Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of warm-rolled Mg-Zn-Gd-Ca-Mn alloys

The basal texture of traditional magnesium alloy AZ31 is easy to form and exhibits poor plasticity at room temperature.To address these problems,a multi-micro-alloyed high-plasticity Mg-1.8Zn-0.8Gd-0.1Ca-0.2Mn(wt%)alloy was developed using the unique role of rare earth and Ca solute atoms.In addition,the influence of the annealing process on the grain size,second phase,texture,and mechanical properties of the warm-rolled sheet at room temperature was analyzed with the goal of developing high-plasticity mag-nesium alloy sheets and obtaining optimal thermal-mechanical treatment parameters.The results show that the annealing temperature has a significant effect on the microstructure and properties due to the low alloying content:there are small amounts of larger-sized block and long string phases along the rolling direction(RD),as well as several spherical and rodlike particle phases inside the grains.With increas-ing annealing temperature,the grain size decreases and then increases,and the morphology,number,and size of the second phase also change correspondingly.The particle phase within the grains vanishes at 450℃,and the grain size increases sharply.In the full recrystal-lization stage at 300-350℃,the optimum strength-plasticity comprehensive mechanical properties are presented,with yield strengths of 182.1 and 176.9 MPa,tensile strengths of 271.1 and 275.8 MPa in the RD and transverse direction(TD),and elongation values of 27.4%and 32.3%,respectively.Moreover,there are still some larger-sized phases in the alloy that influence its mechanical properties,which offers room for improvement.

Evolution of microstructure and properties of a novel Ni-based superalloy during stress relief annealing

We discussed the decrease in residual stress,precipitation evolution,and mechanical properties of GH4151 alloy in different annealing temperatures,which were studied by the scanning electron microscope(SEM),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The findings reveal that annealing processing has a significant impact on diminishing residual stresses.As the annealing temperature rose from 950 to 1150℃,the majority of the residual stresses were relieved from 60.1 MPa down to 10.9 MPa.Moreover,the stress relaxation mechanism transitioned from being mainly controlled by dislocation slip to a combination of dislocation slip and grain boundary migration.Meanwhile,the annealing treatment promotes the decomposition of the Laves,accompanied by the precipitation ofμ-(Mo_(6)Co_(7))starting at 950℃ and reaching a maximum value at 1050℃.The tensile strength and plasticity of the annealing alloy at 1150℃ reached the maximum(1394 MPa,56.1%)which was 131%,200%fold than those of the as-cast alloy(1060 MPa,26.6%),but the oxidation process in the alloy was accelerated at 1150℃.The enhancement in durability and flexibility is primarily due to the dissolution of the brittle phase,along with the shape and dispersal of theγ′phase.

Bonding enhancement of cold rolling TA1 P-Ti/AA6061 composite plates via surface oxidation treatment

TA1 P-Ti/AA6061 composite plate was produced by oxidizing the surface of the titanium plate and adopting a cold roll bonding process.The results revealed that the oxide film(Ti6O)prepared on the surface of TA1 pure titanium was easy to crack during the cold roll bonding,thereby promoting the formation of an effective mechanical interlock at the interface,which can effectively reduce the minimum reduction rate of the composite plates produced by cold rolling of titanium and aluminium plates.Moreover,the composite plate subjected to oxidation treatment exhibited high shear strength,particularly at a 43%reduction rate,achieving a commendable value of 117 MPa.Based on oxidation treatment and different reduction rates,the annealed composite plates at temperatures of 400,450,and 500°C displayed favorable resistance to interface delamination,highlighting their remarkable strength-plasticity compatibility as evidenced by a maximum elongation of 31.845%.

Effect of annealing treatment on morphologies and gas sensing properties of ZnO nanorods

The high-temperature stabilization of ZnO nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal treatment was investigated. The structure and morphologies of ZnO nanorods were characterized by XRD and SEM, respectively. The thermal stability of ZnO nanorods was also detected by thermal gravity analyzing. Thermal annealing treatment results indicate that ZnO nanorods are fundamentally stable when annealing temperature is lower than 600 ℃. When annealing temperature is beyond 600℃, the diameters of ZnO nanorods obviously decrease and the aggravating tendency of nanorods between each other also increase. Annealing treatment can greatly influence the gas sensing properties of ZnO nanorods. Comparing with ZnO nanorods without annealing treatment, the gas sensing property of ZnO nanorods to H2 with concentration of 2.5×10-6 can increase from 2.22 to 3.56. ZnO nanorods annealed at 400 ℃ exhibit optimum gas sesing property to H2 gas.

