The transient receptor potential melastatin 2:a new therapeutical target for Parkinson's disease?

The transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is a calcium-permeable cation channel member of the TRP family. Also known as an oxidative stress-activated channel, the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 gating mechanism is dependent on reactive oxygen species. In pathological conditions, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is overactivated, leading to a Ca~(2+) influx that alters cell homeostasis and promotes cell death. The role of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and ischemia, has already been described and reviewed. However, data on transient receptor potential melastatin 2 involvement in Parkinson's disease pathology has emerged only in recent years and the issue lacks review studies that focus specifically on this topic. The present review aims to elucidate the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease by reviewing, summarizing, and discussing the in vitro, in vivo, and human studies published until August 2022. Here we describe fourteen studies that evaluated the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson's disease model used, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonist and genetic approaches, and the main outcomes reported were discussed. The studies described transient receptor potential melastatin 2 activation and enhanced expression in different Parkinson's disease models. They also evidenced protective and restorative effects when using transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonists, knockout, or silencing. This review provides a literature overview and suggests where there is a need for more research. As a perspective point, this review shows evidence that supports transient receptor potential melastatin 2 as a pharmacological target for Parkinson's disease in the future.

Continuous Process Optimization and Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Methyl Anthranilate Jet Reactor

Methyl anthranilate(MA)is an important material for the synthesis of sodium saccharin,but the yield and quality of MA are not stable due to the batch operation conditions.In this study,the optimum conditions obtained by an orthogonal test in a batch reactor were a volume ratio of methanol to amide solution of 5:4,volume ratio of sodium hypochlorite to amide solution of 7:4,Hoffmann degradation reaction duration of 10 min,Hoffmann degradation reaction temperature of 10℃,esterification reaction duration of 10 min,and esterification reaction temperature of 40℃.The working flow velocity and allowable working viscosity range of a Venturi ejector inlet were both determined by a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation.Based on the above experimental data,the continuous operation of the process was tested in a three-stage continuous reactor,which improved the product yield and quality of the process.

First report of field resistance to cyantraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, on Bemisia tabaciMED in China

The Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） cryptic species complex comprises important insect pests that cause devastating damage to agricultural crops worldwide. In China, the B. tabaci Mediterranean （MED） （or biotype Q） species is threatening agricul- tural production all over the country as resistance to commonly used insecticides has increased. This situation highlights the need for alternative pest control measures. Cyantraniliprole, a novel anthraniiic diamide insecticide, has been widely employed to control Hemipteran pests. To monitor the levels of resistance to cyantraniliprole in B. tabaci field populations in China, bioassays were conducted for 18 field samples from nine provinces over two years. Compared with median lethal concentration （LC^0） for the MED susceptible strain, all field samples had significantly higher resistance to cyantraniliprole. Furthermore, resistance factors （RFs） increased significantly in samples from Shanxi （from 5.62 in 2015 to 25.81 in 2016）, Hunan （3.30 in 2015 to 20.97 in 2016） and Hubei （from 9.81 in 2015 to 23.91 in 2016） provinces. This study indicates a considerable decrease in the efficacy of cyantraniliprole against B. tabaci and establishes a baseline of susceptibility that could serve as a reference for future monitoring and management of B. tabaci resistance to cyantraniliprole.

Design,Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Phenyl Substituted Isoxazolecarboxamides

Thirteen novel phenyl substituted isoxazolecarboxamides were synthesized, and their structures were characterized by IH NMR, elementary analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS） techniques. Their evaluated insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm（Mythimna separata） indicate that the phenyl substituted isoxazolecarboxamides exhibited moderate insecticidal activities, among which compounds 9c and 9k showed com- paratively higher activities.

