Assessment of Oral Anticoagulation with Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients Living in a Low-Income Country of West Africa

Introduction: Despite the rise of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), vitamin K antagonists (VKA) remain the most widely used oral anticoagulants in developing countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of good anticoagulation in patients treated with VKA in Lomé and describe associated factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from November 2019 to October 2020 in the cardiology departments of two University teaching hospitals in Lomé (CHU Sylvanus Olympio and CHU Campus), involving patients on VKA for ≥3 months, with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.5 and a therapeutic margin between 2 and 3. The quality of anticoagulation was assessed by the time in therapeutic range (TTR) which was assessed by the Rosendaal method. Good anticoagulation was defined by a TTR > 70%. Results: A total of 344 patients were included (mean age = 58 ± 13.8 years, women = 56.1%). Indications for VKA treatment were represented by venous thromboembolic disease (43.3%), supraventricular arrhythmia (28.2%), severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (19.8%) and pulmonary hypertension (8.7%). The average TTR was 47.6 ± 20.8%. The rate of good anticoagulation was 17.7%. Factors associated with good anticoagulation were the use of fluindione vs acenocoumarol (OR = 11.17;95% CI: 3.2 - 39.6;p = 0.0002), concomitant low-dose aspirin (OR 4.44;95% CI: 1.4 - 13.9;p = 0.01) and INR monitoring exclusively by the patient himself (OR = 4.92;95% CI: 1.5 - 16.3;p = 0.008). The rate of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications was each 2.6% and was not correlated with the quality of anticoagulation. Quality of anticoagulation by VKAs was poor in our practice. Factors associated with good anticoagulation were the use of fluindione vs acenocoumarol, concomitant low-dose aspirin and monitoring of INR exclusively by the patient himself. Conclusion: The quality of oral anticoagulation by VKAs could be improved in our practice by the creation of anticoagulation clinics for better therapeutic education of patients and efficient management of VKA dose, and the use of prescription assistance software.

Exploration of standard dosage for GnRH antagonist protocol and dosage adjustments after premature luteinizing hormone surge

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol has emerged as an efficacious alternative to the GnRH agonist protocol for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, and has been demonstrated applicability in infertile female patients with diverse ovarian responses. While the clinical implementation of the antagonist COH protocol has achieved widespread consensus, opportunities for refinement persist. Therefore, this review article focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of GnRH antagonist protocol, the selection of optimal standard doses, and the strategies for adjusting antagonist doses after the premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, aiming to provide more reasonable and scientific recommendations for the application of this scheme.

Development of abscisic acid receptor agonists/antagonists and their application prospect in agriculture:An overview

Abscisic acid(ABA),a plant hormone,is crucial for regulating various physiological and developmental processes in plants,including adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses.Recent advancements have significantly contributed to our understanding of ABA's biosynthetic pathway,transport,signaling pathway,and metabolism.To overcome the limitations of natural ABA,scientists have developed broad-spectrum and highly active agonists of ABA receptors.However,the practical application of these receptor agonists as agrochemicals still faces several challenges.On the other hand,some ABA antagonists have also been developed to differentiate the functional differences among various receptors more accurately.This can help design ABA agonists that can selectively activate specific physiological responses,thereby eliminating the undesired physiological effects induced by ABA.This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current ABA receptor agonists and antagonists to assist in developing novel ABA functional analogs with improved efficacy and simpler chemical structures that are suitable for agricultural applications.

Screening and Identification of Cotton Verticillium Wilt Antagonistic Bacteria Strain 7-30

[Objective]The aim of this study was to screen the antagonistic spore-forming bacteria of Verticillium dahliae and identify its physiological and biochemical characteristics.[Method]Taking the cotton verticillium wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae V-190 as the test microorganism,the antagonistic spore-forming bacteria were screened.Through the preliminary screening and secondary screening,an antagonistic bacteria strain 7-30 with stronger antibacterial activity was obtained,and its morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical characteristics were also identified.[Result]84 antagonistic bacteria strains were isolated from soil in various places by the preliminary screening.Especially,18 strains with better antagonistic ability were screened again,so an antagonistic bacteria strain 7-30 with the diameter of inhibition zone 18.9 mm and stronger antibacterial activity was obtained.According to its morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical characteristics,the antagonistic bacteria strain 7-30 was identified as Bacillus subtilis primarily.[Conclusion]The strain 7-30 was obtained as the antagonistic spore-forming bacteria of Verticillium dahliae.