Effects of annealing treatment on microstructure and tensile behavior of the Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy

In the present study,the Mg-4Zn-0.6Y-0.5Nd alloy was hot extruded and annealed at 200℃,225℃ and 250℃ for different time to optimize microstructure and mechanical properties.The results exhibit that the dual-size grain structure and linearly distributed secondary phase are the main feature of the as-extruded Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy,which can be described as the elongated grain is surrounded by the fine equiaxed grain.Moreover,the as-extruded alloy shows strong{011^(-)0}fiber texture feature,especially for the large elongated grains.The annealing treatment results in static recrystallization,which increases fine equiaxed grains but decreases large elongated grains.In addition,the equiaxed grains formed during the annealing treatment demonstrate relative random orientations,which weaken the{011^(-)0}fiber texture of the alloy.Moreover,during the annealing at 225℃and 250℃,the extension twins begin to form in the alloy and weaken the{011^(-)0}fiber texture of the alloy further.The annealing treatment has little influence on the linearly distributed secondary phase but promotes the coarsening of small precipitates at 250℃.The annealing treatment could increase the yield and ultimate strength,but the elongation decreases,especially at higher temperature.Such a variation can be ascribed to the evolution of texture,grain structure,twinning and precipitation during the annealing treatment.

Effect of annealing treatment on microstructures and properties of austenite-based Fe-28Mn-9Al-0.8C lightweight steel with addition of Cu

The mechanical properties of an austenite-based Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel were improved by co-precipitation of nanoscale Cu-rich and κ-carbide particles.The Fe-28Mn-9Al-0.8C-(0,3)Cu (wt.%) strips were near-rapidly solidified and annealed in the temperature range from 500 ℃ to 700 ℃.The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the steel under different annealing processes were studied.Microstructural analysis reveals that nanoscale κ-carbides and Cu-rich particles precipitate in the austenite and ferrite of the steel in this annealing temperature range.Co-precipitation of nanoscale Cu-rich particles and κ-carbides provides an obvious increment in the yield strength.At the annealing temperature of 600 ℃,both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of Fe-28Mn-9Al-0.8C-3Cu (wt.%) steel strip are the highest.The total elongation is 25%,which is obviously higher than that of Cu-free steel strips,for the addition of Cu reduces the large sized κ-carbides precipitated along austenite/ferrite interfaces.When the annealing temperature rises to 700 ℃,the strength and ductility of the two steel strips deteriorate due to the formation of massive intergranular κ-carbides precipitated along austenite/ferrite interfaces.It can be concluded that a proper co-precipitation of Cu-rich particles and κ-carbides would improve the properties of austenite-based Fe-Mn-Al-C steel.

Effect of annealing treatment on microstructure and fatigue crack growth behavior of Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy

Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy samples were annealed to four different states （under-aging, peak-aging, over-aging and double-aging） and then thoroughly investigated by means of electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, tensile and fatigue crack growth rate tests to explore the influence of annealing treatment on microstmcture and fatigue crack growth behavior. The results indicate that Al3（Sc,Zr） particles can effectively refine grains and enhance tensile properties and fatigue properties. After annealing treatment, the under-aged sample and double-aged sample obtained average grain sizes of 4.9473 and 4.1257 μm, and the maximum value of yield/tensile strength （561 MPa/581 MPa） was obtained in peak-aged state. In the Paris region, fatigue crack growth rate, crack deflection and bifurcation, crack blunting and inter/trans-granular propagation were discussed based on data fitting and Laird model and Griffith theory. And the results show that the under-aged sample possesses the best resistance to fatigue crack propagation and the most tortuous and bifurcated crack path. For all samples, the fatigue crack growth rate in the rupture region was inversely proportional to yield strength.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V induced by annealing treatment

Ti-6Al-4V specimens were fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM)to study the effect of thermal treatment on the phase transformation,elemental diffusion,microstructure,and mechanical properties.The results show that vanadium enriches around the boundary ofαphases with increasing annealing temperature to 973 K,andα′phases transform intoα+βat 973 K.The typicalα′martensite microstructure transforms to fine-scale equiaxed microstructure at 973 K and the equiaxed microstructure significantly coarsens with increasing annealing temperature to 1273 K.The SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy annealed at 973 K exhibits a well-balanced combination of strength and ductility((1305±25)MPa and(37±3)%,respectively).