2D-QSAR Studies on Anthranilic Acid Derivatives: A Novel Class of Allosteric Inhibitors of Hepatitis C NS5B Polymerase

Quantitative structure activity relationship （QSAR） studies were performed on 45 anthranilic acid derivatives for their potent allosteric inhibition activities of HCV NSSB polymerase. Genetic algorithm based genetic function approximation （GFA） method of variable selection was used to generate the model. Highly statistically significant model with r^2 = 0.966 and r^2cv = 0.951 was obtained when the number of descriptors in the equation was set to 5. High r^2pred value of 0.884 indicates the good predictive power of the best model. Spatial descriptors of radius of gyration （RadOfGration）, molecular volume （Vm）, length of molecule in the z dimension （Shadow-Zlength）, thermodynamic descriptors of the octanol/water partition coefficient （LogP） and molecular refractivity index （MR） showed enormous contributions to HCV NS5B polymerase inhibition. The validation of the model was done by leave-one-out （LOO） test, randomization tests and external test set prediction. The model gives insight on indispensable structural requirements for the activity and can be used to design more potent analogs against HCV NSSB polymerase.

Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Analogues of Chlorantraniliprole Containing Nitro Group

Twelve novel analogues of chlorantraniliprole containing nitro group were synthesized,and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS）.Their evaluated insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm（Mythimna separata） indicate that the nitro-containing analogues showed favorable insecticidal activities,while the activity of compounds 5g at 0.25mg/L was 40%,but still lower than chlorantraniliprole.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Biological Activities of Novel Anthranilic(Isophthalic) Acid Esters

In search of environmentally benign insecticides with high activity, low toxicity and low resistance, a series of novel anthranilic（isophthalic） acid esters was designed and synthesized based on the structure of ryanodine modulating agent. All the compounds were characterized by 1H NMR spectra, elemental analysis or high resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS）. The preliminary results of biological activity assessment indicate that some of the title compounds exhibit certain but unremarkable insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata Walker at 200 mg/L and fungicidal activities against five funguses at 50 mg/L.

Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Action of (η-C_5H_5)_2Ti(Sal)_2 and (η-C_5H_5)_2Ti(Clo)_2

Two new complexes （Cp）2Ti （Sal）2 and（Cp）2Ti（Clo）2 （Cp=Cyclopentadienyl η^5-C5H5 ）, have been synthesized in anhydrous THF by the reaction of HSal（o-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylate acid） or HClo[N-（ m-chloro-phenyl） anthranili acid, acidum clofenamicum] with （Cp）2TiCl2 and characterized by means of elemental analyses, IR, H NMR, ^13C NMR, UV and molar conductivity. In complex （Cp）2Ti（Sal）2 or（Cp）2Ti（Clo）2, the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group coordinates to Ti（Ⅳ） in a monodentate manner. The inhibitory action of the complexes on mouse ear tumefaction caused by croton oil and rat foot granulation growth caused by cotton balls is higher than that of the corresponding ligands HSal, HClo and [ （Cp）2TiCl2 ], whereas their toxicity is lower than those of the free ligands.

Down regulation of cotton GbTRP1 leads to accumulation of anthranilates and confers resistance to Verticillium dahliae

Background:Verticillium wilt,caused by Verticillium dahliae,is called a "cancer" disease of cotton.The discovery and identification of defense-related genes is essential for the breeding of Verticillium wilt-resistant varieties.In previous research we identified some possible broad-spectrum resistance genes.Here,we report a tryptophan synthesis-related gene GbTRP1 and its functional analysis in relation to the resistance of cotton to V.dahliae.Results:Expression analysis shows that GbTRP1 is suppressed at 1 h and 6 h post V.dahliae infection,but activated at 12 h and 24 h,and the expression of GbTRP1 is highly induced by treatment with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.Sub-cellular localization studies show that GbTRP1 is localized in the chloroplast.Suppression of GbTRP1 expression leads to lesion-mimic phenotypes and activates the immune response in cotton by showing enhanced resistance to V.dahliae and B.cinerea.Metabolomic analysis shows that anthranilic compounds significantly accumulated in GbTRP1-silenced plants,and these metabolites can inhibit the growth of V.dahliae and B.cinerea in vitro.Conclusions:Our results show that suppression of GbTRPI expression dramatically activates the immune response and increases resistance of cotton to V.dahliae and B.cinerea,possibly due to the accumulation of anthranilate compounds.This study not only provides genetic resources for disease resistance breeding,but also may provide a basis for new chemical control methods for combatting of fungal disease in cotton.