Screening of Soil Antagonistic Bacteria for Watermelon Fusarium Wilt

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen bacteria strains with stable antagonistic effect against watermelon fusarium wilt from soil and investigate the biological control of watermelon fusarium wilt by applying the antagonistic bacteria strains into soil.[Method] Actinomycete strains,fluorescent bacteria strains and bacillus strains were isolated from soil samples by the dilution-plate method,then its resistance was screened respectively by the improved confront culture method after colonies were purified.Finally,bacteria strains with better antagonistic effect were identified.[Result] 29 bacteria strains with stable antagonistic effect against watermelon fusarium wilt were screened from 39 soil samples,which contained 15 fluorescent bacteria strains,5 bacillus strains and 9 actinomycete strains.Furthermore,three antagonistic bacteria strains of FM2,FM3 and FM4 with the strongest antagonism were identified primarily.[Conclusion] According to cultural characteristics,morphological observation,biochemical and physiological tests,FM2 belongs to bacillus subtilis,while FM3 and FM4 belong to micrococcus.

Screening of Antagonistic Actinomyces against Soft Rot of Amorphophallus konjac and Its Antibacterial Activity

[Objective] Antagonistic actinomyces of Amorphophallus konjac soft rot were isolated from the soil,the antibacterial activity of the fermentation was detected,and its active components were separated.[Method] The antagonistic actinomycetes were screened using plate confrontation culture method.The SJK18 antagonistic strain with strong activity was conducted single-factor tests using different carbon sources,nitrogen sources,temperatures and pH value as the culture condition,and the antibacterial activities of fermentation liquid was determined,respectively.The fermentation liquid of antagonistic strain was extracted with alcohol and acetic ester,and their antibacterial activities were determined.[Result] A total of 112 strains of actinomycetes were obtained,and 11 strains had antibacterial activity.The antibacterial activity of SJK18 strain was the strongest in the single-factor test,when the corn powder was adopted as the carbon sources,KNO3 was the nitrogen source,the temperature was 30 ℃ and the pH was 6.0,the appropriate pH value for the activity was 5.5-10.0.The diameters of inhibition zone of alcohol extract and raffinate of ethyl acetate were 17.0 and 20.0 mm,respectively,while the extraction of ethyl acetate had no antibacterial activity.[Conclusion] A strain of actinomyces with strong antibacterial activity against soft rot of A.konjac was obtained.

Screening of Antagonistic Bacteria against Phytophthora infestans and Its Inhibition Effect

[ Objective ] The paper was to screen bacterial strain with significant antagonistic effect against Phytophthora infestans, so as to provide basis for further development and utilization of antagonistic bacteria to inhibit P. infestans and control potato late bright. [ Method] Plate dual culture and filter paper method were used to determine the inhibition effect of strains in vivo, fermentation broth and bacterial liquid of 61 strains against P. infestans and the resistance-induction effect of SR13-2 strain. [ Result] The inhibition rate of 24 strains among 61 tested strains against mycelial growth of P. infestans was greater than 60%, and the inhibi- tion effect of HT-6 strain was the strongest with the inhibition rate of 89.92%. However, fermentation broth of all tested strains had no significant inhibition effect against P. infestans, while the inhibition effect of bacterial liquid of most strains was significantly higher than strain in vivo; the inhibition effect of $34-1 strain was the strongest with inhibition rate of 91.50%. The bacterial liquid of SR13-2 strain was found to have significant resistance-induction effect with protective rate of 60%. [ Conclusion] The inhibition effect of strains in vivo and fermentation broth of antagonistic strains S34-1 and SR13-2 had no relationship with each other, while bacterial liquid had great application potential in controlling potato late bright.