Influence of annealing treatment on properties and microstructures of alumina dispersion strengthened copper alloy

Alumina dispersion strengthened copper（ADSC） alloy was produced by internal oxidation. The hardness, ultimate tensile strength and electrical conductivity measurements and microstructure observation on the produced 0.12%ADSC （0.24% Al2O3, mass fraction） and 0.25%ADSC （0.50% Al2O3） subjected to different annealing treatments were conducted. The results show that the microstructure of the produced ADSC is characterized by an uniform distribution of nano-Al2O3 particles in Cu-matrix; the particles range in size from 20 to 50 nm with an interparticle spacing of 30100 nm. The produced 0.12%ADSC can maintain more than 87% hardness retention after 900 ℃, 1 h annealing treatment; the recrystallization can be largely retarded and is not fully completed even after annealing at 1 000 ℃ for 1 h, followed by cold deformation of 84%; local grain growth can be observed after 1 050 ℃, 1 h annealing treatment. The results also show that increasing either the alumina content or cold deformation degree increases the hardness of the produced ADSC.

Effect of pre-annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy bars

Taking extruded Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy(7A04 alloy) bars as the research object, the effect and mechanism of pre-annealing treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the aged alloy bars were investigated. The results show that a pre-annealing treatment at 350°C for 15 h before a T6 treatment substantially reduced the sensitivity of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the extruded 7A04 aluminum alloy specimens toward the extrusion temperature. The average grain sizes of the specimens extruded at 390 and 430°C after T6 treatment were 3.4 and 8.1 μm, respectively, and their elongations to failure were 7.0% and 9.2%, respectively. However, after pre-annealing + T6 treatment, the differences in both the grain sizes and the elongations of the specimens became small, i.e., their average grain sizes were 3.2 and 3.8 μm and their elongations were 12.0% and 13.3%, respectively. For the specimens extruded at the same temperature, pre-annealing treatment obviously improved the plasticity of the alloy, which is attributed to an increase in soft texture or to grain refinement in the specimens as a result of the pre-annealing + T6 treatment.

Influence of Annealing Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Property of Friction Stir Weld AZ31 Mg Alloys

In order to improve microstructure distribution and mechanical properties of Mg alloy joint by annealing treatment, die-casting AZ31 Mg alloy was successfully welded at rotation speed of 1 400 rpm and travel speed of 200 mm/min. The welded joints were annealed at 150-300 ℃ for 15-120 min and then were subjected to transverse tensile. The microstructure of annealed joints was analyzed by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The experimental results indicate that(0001) texture intensity in stir zone significantly reduces and sharp transition of grain size is relieved in the interface between stir zone and thermo-mechanically affected zone after annealed at 200 ℃ for 30 min. Meanwhile, the elongation is increased from 7.5% to 13.0% and strength is increased slightly. It is because that annealing treatment can inhibit twin transformation and retain its ability to coordinate deformation during tensile deformation, which contributes to the improvement of plasticity. In addition, annealing treatment can increase the width of interfacial transition zone and lead to gradual transition of grain size between the SZ and TMAZ, which balances dislocation diffusion rate in different zone.

The effect of annealing treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of cold-sprayed nickel coating

The effect of annealing treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of cold-sprayed Ni coating was investigated by conducting micro-hardness and tensile tests and using a normal optical microscope （OM） ,a scanning electron microscope （ SEM）, a transmission electron microscope （TEM） and an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer （EPMA）. The results show that following the increase of the annealing temperature ,the micro-hardness of cold-sprayed Ni coating decreases and the elongation after fracture increases, while the tensile strength increases before decreasing. The tensile deformation and fracture behavior change from a typical brittle fracture to a hybrid brittle and ductile fracture, then to a typical ductile failure. It is found that when annealed at an elevated temperature （ e. g. 900℃ ） ,the grains tend to grow abnormally with the oxides spheroidizing and the defects agglomerating at the interfaces, causing the tensile strength reduction of the cold-sprayed nickel coating. It is also pointed out that the tensile strength of the cold-sprayed Ni coating can be significantly improved by the appropriate annealing procedures, but the elongation after fracture cannot be clearly increased because it is difficult to eliminate the main defects in the coating by the following heat treatments.