Differences of Plasma Levels of Tryptophan, Serotonin, 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid, and Kynurenine between Healthy People and Patients of Major Monopolar Depression at Various Age and Gender

Background: It is not well analyzed whether there are differences in plasma levels of tryptophan (TRP) metabolites between healthy control people (HC) and patients of major monopolar depression (MMD). Methods: Ultra high-speed liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry has been used for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites in depressive patients. Results: There are no significant differences between plasma levels of TRP between HC and MMD. Plasma levels of TRP of HC are higher in young men, young women, old men, and old women in this order. Serotonin (5-HT) levels are higher in MMD than HC. Plasma levels of 5-HIAA of HC are also higher than those of patients of MMD. Plasma levels of kynurenine (KYN) of healthy old men and old women are higher than those of young men and old women. Plasma levels of KYN are higher in old women and young men of MMD than those of HC. Conclusion: Plasma levels of 5-HT are higher in patients of MMD than those of HC, which may suggest that use of drugs inhibiting the 5-HT transportation may increase plasma levels of 5-HT in MMD.

Antimicrobial activity and mode of action of terpene linalyl anthranilate against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Mining of plant-derived antimicrobials is the major focus at current to counter antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial activity and mode of action of linalyl anthranilate(LNA) against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae(KPC-KP). LNA alone exhibited bactericidal activity at 2.5%(V/V), and in combination with meropenem(MPM) at 1.25%(V/V). Comparative proteomic analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins,indicating membrane damage in LNA-treated KPC-KP cells. Up-regulation of oxidative stress regulator proteins and down-regulation of oxidative stress-sensitive proteins indicated oxidative stress. Zeta potential measurement and outer membrane permeability assay revealed that LNA increases both bacterial surface charge and membrane permeability. Ethidium bromide influx/efflux assay showed increased uptake of ethidium bromide in LNA-treated cells, inferring membrane damage. Furthermore, intracellular leakage of nucleic acid and proteins was detected upon LNA treatment. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies again revealed the breakage of bacterial membrane and loss of intracellular materials. LNA was found to induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS) that initiate lipid peroxidation and damage the bacterial membrane. In conclusion, LNA generates ROS, initiates lipid peroxidation, and damages the bacterial membrane, resulting in intracellular leakage and eventually killing the KPC-KP cells.

Effects of Gender, Age, and Clot Formation on the Measurements of Tryptophan Metabolites in Blood

Background: Tryptophan metabolism plays important roles in health and diseases. Although simultaneous measurements of tryptophan metabolites are successfully measured, influences of age, gender, and clot formation on the measurements have not been reported. Methods: We took blood from young and old Japanese men and women and compared plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites. We also took plasma and serum from the blood of middle-aged men (n = 10). Metabolites analysis was performed by a liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer, the LCMS-8060 quadrupole mass spectrometer combined with Nexera X2 liquid chromatograph system (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). Body mass index (BMI) and TRP metabolites have been measured in healthy young men (n = 48), young women (n = 47), old men (n = 44), and old women (n = 39). TRP metabolites were measured by using the ultrahigh speed liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Shimadzu Corporation). Results: Tryptophan and its metabolites such as serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, kynurenine, anthranilic acid, were higher in young women and old men than young men and old women. Plasma levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid were lower in young women and old men. Comparison of plasma and serum indicates that most of metabolites were higher in serum than plasma except for 3-hydroxy-kynurenine and quinolinic acid. Conclusion: Metabolites of the upper stream of degradation of tryptophan were higher in young women and old men than young men and old women, which suggests that the degradation of tryptophan was accelerated in young men and old women than young women and old men. Serum preparation may activate tryptophan degradation resulting in higher levels of metabolites in serum than in plasma.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly Anthranilic Acid Metal Nanocomposites