Screening and Identification of Antagonistic Bacteria against Soil-borne Diseases of Tomato

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen resources for biological control of soil-borne diseases of tomato. [Method] Antagonistic bacteria against Ral- stonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated and purified from soil samples by dilution plating and confronting incubation on PDA plates, then the antibacterial spectrum and metabolic secretions of the bacterial isolates were measured, and their species were identified by establishing phylogenetic trees with Neighbor-Joining method. [Result] From the 60 soil samples, 10 of 59 antagonistic bacteria isolates against R. solanacearum showed inhibition zone diameter 〉 25 mm, and 4 of 30 strains against F. oxysporum exhibited inhibition rate 〉 30%. The bacteriostatic substances and antibacterial spectrum analysis on above 14 isolates revealed that four strains N23-2, N58-2, NF59-3 and NF61-1 had good antago- nism against pathogenic bacteria and fungi; 12 strains produced cellulose, 11 strains produced proteases, and 6 strains produced siderophores. The molecular identification experiments indicated that four strains were members of Paenibacillus, three strains of Streptomyces, three strains of Pseudomonas strains, and four strains of Bacillus strains.

Screening and identification of an antagonistic bacterium strain LHB02 and the optimization of its fermentation conditions

A strain LHB02 with strong antibacterial activity against some aquatic pathogens was screened from the coastal marine sediment in Fujian province, China. LHB02 was identified as Bacillus subtilis, based on its 16S rRNA sequence, together with the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The antagonistic activity of strain LHB02 and its optimal fermentation conditions were also investigated. The results showed that LHB02 had strong antagonistic activity against 3 species of vibrios： Vibrio harveyi,Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio anguillarum, and the optimum fermentation conditions for the strain LHB02 were as follows： KB culture medium （peptone 20 g, glycerol 10 mL, K2HPO4 1.5 g, MgSO 4 .7H2O 1.5 g, H2O 1 000 mL）; temperature, 28 ℃; pH ,7.0; culture time, 36 h; and inoculation amount, 1.5% （v/v）.

Screening and Identification of Antagonistic Strain against Phytophthora sojae

[ Objective] The paper was to screen the antagonistic strain against Phytophthora sojae with biocontrol potential, and provide basis for searching control measures and designing new control strategies against P. sojae. [ Method] The rhizosphere soil of soybean was collected from three different places in Heilongjiang Province, and various soil microorganisms were isolated. Dual culture method was used to screen the microorganism with antagonistic effect against P. sojae. On this basis, the growth inhibition rate of the microorganism with stronger antagonistic effect against P. sojae was determined, and its control effect against P. sojae was also measured. [ Result] A strain of bacterium with relatively good antagonistic effect was isolated from soil, and named as strain B048. Dual test showed that the growth inhibition rate of antagonistic bacterium 11048 against P. sojac reached 97.5%. Antagonistic endurance tests showed that the width of inhibition zone was still 20.0 mm after dual culture with P. sojac for21 d. In potting experiment, the control effect of B048 against P. sojae was 100%. The antagonistic bacterium was primarily identified to be Bacillus pumilus through morphology and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. [Condusion] The antagonistic bacterium B048 had good prospect to be developed as the biocontrol bacterium against P. sojae.

