Seismic fragility analysis of clay-pile-pier systems considering the optimization of ground motion intensity measures

The performance of clay-pile-pier system under earthquake shaking was comprehensively examined via three-dimensional finite element analyses,in which the complex stress-strain relationships of a clay and piled pier system were depicted by a hyperbolic-hysteretic and an equivalent elastoplastic model,respectively.One hundred twenty ground motions with varying peak accelerations were considered,along with the variations in bridge superstructure mass and pile flexural rigidity.Comprehensive comparison studies suggested that peak pile-cap acceleration and peak pile-cap velocity are the optimal ground motion intensity measures for seismic responses of the pier and the pile,respectively.Furthermore,based on two optimal ground motion intensity measures and using curvature ductility to quantify different damage states,seismic fragility analyses were performed.The pier generally had no evident damage except when the bridge girder mass was equal to 960 t,which seemed to be comparatively insensitive to the varying pile flexural rigidity.In comparison,the pile was found to be more vulnerable to seismic damage and its failure probabilities tended to clearly reduce with the increment of pile flexural rigidity,while the influence of the bridge girder mass was relatively minor.

Vector-intensity measure based seismic vulnerability analysis of bridge structures

This paper presents a method for seismic vulnerability analysis of bridge structures based on vector-valued intensity measure （viM）, which predicts the limit-state capacities efficiently with multi-intensity measures of seismic event. Accounting for the uncertainties of the bridge model, ten single-bent overpass bridge structures are taken as samples statistically using Latin hypercube sampling approach. 200 earthquake records are chosen randomly for the uncertainties of ground motions according to the site condition of the bridges. The uncertainties of structural capacity and seismic demand are evaluated with the ratios of demand to capacity in different damage state. By comparing the relative importance of different intensity measures, Sa（T1） and Sa（T2） are chosen as viM. Then, the vector-valued fragility functions of different bridge components are developed. Finally, the system-level vulnerability of the bridge based on viM is studied with Duunett- Sobel class correlation matrix which can consider the correlation effects of different bridge components. The study indicates that an increment IMs from a scalar IM to viM results in a significant reduction in the dispersion of fragility functions and in the uncertainties in evaluating earthquake risk. The feasibility and validity of the proposed vulnerability analysis method is validated and the bridge is more vulnerable than any components.

Seismic response and correlation analysis of a pile-supported wharf to near-fault pulse-like ground motions

Earthquake investigations have shown that near-fault pulse-like(NF-P)ground motions have unique characteristics compared to near-fault non-pulse-like(NF-NP)and far-field(FF)ground motions.It is necessary to study the seismic response of pile-supported wharf(PSW)structures under NF-P ground motions.In this study,a three-dimensional finite element numerical model is created to simulate a PSW.By imparting three types of ground motion,the engineering demand parameters(EDPs)of PSW under NF-P ground motions were analyzed and compared,in which EDPs are the maximum displacement and bending moment of the piles.Twenty intensity measures(IMs)were selected to characterize the properties of ground motions.The correlation between IMs and EDPs was explored.The results show that the piles present larger displacement and bending moment under NF-P ground motions compared to NF-NP and FF ground motions.None of the IMs have a high correlation with EDPs under NF-P ground motions,and these IMs are more applicable to FF ground motions.The correlation coefficients between EDPs and IMs under three types of ground motion were obtained,which will provide a valuable reference for the seismic design of PSWs.

Intensity measures for seismic liquefaction hazard evaluation of sloping site

This work investigates the correlation between a large number of widely used ground motion intensity measures(IMs) and the corresponding liquefaction potential of a soil deposit during earthquake loading. In order to accomplish this purpose the seismic responses of 32 sloping liquefiable site models consisting of layered cohesionless soil were subjected to 139 earthquake ground motions. Two sets of ground motions, consisting of 80 ordinary records and 59 pulse-like near-fault records are used in the dynamic analyses. The liquefaction potential of the site is expressed in terms of the the mean pore pressure ratio, the maximum ground settlement, the maximum ground horizontal displacement and the maximum ground horizontal acceleration. For each individual accelerogram, the values of the aforementioned liquefaction potential measures are determined. Then, the correlation between the liquefaction potential measures and the IMs is evaluated. The results reveal that the velocity spectrum intensity(VSI) shows the strongest correlation with the liquefaction potential of sloping site. VSI is also proven to be a sufficient intensity measure with respect to earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance, and has a good predictability, thus making it a prime candidate for the seismic liquefaction hazard evaluation.

