ejection fraction did not exhibit significant associations with severity and complexity of coronary artery. Conclusions: The early diagnosis of coronary artery can be predicated by evaluating diabetes, hypertension, and smoking habits in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. In addition, ankle-brachial index can be used as an effective non-invasive bed-side tool, as an alternative to Syntax score, in predicting the severity and complexity of coronary artery disease.

Ankle-brachial index and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity are risk factors for ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes

The incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes is increasing. While brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity （BaPWV） and ankle-bra- chial index （ABI） are known to be associated with ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, whether these measures predict the risk of ischemic cerebrovascular disease in diabetic patients remains unclear. 117 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study. According to the results of head magnetic resonance imaging, the patients were divided into a diabetes-only group （n = 55） and a diabetes and ischemic stroke group （n = 62）. We then performed ABI and BaPWV examinations for all patients. Compared with the diabe- tes-only group, we found decreased ABI and increased BaPWV in the diabetes and ischemic stroke group. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that BaPWV and ABI were risk factors for ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our findings indicate that decreased ABI and increased BaPWV are objective indicators of increased risk of ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Ankle-brachial index as a predictor of all-cause and cardio- vascular disease mortality in 3733 Chinese patients with high cardiovascular risk

Objective To assess the association between 1-year risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease （CVD） mortality and ankle-brachial index （ABI） in Chinese patients who were at high CVD risk. Methods Totally 3733 patients with high CV risk had bilateral ABI measurements at baseline and were followed up for 1-1.5 years. Patients were divided to four groups： 1） coronary heart disease （CHD）; 2） ischemic stroke （IS）; 3） diabetes mellitus （DM）; 4） very high risk group（VHR）, low ABI was defined as 〈0.9. Results A total of 3179 patients were analyzed. The prevalence of low ABI was 28.1%. At 1 year, all-cause mortality was 8.7%, and 27.6% was attributable to CVD; mortality due to CV events was 4.8% and 1.5%. After adjusting other risk factors the hazard ratio of low ABI was 1.623 for all-cause mortality and 2.304 for CVD mortality. Similar in patient with and without low ABI, respectively were found in four groups.Conclusion ABI is a strong and independent predictor ofrnortality. Patients with a low ABI have a substantially increased risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality （J Geriatr Cardio12010; 7：17-20）.

Association of Race and Change in Ankle-Brachial Index: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Cohort

Objective: This study evaluates the association of self-reported race with change in ankle-brachial index (ABI) over time and modification of this association by paraoxonase gene (PON1, PON2 and PON3) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods: This longitudinal study included 11,992 (N = 2952 Black, N = 9040 White) participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort with PON genotyping. Mixed-effects models examined whether race was associated with change in ABI over time after adjustment for known peripheral artery disease (PAD) risk factors. Results: Change in ABI over time differed between Whites and Blacks (race-time interaction, p < 0.0001). Stratified analyses showed that ABI values were better in both Blacks and Whites who completed high school or more education compared to those who completed less education. None of the PON SNPs met the significance level (p < 0.001) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions: ABI differences by race were small and although statistically significant, may not be clinically significant. Change in ABI over time varies by race and may be modified by education. Results suggest that higher education may influence the lifestyle and behavioral choices contributing to better ABI in both Blacks and Whites. Further studies are needed to confirm this observation.

Screening of Peripheral Artery Disease by Systematic Measurement of Ankle-Brachial Index among Diabetic Patients in Dakar