Determination of Growth-promoting and Antagonistic Action of Endophytic Bacteria Strains Itb57 and Itb295 of Tobacco

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the growth-promoting and antagonistic action of endophytic bacteria strains Itb57 and Itb295 of tobacco to explore their functions in biological control. [ Method] The growth-promoting effects of bacterial suspension ~ff endophytic bacteria Itb57 and Itb295 on tobacco seedling un- der different treatment modes were studied using potting method in greenhouse. The antagonistic action of bacterial suspension of endophytic bacteria Itb57 and Itb295 on Phytophthora nicotianae, Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea were measured by duel culture method. [ Result] Bacterial suspensions of enduphytic bacteria Itb57 and Itb295 had certain growth-promoting effects on tobacco seedling, which could significantly increase the fresh weight and dry weight in aerial part; the growth-promoting effect of soaking ＋ spraying and irrigating treatment was the best. Itb57 strain had good antagonistic action against P. nicotianae. A. alterna- ta and B. cinerea, while Itb295 strain only had good antifungal effect against P. nicotianae. [ Conclusion] The results provided basis for the study and application of tobacco endophytic bacteria strains Itb57 and Itb295 in biocontrol of tobacco diseases.

Antagonistical Mode of Pichia membranefaciens to Rhizopus stolonifer in Wounds of Peach Fruit

膜醭毕赤酵母 (PichiamembranefaciensHansen)是本实验室从果实上分离获得的一种能有效防治桃果实采后软腐病的拮抗菌。本文将P .membranefaciens与葡枝根霉 (Rhizopusstolonifer)在桃果实伤口部位共培养 2 4h后 ,用扫描电子显微镜观测了它们的拮抗作用。结果表明 ,在有病原菌的地方聚集了大量的酵母拮抗菌 ,而且拮抗菌紧密地吸附在病原菌的菌丝体上。结合以前的研究结果可以推断 ,P .membranefaciens主要通过与病原菌进行营养和空间的竞争 ,紧密地吸附在病原菌菌丝体上分泌能降解病原菌细胞壁的水解酶 (如几丁质酶和 β_1,3_葡聚糖酶 ) ,并可能诱导寄主产生抗性 ,从而抑制桃软腐病的发生。

Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans with Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Antagonist Activity from Kadsura heteroclita

Seven known dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans,tigloylgomisin P(1), angeloylgomisin P(2),gomisin A(3),Schizandrin(4),angeloylgomisin H(5),gomisin B(6) and R(+)-gomisin M_1(7)were isolated from Kadsura heteroclita.The conformation of tiglolylgomisin P(1)was established by 2D NMR techniques.Using[~3H]platelet activating factor(PAF)binding to human platelet membrane assay,(1),(2)and(7)showed PAF receptor antagonistic activities.

Screening,identification and antagonistic effect of antagonistic bacteria JTFM1001 against aflatoxin contamination in corn

Aflatoxin is a strong carcinogenic and toxic fungal toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and other Aspergillus species,and can seriously threaten the health of consumers,thus becoming a global concern.Corn,as an important oil and economic crop,is highly susceptible contaminated by aflatoxin.In this study,antagonistic bacteria with strong inhibitory effect on aflatoxin were screened to provide support for the treatment aflatoxin contamination control in corn.Ten strains which have strong antagonistic effects against A.flavus were isolated from healthy corn from different corn producing areas in China.Among them,the antagonistic bacteria JTFM1001 through corn kernels in vivo and field experiment,the inhibition effect of aflatoxin contamination reached above 70%and 55%,respectively.And the strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on its morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA.In addition,our data showed that it can colonize in the rhizosphere and survive for a long time,forming the dominant flora,with broad application prospect.Finally,we were surprised to find that the antibacterial metabolites secreted by the antagonistic bacteria was one of the mechanisms of its inhibition of A.flavus and aflatoxin.This will provide us with new ideas and perspectives on the effective prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination in corn and corn oil.

Screening antagonistic microbes for seedling blight of rice and study on antagonistic mechanisms

It is shown by the result of the dual-cultured experiment that the inhibitory rate of DZW-47 was 60.42%, and the inhibitory rates of R.solani by actinomyces ZLR-2 and ZLR-11 were 43.75% and 43.05%, lower than that of DZW-47. The inhibitory mycelia growth mechanism of different strains on R.solani was quite different, with DZW-3 mainly on the aspect of hyperparasitism, DZW-21 on the synergism of hyperparasitism and metabolite, DZW-47 on the synergism of nutrient competition and secondary metabolite, ZLR-2 and ZLR-11 on producing secondary metabolite. Controlling efficiency of seedling bed accorded basically with that of the broth. The controlling efficiency of DZW-47, ZLR-2, ZLR-11, DZW-21 and DZW-3 were 97.20%, 95.7%, 94.6%, 93.6% and 89.20%, respectively.