Intrinsically conducting polymer metal nanocomposites were synthesized by polymerising anthranilic acid (PANA) with metal salts like ferric chloride, Zinc oxide and Magnesium oxide by chemical oxidation method. Polyanthranilic acidiron nano composite (PANA-Fe), Polyanthranilic acid-Zinc nano composite(PANA-Zn) and Polyanthranilic acid-magnesium nano composite (PANA-Mg) synthesized were characterised by UV-Visible and FTIR studies. FTIR spectra of polymer-metal nano composites showed peaks in the region between 1690 cm-1 and 1490 cm-1 which corresponds to the deformation in different types of N-H bond. The participation of the -NH group in polymerization was confirmed by the appearance of a peak around 3431 cm-1. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed the presence of an adherent polymer film on the glassy carbon electrode and showed redox behavior of the polymer metal nanocomposites. The XRD (XRay Diffraction) studies showed a rather more crystalline behaviour of the nano composites and the grain size was calculated using Scherrer’s formula and it was found to be in nano range. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis showed a rather mixed crystalline and amorphous behavior. EDAX (Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy) confirms the incorporation of the metals iron, Zinc and Magnesium in the polymermetal nano composites. The inhibition efficiency of the polymermetal nano composites were calculated for stainless steel in acidic environment using elec-trochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization (Tafel) studies and the prepared PANA-Fe and PANA-Zn nano composites showed effective anti-corrosive behavior on stainless steel in acid medium.

Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene Based Nanocomposite for Electrical Properties

In the present study, we have described the synthesis of acid functionalized graphene (GE) which was grafted to chitosan (CH) by first reacting the oxidized GE with thionyl chloride to form acyl-chlorinated GE. This product was subsequently dispersed in chitosan and covalently grafted to form GE-chitosan. GE-chitosan was further grafted onto poly(anthranilic acid) (PAA) by free radical polymerization conditions, to yield GE-g-chitosan-g-PAA for our investigations. The structure of GE-CH-PAA composites was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), cyclovoltammetrie (CV) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD report suggested the strongly crystalline character of the specimen prepared. The performance of cycle voltammeter was attributed to the GE-CH-PAA, which provided a large number of active sites and good electrical conductivity. Experimental results suggested that nanocomposites could be combined together for industrial applications.

Comparison of Age and Gender Differences of Tryptophan Metabolites in Patients of Major Monopolar and Bipolar Depression

Background: No research has been done for the determination of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites in patients of monopolar and bipolar depression. Methods: Ultra high-speed liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry has been used for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites in depressive patients. Results: No significant age and gender differences were shown in monopolar depressive patients and some differences were shown in bipolar patients. The administration of drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers do not seem to have affected the results. Conclusion: In patients of major monopolar depression age and gender differences of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites disappear although significant differences are observed in healthy volunteers. Some differences of age and gender differences were shown between monopolar and bipolar depressive patients.

Copper-catalyzed C(sp)-H aryl amination enables modular synthesis of quinolines and 2-quinolinones

Herein,we disclose a novel copper-catalyzed C(sp)-H aryl amination of terminal alkynes with anthranils,enabling the rapid generation of highly reactive secondary N-aryl ynamines for the modular synthesis of structurally diverse C2-substituted quinolines and 2-quinolinones.The in-situ formed carbonyl-ynamines are prone to tautomerize to carbonyl-ketenimines,which can efficiently react with a series of nucleophiles,including amines,alcohols,phenols,thiols,thiophenols,active-methylene compounds,and even water to produce various quinoline derivatives with the generation of H_(2)O as a sole and green byproduct.This method also unlocks a practical route to create various quinoline-fused heterocycles and can be successfully applied to the late-stage modification of complex molecules and the concise synthesis of bioactive targets.Mechanistic studies reveal a coppercatalyzed inner-sphere nitrene transfer process by using anthranils as novel aryl nitrene precursors.