Observations on the application of artificial neural network to predicting ground motion measures

Application of the artificial neural network （ANN） to predict pseudospectral acceleration or peak ground acceleration is explored in the study. The training of ANN model is carried out using feed-forward backpropagation method and about 600 records from 39 California earthquakes. The statistics of the residuals or modeling error for the trained ANN-based models are almost the same as those for the parametric ground motion prediction equations, derived through regression analysis; the residual or modeling error can be modeled as a normal variate. The similarity and differences between the predictions by these two approaches are shown. The trained ANN-based models, however, are not robust because the models with almost identical mean square errors do not always lead to the same predictions. This undesirable behaviour for predicting the ground motion measures has not been shown or discussed in the literature; the presented results, at least, serve to raise questions and caution on this problem. A practical approach to ameliorate this problem, perhaps, is to consider several trained ANN models, and to take the average of the predicted values from the trained ANN models as the predicted ground motion measure.

Correlation study between ground motion intensity measure parameters and deformation demands for bilinear SDOF systems

The correlation between ground motion intensity measures （IM） and single-degree-of-freedom （SDOF） deformation demands is described in this study. Peak ground acceleration （APG）, peak ground velocity （VPG）, peak ground displacement （DPG）, spectral acceleration at the first-mode period of vibration [As（T1）] and ratio of VPG to APG are used as IM parameters, and the correlation is characterized by correlation coefficients p. The numerical results obtained by nonlinear dynamic analyses have shown good correlation between As（T1） or VPG and deformation demands. Furthermore, the effect of As（T1） and VPG as IM on the dispersion of the mean value of deformation demands is also investigated for SDOF systems with three different periods T=0.3 s, 1.0 s, 3.0 s respectively.

Measurement of Earthquake Size

The paper begins with a brief review of the research history of earthquake size measurement. On this basis, the author pointed out the following points： ① In recent decades, ML, mb （mH ）, Ms magnitude scales are widely used as measures of earthquake size. However, these magnitude scales have a deficiency of ＂overgeneralization＂ and ＂magnitude saturation＂. Moreover, since they do not fully take into account the regional difference of seismic attenuation, especially the difference of site effects on the amplification of ground motion, these magnitude scales are but inaccurate measures of earthquake size. ② Seismic moment M0 not only has clear physical meaning, but also overcomes the deficiencies existing in ML, mb （mB ） and Ms magnitude scales, so it is the most suitable physical quantity for measuring earthquake size scientifically. In order to continue to use the term ＂magnitude＂, Kanamori defined the moment magnitude scale Act. Although its prerequisite assumptions remain to be studied, it is still a reasonable scale used as a measure of the relative size of an earthquake. ③ For measuring the earthquake size more scientifically, we must make full use of a large amount of waveform data from modern regional digital seismograph networks, strengthen the research on seismic wave attenuation characteristics, site effect, calculation of source parameters and the related scaling relations. In improving the measurement methods for ML, mb （mB ） and Ms magnitude, we should focus on the improvement of Mw scale and carry forward the work as gradually taking Mw magnitude scale as the uniform physical quantity to measure the relative size of earthquakes, so as to lay a more solid foundation for research in earthquake science and earthquake prediction.

Optimal intensity measures for longitudinal seismic response of tunnels

To study the ground motion intensity measures(IMs)suitable for the design of seismic performance with a focus on longitudinal resistance in tunnel structures,21 different seismic intensity parameters are selected for nonlinear calculation and analysis of tunnel structures,in order to determine the optimal IM for the longitudinal seismic performance of tunnel structures under different site conditions.An improved nonlinear beam-spring model is developed to calculate the longitudinal seismic response of tunnels.The PQ-Fiber model is used to simulate the longitudinal nonlinear behavior of tunnel structures and the tangential interactions between the tunnel and the soil is realized by load in the form of moment.Five different site types are considered and 21 IMs is evaluated against four criteria:effectiveness,practicality,usefulness,and sufficiency.The results indicate that the optimal IMs are significantly influenced by the site conditions.Specifically,sustained maximum velocity(V_(SM))emerges as the optimal IM for circular tunnels in soft soil conditions(CaseⅠsites),peak ground velocity(V PG)is best suited for CaseⅡsites,sustained maximum acceleration(A_(SM))is ideal for both CaseⅢand CaseⅤsites,and peak ground acceleration(A PG)for CaseⅣsites.As site conditions transition from CaseⅠto CaseⅤ,from soft to hard,the applicability of acceleration-type intensity parameters gradually decreases,while the applicability of velocity-type intensity parameters gradually increases.