Introduction: The peripheral artery disease (PAD) is one of the chronic and frightening vascular complications of the diabetes whose tracking can be done by the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) measurement. We conducted in this context a study which consisted in measuring the ABI among hospitalized diabetic patients at Teaching Hospital of Pikine in Dakar, over 18 months’ duration. The aim was to determine the prevalence and evaluate factors correlated to the presence of the PAD. Patients and Method: This cross-sectional descriptive study interested the whole of diabetic patients hospitalized in Internal Medicine/Endocrinology Department, from January 2013 to June 2014. We carried out a complete clinical examination associated with ABI measurement by a Doppler probe for each included patient after having collected the clinical and paraclinical data. Results: Our population of study comprised 209 diabetic patients with a female predominance (126, 60.3%). The sex-ratio man/woman was 0.6. The median age of the population of study was 54 ± 2 years. In our series, 157 (75.1%) patients discovered their diabetes with the waning of an affection while the 52 (24.9%) other patients discovered their diabetes at the time of a systematic assessment. The PAD appeared by an intermittent claudication among 38 patients (18.2%). The ABI was normal for 126 patients (60.3%). The ABI was low for 51 patients (24.4%), unilateral in 3.8% of cases and bilateral in 20.6% of cases. The ABI was high among 32 patients (15.3%), unilateral in 7.2% of cases and bilateral in 8.1% of cases. The ABI extremes values were 0.11 and 2. In the population of study, 46 patients (22%) had a well-compensated PAD. The PAD was low compensated for 3 patients (1.4%) and severe for 2 patients (1%). The ABI was more frequent and significantly among women than men, with 32 cases (25.4%) against 19 (22.9%) cases (p = 0.021). The proportion of low ABI was more important among patients whose diabetes had evolved for more than 5 years (42.3% of cases) with a peak of frequency in the duration of 6 - 10 years (47.7% of cases). Conclusion: The PAD global prevalence among hospitalized diabetic patients appeared high with 24.4% patients presenting low ABI. Its early diagnosis among subjects at risk as for our study population allowed identifying asymptomatic subjects having another cardiovascular damage. Thus, the screening of obstructive arteriopathy of lower limb PAD by the measurement of ABI should be applied to all diabetic patients for a better assessment of atherosclerotic complication.

Pulse palpation and limited joint mobility examination are better indicators than oscillometric measurement for diagnosing abnormal ankle-brachial index

Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the least recognized form of atherosclerosis and may even result in amputation if the diagnosis is delayed. Manual pulse palpation is the traditional way to diagnose PAD. Doppler ultrasonographic measurement of ankle-brachial index (ABI) is the gold standard diagnosing method but requires training and is not necessarily available as an outpatient procedure. Using automated oscillometric blood pressure devices has been suggested as an easier method for measuring the ABI. Methods: A single observer palpated the arterial dorsalis pedis, examined hand joints and measured the ABI of one hundred diabetic patients using both Doppler and oscillometric methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the oscillometric method and the manual diagnosing methods to the gold standard method of using a hand held Doppler device for measuring the ABI and detecting PAD. Results: ABI was abnormal in 24 patients (24%) (22 males, 2 females) when measured with the Doppler method. Of these 24 patients, the oscillometric method would have missed 12 giving 12 false negatives. We found that the sensitivity of the oscillometric method was 50.0% and specificity 90.8%. Clinical examination with palpation of ADP combined with limited joint mobility (LJM) scoring would have missed only four cases. Conclusions: Although the oscillometric method is easy and accessible, it is not sensitive enough to be used as the only method in measuring ABI. The simple and inexpensive ADP pulse palpation combined with testing for LMJ was able to find 20 of the 24 (83%) patients with an abnormal ABI measured by Doppler stethoscope.

Association between Systolic Blood Pressure Difference ≥10 mm Hg and Ankle-Brachial Index