Discovery of Novel Anthranilic Diamide Derivatives Bearing Sulfoximine Group as Potent Insecticide Candidates

The fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(S.frugiperda),represents the most resistant insect species and poses serious threat to grain yield.Chlorantraniliprole(CHL),which targets the ryanodine receptors(RyRs)in insects,has demonstrated the efficacy in controlling S.frugiperda.Nevertheless,this has led to emerging resistance in several countries.To counter this resistance,a viable approach involves the development of novel compounds that bind against RyRs via distinct binding sites or modes.In this study,a series of 22 novel anthranilic diamide derivatives was designed and synthesized,and their insecticidal activities were evaluated.Most of these derivatives showed moderate to good insecticidal activity against S.frugiperda and Mythimna separata.Time-lapse fluorescence measurements of endoplasmic reticulum luminal calcium revealed that most derivatives elicited cellular responses similar as CHL when assessed on HEK293 cells expressing S.frugiperda ryanodine receptors(SfRyRs).The mode of action of compound 13a was studied and verified on the isolated neurons by calcium imaging technique.Finally,molecular docking analysis was employed to predict the binding mechanism of compound 13a against SfRyRs.Overall,these novel diamide derivatives hold promise as a valuable resource for guiding the future design of insecticidal compounds targeting RyRs.

Synthesis, bioactivity, action mode and 3D-QSAR of novel anthranilic diamide derivatives

To study the pesticide effect, action mode, structure-activity relationships (SARs) of anthranilic diamide insecticide and screen highly active pesticides, novel anthranilic diamide derivatives were synthesized.Bioassays indicated that all of the title compounds displayed 100% mortality against diamondback moth and oriental armyworm at 100 mg/L, among which 12 v and 12 w showed 100% insecticidal acitvity at 5 mg/L. Surprisingly compound 12 w exhibited better insecticidal acitvity than commercialized chlorantraniliprole against Pyrausta nubilalis (0.1 mg/L) and Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis (2 mg/L). 3 D-QSAR and SARs statistical analysis revealed that title compounds with R^2 fixed as methoxy had the highest probability possessing high activity. The calcium fluorescence measurements on neurons revealed that E series compounds containing pyrazinyl may have a molecular target different from caffeine on ryanodine receptors rather than the voltage-gated calcium channel present on cytomembran.

Design, Syntheses and Biological Activities of Novel Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides Containing N-Pyridylpyrazole

In search of environmentally benign insecticides with high activity, low toxicity and low residue, a series of novel anthranilic diamide derivatives containing N-pyridylpyrazole was designed and synthesized. All the compounds were characterized by H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The single crystal structure of com pound 8j was determined by X-ray diffraction. The insecticidal activities of the new compounds were evaluated. The results show that some compounds exhibited moderate insecticidal activities against Lepidoptera pests. Among this series of compounds, compounds 80 and 8p showed 100% larvicidal activity against Mythimna separate Walker, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus and Laphygma exigua Hubner at a test concentration of 200 mg/kg, which is equal to the commercial chlorantraniliprole.

Design, Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Novel Anthranilic Diamides Containing Oxime Ester and Diacylhydrazine Moieties

Two series of novel anthranilic diamides containing oxime ester and diacylhydrazine moieties were designed and synthesized.Their structures were characterized by melting points,1H NMR,13C NMR and high resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS）.The single crystal structure of compound 7e was determined by X-ray diffraction and their evaluated insecticidal activity against oriental armyworm（Mythimna separata） indicates that some of the compounds exhibited moderate insecticidal activities.Among the 20 compounds,6a and 6b show 100％ larvicidal activity against Mythimna separate Walker at the test concentration of 100 mg/L.