甘肃积石山地震村镇典型建筑震害及成因分析

2023年12月18日甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山发生6.2级地震,此次地震造成了大量的村镇建筑破坏和倒塌,并造成了多人伤亡,是典型的“小震大灾”。文中总结了积石山地震中震区村镇建筑典型震害特点和规律,并结合建筑的结构类型、建造年代和是否具有抗震构造措施进行了典型案例分析,总结此次地震震损较为严重的原因:部分自建房屋为砖柱和土坯墙,二者缺乏有效连接,自身抗震能力差,这点从同一院落具有圈梁构造柱的房屋基本完好而不具备抗震构造措施的房子破坏严重可以说明;部分房屋不同层存在开间变化导致竖向传力不连续;结构存在大量平面布置不规则的情况;结构局部不完整或存在薄弱部位;农村自建房屋,按照工匠习惯建设,未考虑地震作用下的受力要求,需要建立质量监管体制机制。

甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析

积石山地震对甘肃和青海部分地区房屋建筑造成了严重破坏。调查了地震烈度7度和8度地区的11个调查点的村镇建筑震害。震害调查表明:地震灾区主要为乡镇和农村地区,房屋结构类型主要为土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构;在烈度8度地区,土木结构房屋主要表现为严重破坏或倒塌破坏,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋主要表现为中等破坏和严重破坏,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋主要表现为轻微破坏和中等破坏;在烈度7度地区,土木结构房屋以中等破坏为主,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋以轻微破坏和中等破坏为主,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋以轻微破坏和基本完好为主。此次地震震害较同级别地震偏重,与震区复杂地形、地震动峰值放大效应、建筑砌筑质量差和结构受力不合理等因素相关。建议进一步开展复杂地形场地放大效应及频谱影响研究,重视建筑非结构构件抗震宣传与实用技术研发。

支架固定馆藏人物俑文物振动台试验研究

为研究博物馆最常用的支架固定措施固定馆藏人物俑文物的抗震有效性,开展了两类典型体型易损、材质易损人物俑文物复制品‐支架固定措施抗震系统足尺振动台试验研究。获得了人物俑在不同工况下的地震响应及人物俑与支架间的相互作用,探讨人物俑关键体型参数、金属支架卡固位置、支架尺寸、固定措施与人物俑间安装缝隙对该类文物运动状态的影响,评估了支架固定措施的抗震有效性并提出了合理建议,为兼顾安全性及最小干预原则的支架固定人物俑文物的优化设计提供必要依据。研究结果表明:浮放人物俑均发生倾覆,具有极大震损风险;采用支架固定后可有效降低人物俑的摇摆响应,随着人物俑复制品的质心高度与底座宽度比值增加以及其质量增大,较小尺寸支架发生明显塑性变形甚至根部断裂,导致人物俑倾覆并损坏;随着支架尺寸的增加,其对文物固定效果的提高作用有限,基于文物保护最小干预原则,综合考虑文物的抗震安全及艺术展示效果,优化支架尺寸;支架固定人物俑肩部时,人物俑摇摆响应得到一定控制,但随着支架固定位置的提高,人物俑滑移响应愈加明显;当支架与人物俑相互作用时,人物俑表面出现明显损伤,在两者缝隙填充硅胶垫,人物俑的摇摆响应和滑移响应分别降低近40%和50%,支架根部应变下降近40%,人物俑与支架接触处应变下降近60%,有效提高了支架固定措施的抗震有效性。