Background: In new outpatients, blood pressure should be measured in both arms. A previous study reported that an inter-arm systolic blood pressure difference (ΔSBP) of ≥10 mm Hg is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Aim: The aim was to identify the associations with absolute values of ΔSBP (|ΔSBP|) ≥10 mm Hg. Subjects and Methods: This study included 2481 patients. Patients with a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 were defined as obese. The group of A was defined as following: ankle-brachial index (ABI) was <0.9 or ≥1.3. ΔSBP was expressed as right arm BP minus left arm BP. |ΔSBP| ≥10 mm Hg were analyzed using multivariate logistic analysis. Results: |ΔSBP| ≥10 mm Hg was found in 6.0% of patients and |ΔSBP| < 5 mm Hg in 80.4%. In multivariate analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) of the associations with |ΔSBP| ≥10 mm Hg were significantly associated with abnormal ABI and obesity regardless of sex and age. Moreover, the OR of the combined effects of abnormal ABI and obesity was higher than that of abnormal ABI and obesity alone. Conclusion: |ΔSBP| ≥10 mm Hg was associated with abnormal ABI and obesity. In a primary care setting, blood pressure should be actively measured in both arms. This study suggests that the associations with |ΔSBP| ≥10 mm Hg may be a useful part of screening for abnormal ABI.

Ankle-Brachial Index in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:A Senegalese Case-Control Study

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and increasing cardiovascular risk which is recognized as a major cause of morbidity and death. Whether subclinical atherosclerosis has been evaluated by several methods, there are very limited data about Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The aim of the present study was to compare this index, between SLE patients and controls. We conducted a case-control study in the Department of Internal Medicine of our institution during the period from August 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018. We included 100 subjects, including 50 SLE patients and 50 control cases. This included 44 women and 6 men in patients with an identical distribution in controls. The mean age was 33.5 ± 11.3 years for cases and 33.3 ± 11.3 years (p-value: 0.93) for controls subjects. There was higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia (p-value at 0.009), low level of serum HDL-cholesterol (p-value??0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (p-value at 0.000) and hyperuricemia (p-value at 0.000) in patients with SLE. Overweight/obesity was higher in controls subjects (p-value at 0.028). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of diabetes-mellitus, smoking and high blood pressure. The abnormally ABI was recorded in 19 patients with SLE (38%) and 8 controls (16%) with a p-value: 0.01 and odds ratio: 3.22. Eight patients (16%) and four controls (8%) had low ABI without significant difference (p-value: 0.11 but odds-ratio at 2.98). Eleven patients with SLE (22%) and five controls (10%) had high ABI (p-value: 0.05 and odds-ratio: 3.24). In patients with SLE only disease activity (cSLEDAI) at the inclusion of the study was correlated?to abnormal ABI.?Conclusion:?This study showed an increasing prevalence of abnormal ABI in black African patients with SLE compared to controls with a correlation between disease activity and abnormal ABI.

心脏彩色超声联合心踝血管指数和踝臂指数用于冠心病早期诊断的价值研究

目的:研究心脏彩色超声联合心踝血管指数(CAVI)和踝臂指数(ABI)用于冠心病早期诊断的价值。方法:选取2019年12月至2022年12月乐山市人民医院收治的146例冠心病患者,将其纳入观察组,另将同期在医院体检的70名正常体检者纳入健康对照组。两组受试者均行心脏彩色超声并检测CAVI、ABI,比较两组心肌做功指数(Tei指数)、舒张期E峰血流速度(E)与舒张晚期A峰血流速度(A)比值(E/A)、左心房内径(LAD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、CAVI以及ABI水平;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析Tei指数、E/A、LAD、LVEF、CAVI及ABI单独诊断冠心病的价值;以冠状动脉造影结果为“金标准”,以一致性Kappa检验分析Tei指数、E/A、LAD、LVEF、CAVI及ABI联合诊断冠心病的效能。结果:观察组Tei指数、LVEF及CAVI水平明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=19.357、25.728、21.766,P<0.05),E/A、LAD及ABI水平明显低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=7.721、2.769、10.610,P<0.05)。经ROC分析证实Tei指数、E/A、LAD、LVEF、CAVI及ABI能够用于诊断冠心病,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.914、0.796、0.553、0.950、0.930和0.834。经一致性Kappa检验分析,Tei指数、E/A、LAD、LVEF、CAVI及ABI联合诊断冠心病的灵敏度为98.6%,特异度为92.9%,准确率为96.8%(Kappa=0.925,P<0.05)。结论:Tei指数、E/A、LAD、LVEF、CAVI及ABI可用于诊断冠心病,且联合诊断的效能更高。