Effect of annealing treatment on electrochemical property of LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4 spinel

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was prepared under different cooling conditions. The electrochemical properties of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 prepared under different cooling conditions were investigated. The results show that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 synthesized with or without annealing treatment has similar X-ray diffraction patterns that can be indexed to cubic spinel structure. The mass loss occurring above 650 ℃ during the heating process can be mostly gained during the cooling process. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 synthesized with an annealing treatment exhibits almost one voltage plateau at around 4.7 V and higher capacity with a quick fading upon cycling, whereas LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 synthesized without annealing treatment shows two voltage plateaus at around 4.1 and 4.7 V and superior capacity retention upon cycling both at rates of 1/7C and 1C, though the capacity is not high.

Impact of Annealing Treatment on the Behaviour of Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Layers

In this work, we study the influence of the annealing treatment on the behaviour of titanium dioxide nanotube layers. The heat treatment protocol is actually the key parameter to induce stable oxide layers and needs to be better understood. Nanotube layers were prepared by electrochemical anodization of Ti foil in 0.4 wt% hydrofluoric acid solution during 20 minutes and then annealed in air atmosphere. In-situ X-ray diffraction analysis, coupled with thermogravimetry, gives us an inside on the oxidation behaviour of titanium dioxide nanotube layers compared to bulk reference samples. Structural studies were performed at 700°C for 12 h in order to follow the time consequences on the oxidation of the material, in sufficient stability conditions. In-situ XRD brought to light that the amorphous oxide layer induced by anodization is responsible for the simultaneous growths of anatase and rutile phase during the first 30 minutes of annealing while the bulk sample oxidation leads to the nucleation of a small amount of anatase TiO2. The initial amorphous oxide layer created by anodization is also responsible for the delay in crystallization compared to the bulk sample. Thermogravimetric analysis exhibits parabolic shape of the mass gain for both anodized and bulk sample;this kinetics is caused by the formation of a rutile external protective layer, as depicted by the associated in-situ XRD diffractograms. We recorded that titanium dioxide nanotube layers exhibit a lower mean mass gain than the bulk, because of the presence of an initial amorphous oxide layer on anodized samples. In-situ XRD results also provide accurate information concerning the sub-layers behavior during the annealing treatment for the bulk and nanostructured layer. Anatase crystallites are mainly localized at the interface oxide layer-metal and the rutile is at the external interface. Sample surface topography was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a probe of the photoactivity of the annealed TiO2 nanotube layers, degradation of an acid orange 7 (AO7) dye solution and 4-chlorophenol under UV irradiation (at 365 nm) were performed. Such titanium dioxide nanotube layers show an efficient photocatalytic activity and the analytical results confirm the degradation mechanism of the 4-chlorophenol reported elsewhere.

Effect of Cu doping and annealing treatment on the microstructure and mag-netic properties of nanocrystalline single-phase Nd-Fe-B alloys

The effects of Cu addition and annealing treatment on the magnetic properties and microstructure of Ndl2.3Fe81.7-xCuxB6 （x=0-1.2） ribbons melt-spun and annealed were systematically investigated by the methods of vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Optimum magnetic properties were achieved by annealing melt-spun Nd12.3Fe81.5Cu0.2B6 ribbons at 550℃ for 15 min, which only contained Nd2Fe14B phase. The remanence, coercive force, and maximum energy product increase by 18.4%, 36.2%, and 49% respectively compared with those of Cu-free samples. The sig- nificant improvement in magnetic properties originates from the freer grains of the samples by introducing Cu, which leads to the stronger exchange-coupling between neighboring grains.

Effect of annealing treatment on optical and electrical properties of ZnO films

The ZnO-Al films were prepared by R.F. magnetron sputtering system using a Zn-Al target (with purity of (99.99%).) The obtained films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM and optical and electrical measurements. The experimental results show that the properties of ZnO films can be further improved by annealing treatment. The crystallinity of ZnO films becomes better, and the optical gap energy is decreased, but thermoelectric power is enhanced after heat treatment. The optical gap energy decreases from 3.75 eV to 3.68 eV when the annealing temperature increases from 25 ℃ to 400 ℃.This can be ascribed to the decrease of carrier concentration, resulting in Burstein shift.