某高校综合楼抗震性能鉴定方法研究

工程检测行业中涉及的民用建筑的鉴定主要包括可靠性鉴定、抗震性能鉴定和危险房屋鉴定。本文从抗震性能鉴定的背景出发,介绍了《建筑抗震鉴定标准》(GB 50023-2009)中存在的瑕疵,及《既有建筑鉴定与加固通用规范》(GB 55021-2021)的改进,结合某高校一栋框架结构的综合楼抗震性能鉴定实例,总结了民用建筑抗震性能鉴定的主要思路,对于同类型工程项目抗震性能鉴定有一定的参考意义。

湖北工人文化宫超限结构设计

湖北工人文化宫的主要功能为职工培训和展览等,主体结构采用框架-剪力墙结构,存在扭转不规则、偏心布置、楼板不连续、局部跃层柱等不规则项,属于复杂超限高层建筑。采用抗震性能化设计对主要构件进行复核,采用YJK和MIDAS Building软件对结构进行多遇地震弹性计算和弹性时程分析以及罕遇地震下的动力弹塑性时程分析和楼板应力分析等。分析结果表明,整体结构可以满足规范的要求,达到预定的性能目标。并根据分析结果采取抗震加强措施。在容易产生共振的大跨度预应力楼盖区域,以高阻尼橡胶减振垫作为减振材料,对楼盖在人行激励下和有节奏运动激励下的楼板舒适度进行分析。分析结果表明,楼板舒适度满足规范要求。

某钨矿露地联采关键地压灾害监测预警研究

某钨矿形成了露地联采的开采局面,面临着井下群采空区与隔离间柱稳定性、露采边坡稳定性、露地相互影响等关键地压灾害问题。设计建设了最先进的66通道微震监测系统、测量机器人与边坡雷达等地压监测预警系统。文章详细介绍了一次典型的岩体失稳垮塌的成功预警案例。上述综合性的地压监测手段将为矿山安全生产提供重要的技术支撑。

软土地区典型民防工程结构地震易损性分析

为揭示软土地区典型民防工程结构地震易损性变化规律,以某单建式民防工程为例,首先,基于ABAQUS有限元平台建立土体-民防工程结构系统非线性动力分析模型;其次,进一步考虑土体非线性特性和输入地震动的不确定性,通过数值模拟揭示民防工程结构易损性分析的合适地震动强度指标(IM);最终,建立软土地区典型民防工程结构地震易损性曲线。研究结果表明:1)峰值地面加速度(PGA)相较于其他地震动强度指标,其有效性和实用性较高,适合用于民防工程结构地震易损性分析;2)土层条件对民防工程结构的地震易损性有明显影响,土层越软,结构的易损性越高;3)软土地区民防工程结构在地震作用下有可能遭受严重破坏,随着地震动强度的增加,每种破坏状态的超越概率逐渐增加并接近100%。

基于信息度量的地震动参数优化选择方法

地震动参数(intensity measures, IM)的选择是地震易损性分析的重要环节。合适的IMs应具有良好充分性和效率性,以更好地反映地震动的破坏能力,获得更为可靠的易损性分析结果。为此,该文提出了一种基于信息度量的地震动参数优化选择方法。该方法利用互信息和相对熵度量作为IM选择的通用指标,结合前向选择算法在一到多维空间中高效地定位最优的IM。为了验证所提方法的有效性,在一组简支梁桥上进行了分析和讨论,并与传统的充分性和效率性分析方法进行了对比。结果表明,基于所提出方法所选择的IMs能同时满足充分性和效率性要求;较传统方法而言,所提出的方法不依赖概率地震需求模型的选择且不需要进行繁琐的条件独立性比较,具有高效普适的优势,有着良好的应用前景。