新诊断2型糖尿病视网膜病变与双下肢动脉CDFI、ABI相关性分析

目的:探讨双下肢动脉彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)、踝/肘血压指数(ABI)与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)之间的关系。方法:回顾性连续收集2009年1月-2012年12月期间我院新诊断2型糖尿病患者住院资料,共38例。所有患者分为无DR组(NDR)、非增殖期DR组(NPDR)及增殖期DR组(PDR)三组,分析与双下肢动脉CDFI、高/低ABI之间的关系。结果:本研究中DR 8例(21.1%),双下肢动脉CDFI结果异常26例(68.4%),ABI结果异常5例(13.2%),其中低ABI 4例(15.5%),高ABI 1例(2.6%)。NDR、NPDR和PDR组与CDFI检查结果异常率不存在关联;而NDR、NPDR和PDR组与ABI检查结果异常率差异具有统计学意义(P≤0.05),其中低ABI在NPDR组与NDR组之间差异具有统计学意义(χ2=10.643,P<0.05),关联系数r=0.483。进一步logistic回归分析:低ABI为DR的独立危险因素(OR=29.933,P<0.05,95.0%CI:2.043-438.584)。结论:在新诊断2型糖尿病患者中,低ABI和双下肢动脉CDFI异常均有助于筛查DR;而低ABI是DR发生发展的独立危险因素。

Efficacy of Huangma Ding or autologous platelet-rich gel for the diabetic lower extremity arterial disease patients with foot ulcers

BACKGROUND Diabetes foot is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and an important cause of death and disability,traditional treatment has poor efficacy and there is an urgent need to develop a practical treatment method.AIM To investigate whether Huangma Ding or autologous platelet-rich gel(APG)treatment would benefit diabetic lower extremity arterial disease(LEAD)patients with foot ulcers.METHODS A total of 155 diabetic LEAD patients with foot ulcers were enrolled and divided into three groups:Group A(62 patients;basal treatment),Group B(38 patients;basal treatment and APG),and Group C(55 patients;basal treatment and Huangma Ding).All patients underwent routine follow-up visits for six months.After follow-up,we calculated the changes in all variables from baseline and determined the differences between groups and the relationships between parameters.RESULTS The infection status of the three groups before treatment was the same.Procalcitonin(PCT)improved after APG and Huangma Ding treatment more than after traditional treatment and was significantly greater in Group C than in Group B.Logistic regression analysis revealed that PCT was positively correlated with total amputation,primary amputation,and minor amputation rates.The ankle-brachial pressure and the transcutaneous oxygen pressure in Groups B and C were greater than those in Group A.The major amputation rate,minor amputation rate,and total amputation times in Groups B and C were lower than those in Group A.CONCLUSION Our research indicated that diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)lead to major amputation,minor amputation,and total amputation through local infection and poor microcirculation and macrocirculation.Huangma Ding and APG were effective attreating DFUs.The clinical efficacy of Huangma Ding was better than that of autologous platelet gel,which may be related to the better control of local infection by Huangma Ding.This finding suggested that in patients with DFUs combined with coinfection,controlling infection is as important as improving circulation.

Lower Extremity Arterial Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence and Associated Factors at the Libreville University Hospital Center