TWIP钢表面Ni-P化学镀层组织结构及性能研究

目的在孪生诱发塑性钢(TWIP)表面制备Ni-P镀层,提高TWIP钢的耐腐蚀性能。方法通过化学镀工艺在TWIP钢表面制备了高磷Ni-P镀层,并进行不同温度的热处理,利用扫描电镜及能谱仪、X射线衍射仪及原子力显微镜等探究了热处理温度和时间对Ni-P镀层形貌和组织结构的影响。通过电化学方法研究了TWIP钢表面镀层的耐蚀性能。结果随着热处理温度的升高,镍磷原子发生迁移,胞状组织边界模糊,粗糙度降低,其中600℃热处理镀层表面最为致密平整。随着热处理温度的升高,镀层组织结构演变过程如下:非晶态(普通镀层)→非晶态部分晶化,Ni12P5、Ni5P2等亚稳态镍磷化合物析出(300℃)→非晶态完全晶化、稳态Ni3P相长大(400℃)→晶粒长大(500℃、600℃)。Ni-P镀层能够明显提升TWIP钢的耐腐蚀性能。随着热处理温度的升高,镀层的耐蚀性能先降低后升高。600℃热处理1h镀层的腐蚀电流密度为0.25μA/cm^(2),与普通Ni-P镀层相比降低了80.9%,与TWIP钢基体相比降低了99.6%。600℃热处理镀层光滑致密无缺陷的表面促进了保护性氧化膜的产生,使镀层的耐蚀性能提高。结论合适的热处理工艺提高了Ni-P镀层的致密性和保护能力,光滑致密无缺陷的镀层能够为TWIP钢提供良好的防护。

退火处理对富Zr型Ti-Zr-Nb-Sn合金显微组织及性能的影响

为了研究退火工艺对冷轧后Ti-49Zr-21Nb-1Sn合金显微组织及性能的影响,对其在850℃分别进行了10、20和40 min的退火处理。借助光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、纳米压痕仪、电化学工作站及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等研究了不同时间退火后合金的显微组织、力学性能及腐蚀性能。结果表明:随着退火时间的增加,合金的晶粒明显长大,相组成没有发生变化,为单一的β相,合金的弹性恢复轻微升高,塑性指数轻微降低。退火处理后合金的弹性模量、H/E_(r)和H~(3)/E_(r)~(2)值分别在88.4~94 GPa、0.0463~0.0479和0.0088~0.0103 GPa之间变化。极化曲线和阻抗图谱的分析结果表明,随着退火时间的增加,合金的自腐蚀电流密度逐渐增大,容抗弧半径减小,退火10 min时,合金的自腐蚀电流密度最小,容抗弧半径最大,表现出良好的耐蚀性。

轧制态TiZrNbSn合金的再结晶行为

首先对冷轧态Ti-49Zr-21Nb-1.0Sn(TZNS1.0)合金分别在600、650、700、750、800和850℃进行再结晶退火处理10、20、30、60、90和120 min,随后采用光学显微镜(OM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术分析了热处理后合金的组织演变,计算了合金的再结晶激活能,建立了其再结晶动力学模型。结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,TZNS1.0合金的再结晶形核孕育时间缩短,β晶粒经历了回复、再结晶形核和长大阶段。随着退火时间的增加,合金的晶粒尺寸增大,但长大速度逐渐减小。TZNS1.0合金在750℃再结晶退火后,仅少数区域发生再结晶,大部分区域仍为变形组织,并存在许多小角度晶界、高密度位错和轧制织构。在800℃退火后,再结晶区域呈现大角度晶界,轧制织构和高密度位错被消除。退火温度进一步升高到850℃时,再结晶过程全部完成,合金晶粒明显长大。TZNS1.0合金的再结晶激活能为67.45 kJ/mol,850℃退火处理时,合金的再结晶动力学方程为x=1-e^(-0.05t 0.9)。

退火态CFR镁/铝复合板界面形貌与力学性能研究

通过对波-平轧制镁/铝复合板进行退火处理,研究了退火温度和退火时间对镁/铝复合板界面微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明, 200℃/30 min退火平直镁/铝复合板新结合界面生成薄的Mg_(17)Al_(12)相扩散层,这可以促进界面冶金结合,提升界面结合强度。当250℃/30 min退火时,新结合界面迅速扩展,进一步形成由Mg_(17)Al_(12)相和Mg_(2)Al_(3)相共同构成的IMCs层。当退火温度升高到300℃时,界面整体形成连续分布的IMCs层,退火温度越高或退火时间越长, IMCs层厚度越大。高温退火处理时,强塑性变形可以加速波谷位置界面原子间的扩散,导致同种化合物波谷位置的生长激活能小于波峰位置,从而造成波谷扩散层厚度大于波峰。退火态镁/铝复合板弯曲测试后,界面无分层、基体无脱落。随着退化温度的升高,平直镁/铝复合板高温拉伸抗拉强度下降,而断裂伸长率增加。