中日盾构隧道-工作井接头抗震设计及研究进展综述

首先通过比较中日两国规范及标准中的盾构隧道-工作井接头要求,阐述中日抗震设计理论现状。分析认为:中国的设计规范对井接头的抗震规定较为模糊甚至较少提及,日本规范存在2种盾构隧道-工作井柔性接头的抗震计算方法。相比之下,日本拥有更成熟并且实用的抗震分析理论和计算方法。中日在设计规范标准中均给与设计单位巨大的自由度,但结果允许值的取值范围缺乏评价标准。其次,通过调研井接头抗震分析的研究进展,指出井接头部位的震害特点和关键影响因素;并从影响井接头综合响应机制的关键要素,如刚度比、结构间的相互作用、地基承载力、刚性接头和柔性接头的对比等,对井接头研究现状和不足进行综述。再次,对井接头的抗震评价方法和抗震措施进行梳理,认为:1)土和结构刚度比对工作井接头产生显著影响,需要注意控制工作井周围的土层刚度在合理范围内,提出结构和结构的刚度比是未来重要研究方向的建议。2)结构之间的相互影响主要关注在不同的地震荷载下,2个结构相互之间的影响机制。提出对于结构的相互影响还应关注盾构隧道和工作井接触研究的思考。3)除了结构刚度突变外,地基刚度突变也是重要的影响因素。日本已经提出简易评价公式并经过验证,中国目前在这方面的研究较少。提出软土地区应该着重进行此类研究的建议。4)在柔性抗震方面,日本进行了深入研究。考虑到中国即将要求盾构隧道-工作井接头采用刚柔结构的新规范,日本的研究成果可以为中国进一步发展盾构隧道-工作井接头的抗震设计提供参考。最后,预测本研究领域可能的未来发展方向。

新型光纤加加速度传感器在振动台试验中的应用

目前在结构振动和地震动测量中,主要关注位移、速度和加速度响应,而忽略了加速度的微分(即加加速度)。结构的加加速度响应与舒适度和结构损伤演化密切相关,已经开始受到工程技术人员的重视。在土木工程领域,加加速度传感器尚未被成熟地应用于工程项目或结构试验中。介绍了一种基于微分Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的新型光纤加加速度传感器,可直接测量结构的加加速度响应。将该传感器直接布置于振动台台面进行了0.1~100.0 Hz的正弦扫频校准振动测试,试验结果证明该传感器具有良好的工作性能,由采集的加加速度积分获取的加速度时程与振动输入的相关系数达到了0.976。同时,将该加加速度传感器应用于某超高层模型结构的振动台试验,采集超高层结构加加速度时程响应。试验结果表明该超高层结构顶部的加加速度放大效果超过了6倍,鞭梢效应显著。试验中采集的加加速度响应也为进一步开展该抗震新参量的研究提供了数据支撑。该新型光纤加加速度测量仪器在地震工程领域具有广阔的应用前景。

基于全连接神经网络的地铁车站响应分析与地震强度指标优选

为了降低随机地震响应分析的计算成本,将人工神经网络方法用于构建概率地震需求模型(PSDM),以预测地铁车站结构的地震响应,并对适用于地铁车站结构响应预测的地震强度指标(IM)进行了优选。首先选取了200条实测地震动,计算IM,并对典型的三层三跨地铁车站结构进行有限元建模,将IM与最大层间位移角作为输入与输出训练全连接神经网络模型(FCNN),得到了最大层间位移角的预测模型。最后基于训练后FCNN输入层到隐含层中的权重矩阵与传统方法对IM进行优选,得出了对最大层间位移角影响最大的IM。研究结果表明:训练后FCNN能以0.95的精度预测地铁车站最大层间位移角,且计算耗时仅为数值模拟的1/5;针对矩形地下结构最大层间位移角,速度型和速度反应谱型指标的影响明显高于其他类型指标,其中速度谱强度(VSI)对最大层间位移角的影响最大。

超导重力测量数据中地震事件的频域特征信息分析

超导重力仪观测数据精度可达0.1μGal(1μGal=10^(−8) m/s^(2)),是获取地震重力信号频域特征的重要依据。本文利用中国计量科学研究院iGrav-012超导重力仪观测数据,基于谱分析探究地震事件发生前后重力场扰动信号的优势频段随震级和震中距的变化特征。研究表明:4级以上远震中,震级和震中距对同震响应、震前和震后不同时窗超导重力数据优势频段的影响不显著。地震的发生对超导重力震前震后数据的频域成分有调制作用,即震前1小时和震后1小时时窗内PSD曲线的谱峰中心个数和谱峰中心频率会发生变化。同震期间超导重力数据PSD曲线的谱峰中心个数和谱峰中心频率无显著规律。这为高频次地球内部活动导致重力场变化信息的深度分析提供了新的认识,揭示了基于高精度超导重力数据频域特征分析实现地震孕育及发生过程动态监测的应用前景。