Introduction: Lower extremity arterial disease in diabetic patients has distinct characteristics. Objectives: To study the hospital frequency of lower extremity arterial disease and identify associated factors in diabetic patients at the Libreville University Hospital Center (CHUL). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from July 1, 2023, to January 31, 2024, in the endocrinology department of the CHUL. All patients with type 2 diabetes over the age of 18 admitted to this department, regardless of the reason for hospitalization, who provided informed consent, were included. Socio-demographic data and cardiovascular risk factors were recorded. Personal and family cardiovascular history and functional symptoms were investigated. The physical examination included measuring blood pressure, heart rate, and the ankle-brachial index in all patients. Results: A total of 219 patients were included, of whom 75 had lower extremity arterial disease, representing a prevalence of 34.24%. It was compensated in 28 cases (37.33%) and decompensated in 39 patients (52%). In eight cases (10.67%), there was critical chronic ischemia. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with diabetes were physical inactivity (89.5%), hypertension (55.25%), overweight (49.77%), obesity (22.84%), and smoking (10.04%). In multivariate analysis, only hypertension (OR = 2.09;95% CI: 1.05 - 4.17;p = 0.035) and LDL cholesterol (OR = 2.75;95% CI: 1.10 - 6.85;p = 0.03) were significantly associated with lower extremity arterial disease in diabetics at the University Hospital of Libreville. Conclusion: Lower extremity arterial disease is common in diabetic patients at the University Hospital of Libreville. It is often asymptomatic, thus requiring systematic screening.[-rId11-]

某区2型糖尿病视网膜病变不同分期与踝肱指数ABI的关系

目的观察2型糖尿病患者视网膜微血管病变不同分期与踝肱指数ABI之间的相互关系。方法收集我院内分泌科2010年6月至2012年9月经确诊的203例2型糖尿病住院患者,经踝肱比值(ABI)测定,将其分为ABI正常组(1.0<ABI<1.3),ABI异常组ABI<1.0或ABI>1.3),观察糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)不同分期情况下与ABI之间的关系。结果 ABI异常组的2型糖尿病患者中,DR检出率为94.1%,约是正常组的1.6倍,两者比较差异有显著性(P=0.000);单因素Logistic回归分析显示,DR I期(P=0.01,OR=0.04,95%CI:0.00～0.38);DR II期(P=0.22,OR=0.28,95%CI:0.04～2.18);DR III期(P=0.91,OR=0.89,95%CI:0.11～6.93)。结论 DR I期对ABI来说,是其微弱的保护因素(95%CI<1),DR II-III期与ABI之间无统计学差异(P值>0.05),即DR II、III期不是ABI的危险因素(尽管III期时95%CI>1)。尽管本实验,未能发现2型糖尿病视网膜病变不同分期与ABI之间有直接线性关系,但在2TDM患者中DR的检出率仍偏高,建议行ABI检测的糖尿病患者,尽早行眼底病变筛查,这对预防糖尿病大血管及微血管并发症均有重要意义。

ABI对冠心病患者危险分层预测价值的研究

目的通过与冠状动脉造影结果的相关性分析,评价ABI指数对临床冠心病患者危险程度预测价值的意义。方法经冠状动脉造影明确冠脉狭窄程度的患者106例,采用Gensini积分系统,将各组患者冠状动脉病变程度进行评分。并对其进行ABI测量,分析ABI与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性。结果三支病变组ABI(0.81±0.18)与正常组ABI(1.07±0.16,P<0.01)及单支病变组ABI(0.98±0.12,P<0.05)之间差异有显著性,两支病变组ABI(0.87±0.20)明显低于正常组ABI(1.07±0.16),差异有显著性,P<0.05。患者ABI与Gensini评分呈显著负相关。结论ABI是一种无创、简单易行的检查方法,对冠心病患者的危险分层有较好的预测价值。

ABI与CAVI测定在新疆维吾尔族动脉硬化早期检测中的临床意义

目的:应用VS-1000血压脉搏测量仪测定踝-臂指数(ABI)与心-踝血管指数(CAVI),观察其在新疆维吾尔族人群动脉硬化早期检测中的意义。方法:采用VS-1000血压脉搏测量仪检测150例维吾尔族受试者的ABI和CAVI数值。结果:ABI右侧在正常值范围有109例(71.7%),其中26例(17.1%)0.8<ABI<0.9,有动脉闭塞的可能,14例(9.2%)ABI<0.8,动脉闭塞的可能性较高,3例(2%)ABI>1.3,血管有早期动脉硬化或有钙化现象。CAVI右侧在正常范围有112例(73.7%),其中10例(6.6%)有动脉闭塞的可能,30例(19.7%)动脉闭塞的可能性较高;左侧正常范围有112例(73.7%),其中11例(7.2%)有动脉闭塞的可能,29例(19.1%)动脉闭塞的可能性较高。结论:临床检测ABI与CAVI能有效发现心血管异常及早期动脉硬化等血管病变,是一种无创、有效、简易发现血管壁的硬度及弹性改变的检测方法。