Genetic Diversity of Antagonistic Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Sophora alopecuroide

[ Objective ] The paper was to study and analyze the genetic diversity of 48 endophytic bacteria isolated from Sophora alopecuroide with strong antagonis- tic effect against Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae, and carry out sequence measurement and phylogenetic analysis on 10 representative strains. [ Meth- od] Using total DNA ERIC-PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis method, a total of 48 endophytic bacteria were carried out genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis. [Result] ERIC-PCR fingerprint map showed that 48 endophytic bacteria were divided into 6 ERIC groups and 2 strains with independent groups at Wat- son distance of 0.31. Representative strains were selected from each group to determine 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic analysis, and the results showed that these strains belonged to Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus and Serratia marcescens, respectively. [ Conclu- sion ] The genetic diversity of 48 strains of bacteria was obvious. Determination of 48 strains of bacteria on diversity and phylogenetic status could lay foundation for study on mechanism of F. oxysporum and V. dahliae, which could also provide new strain sources for biological control of diseases in cotton production.

CLINICAL COMPARISON OF THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN_3 ANTAGONISTS RAMOSETRON AND GRANISETRON IN TREATING ACUTE CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED EMESIS,NAUSEA AND ANOREXIA

Feng Fengyi , Zhang Pin , He Youjian 1, Li Yuhong1 , Zhou Meizhen2 , Chen Gang2 and Li Lin2 The Cancer Hospital of the CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 1000211 The Cancer Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 5100602Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730

3D-QSAR Analysis of DDPH Derivatives for α_1-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Activity

Aim and methods The study of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship （3D-QSAR） of DDPH and its derivatives has been performed using Apex-3D programme. Results The result indicates that substituents of para- and ortho-positions in phenyl ring of aryloxyalkylamine greatly influence the bioactivity. Conclusion The biophore model and 3D-QSAR equation help us not only further understand receptor-ligand interactions, but also design new compounds with better bioactivity.

Antagonistic Effect of Russula virescens(Schaeff.) Fr.against Bortrytis cinerea

[Objective] The paper was to study the antagonistic effect of Russula virescens （Schaeff.） Ft. against Bortrytis cinerea. [Method] Using the confrontation culture method, the antagonistic effect of mycelium, fermentation broth and mycelial extract of R. virescens against B. cinerea was studied. [Result] The antagonistic ef- fect of R. vivesscens against B. cinerea was mainly manifested as hyperparasitism of mycelium and inhibition effect of metabolites. The inhibition rate of confrontation growth was between 46.9% and 52.3%, and hyperparasitism phenomenon was obvi- ous. The fermentation broth of R. virescens cultured by PDB medium had the strongest growth inhibition effect, and the growth inhibition rate against B. cinerea was the highest of 61.59%. The thermal stability of fermentation broth was good, the mycelial extract of R. virescens had no inhibition effect against the growth of B. cinerea. [Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for subsequent differentiation and drug sensitivity of B. cinerea.

Quantitative Stucture-Activity Relationship Studies onCalmodulin Antagonists of Alkylamino 1,2-Diphenylethvl-ene Compounds

从新的先导化合物６－氨基１，２－二苯乙烯－１出发，研究了１５个烷氨基１，２－二苯乙烯类钙调素拮抗剂的结构与活性之间的关系。发现：顺式构型的活性一般比反式构型强，而双键还原的化合物活性更低。从芳香亲脂中心到碱性中心之间的烷基链长度增加时，拮抗活性随之增强。ＱＳＡＲ分析显示：苯环上具较大脂水分配系数及给电子的取代基时拮抗活性可提高。