糖尿病患者ABI、TBI和多普勒血流波形变化的相关分析

目的探讨踝-肱指数(ABI),趾-肱指数(TBI)及结合多普勒血流波形改变在评估DM患者周围血管病变(PVD)时的意义。方法用多普勒血管检测仪和光电容积测定动脉压模式测定289例DM患者ABI、TBI,观察其多普勒血流波形的变化。结果TBI与ABI显著相关(r=0.48,P<0.01)。在ABI≥1.3组,ABI-TBI平均差值变异与其他两组相比有显著性意义(P<0.01),ABI与多普勒血流波形改变的一致性不高(κ=0.241,P<0.01)。结论提示在测定DM患者ABI时,应同时观察多普勒血流波形。当ABI≥1.3时,应同时测定TBI及观察多普勒血流波形改变来评估DM患者下肢动脉缺血的情况。

血浆脂联素水平与冠脉病变及PWV、ABI的关系研究

目的观察冠心病(CHD)患者血浆脂联素(APN)水平,踝臂指数(ABI)和脉搏波传导速度(PWV)并探讨它们与冠脉病变之间的关系。方法选取在本院心内科行冠脉造影的住院病人98例,53例诊断为急性冠脉综合征(ACS),22例诊断为稳定性心绞痛(SAP);23例冠脉造影正常者为对照组;采用酶联免疫法检测APN水平,动脉硬化检测仪检测ABI,PWV。结果ACS组APN水平低于正常对照组(P<0.01)低与SAP组(P<0.05),经冠脉造影证实的冠心病组APN低于正常对照组(P<0.01),其中三支病变组血浆脂联素水平低于单支及双支病变组,均有统计学意义;APN越低,PWV值越大,ABI水平越低。结论CHD病人血浆APN水平明显降低,APN的降低与冠脉狭窄程度,冠脉斑块的稳定性有密切关系。APN可能是冠心病的一个新的独立危险因子,它与ABI、PWV联合在评估冠心病患者冠脉病变程度及危险性方面具有重要意义。

209例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者ABI和CAVI测定结果分析

目的探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者踝臂指数(ankle-brachial index,ABI)与心踝血管指数(cardio-ankle vascularindex,CAVI)对早期糖尿病大血管病变监测的临床意义。方法随机选取Ⅱ型糖尿病患者209例,测定ABI与CAVI值。结果右侧ABI:89例(42.6%)在正常范围,76例(36.1%)有动脉闭塞可能,42例(20.1%)动脉闭塞可能性较高,2例(1.0%)血管有早期动脉硬化或有钙化现象;左侧ABI:94例(44.9%)在正常值范围,72例(34.4%)有动脉闭塞的可能,38例(18.2%)动脉闭塞的可能性较高,5例(2.5%)血管有早期动脉硬化或钙化现象。右侧CAVI:136例(65.1%)在正常范围,62例(29.6%)有动脉闭塞可能,11例(5.2%)动脉闭塞可能性较高;左侧CAVI:146例(69.8%)在正常范围,58例(27.8%)有动脉闭塞可能,5例(2.4%)动脉闭塞可能性较高。结论在Ⅱ型糖尿病患者中应用ABI和CAVI测定,有利于筛选出合并大血管病变患者,具有临床应用意义。

A weeding-duration model for Abies sachalinensis plantations in Hok-kaido, northern Japan

I developed a weeding-duration model for Sakhalin fir （Abies sachalinensis （Fr. Schmidt） Masters） plantations that employs a generalized linear model. The number of years following planting that weeding is necessary is the response variable, and elevation, slope steepness, maximum snow depth, annual precipitation, geology, soil, site index, slope aspect, and vegetation type are explanatory variables. Among the explanatory variables, geology, soil, slope aspect, and vegetation type are categorical data. A Poisson distribution is assumed for the response variable, with a log-link function. Elevation, slope steepness, maximum snow depth, annual precipitation, site index, and vegetation type had a significant effect on weeding duration. Among the eight models with the smallest Akaike information criterion （AIC）, I chose the model with no multicollinearity among the explanatory variables. The weeding-duration model includes site index, maximum snow depth, slope steepness （angle） and vegetation type as explanatory variables; elevation and annual precipitation were not included in the selected model because of multicollinearity with maximum snow depth. This model is useful for cost-benefit analyses of afforestation or reforestation with Abies sachalinensis.

Risk factors and ankle brachial indexes in cerebral infarction combined with peripheral arterial disease

BACKGROUND: Ankle brachial index (ABI) is widely involved in researches and clinical application of peripheral vascular injury of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the application in cerebral infarction (CI) is rare. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible risk factor of cerebral infarction plus peripheral arterial disease (PAD), compare metabolic characteristics of patients who having CI plus PAD or only having CI, and understand the significance of ABI on screening and diagnosing CI plus PAD of lower limb. DESIGN: Contrast observation based on CI patients. SETTING: Department of Neurology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 124 CI patients were selected from Department of Neurology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from July 2005 to April 2006, including 72 males and 52 females aged from 45 to 88 years. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of cerebrovascular disease established by National Academic Conference of Cerebrovascular Diseases in 1995 and determined as cerebral infarction with MRI or CT examination. All patients provided informed consent. There were 46 cases (37.2%) with CI plus PAD and 78 cases (62.8%) only with CI. METHODS: Blood pressure of bilateral ankles and upper extremities was measured at plain clinostatism with DINAMAP blood pressure monitor (GE Company). The ratio between average systolic pressure of lateral ankle and average systolic pressure of both upper extremities was regarded as ABI. The normal ABI was equal to or more than 0.9. If ABI < 0.9 occurred at one side, patients were diagnosed as PAD. On the second morning after hospitalization, blood was collected to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (PBG2h), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Among them, blood glucose, lipid and other biochemical markers were measured with enzyme chemistry assay and HbA1c was measured with HbA1c meter based on high liquid phase. Measurement data and enumeration data were compared with t test and Chi-square test, and multiple factors were dealt with Logistic regression analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of correlation between ABI and metabolic markers with multivariate linear regression analysis; risk factors of CI plus PAD with Logistic regression analysis; comparisons of metabolic markers between PAD and non-PAD patients. RESULTS: All 124 patients with acute CI were involved in the final analysis. ① Comparisons of metabolic markers: Levels of serum LDL-C and uric acid (UA) were higher of PAD patients than those of non-PAD patients (t =2.051 9, 3.339 1, P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among other metabolic markers (P > 0.05). ② Results of multivariate linear regression analysis: PBG2h, LDL-C and UA were obvious correlation with ABI of posterior tibial artery of lower limb and dorsal pedis artery (partial regression coefficient = -0.231 to -1.010, P < 0.05). ③ Risk factors of CI plus PAD with Logistic regression analysis: Age, smoking history, sum of CI focus (≥3) and LDL-C were independent risk factor of CI plus PAD (OR =1.524-5.422, P < 0.05-0.01). CONCLUSION: ① Levels of serum LDL-C and UA of patients with CI plus PAD are high. ② ABI of lower limbs is correlation with PBG2h, LDL-C and UA. In addition, measuring ABI is beneficial for early diagnosing PAD of lower limbs of patients who have poorly controlled blood glucose, abnormal lipid and poor renal function. ③ Age, LDL-C and sum of CI focus (≥3) are independent risk factors of CI plus PAD. It is of significance for screening non-PAD patients to evaluate risk degrees and prognosis and select therapeutic methods based on ABI measurement.