Frequency and Factors Associated with Gender-Based Violence in the Northern Region of Benin from 2016 to 2022

Introduction: Gender-based violence constitutes a public health problem. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency and factors associated with gender-based violence. Study Framework and Method: This was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical aim over the period from January 2016 to December 2022. The study took place in the Integrated Support Center for Victims and Survivors of Gender-Based Violence located in the Departmental University Hospital Center of Borgou and Alibori. The study population consisted of people who were victims of gender-based violence in the northern region of Benin, regardless of their age and gender. Results: The study population consisted of 1198 subjects. The average age of the victims was 21.76 ± 10.02;female victims represented 96.4%, with a sex ratio equal to 0.037 (43/1155). Sexual violence was the most represented (50.25%), followed by psychological (29.30%), physical (24.37%), economic (13.77%) and property (2%). The factors associated with violence were married people and monthly income (physical violence), minors, female gender and single people (sexual violence), polygamous households and monthly income (economic violence), the absence of children burden, married people and monthly income (psychological violence), married people (property violence). Conclusion: Gender-based violence is frequent in the North of Benin and is dominated by sexual violence. The victims are mainly female.

Research on the Winter Study Movement in Shanxi Anti-Japanese Base Area from the Perspective of Mass

Playing a major role on social education in Shanxi anti-Japanese base area,the winter study movement is a popular education movement implemented by the Communist Party of China,which takes into consideration the base area’s reality and makes full use of the leisure time in winter of rural area.With a wide coverage of education in culture,politics,daily life,anti-Japanese war as well as other aspects.The winter study movement provides efficient education to rural peasants,achieving great effects on mobilization on the masses of the people.This paper focuses on the original archives of the grassroots,conveying comprehensive analysis on the institutional arrangement,organizational mechanism and specific implementation of the winter study movement,thus to provide an overall understanding of the winter study movement in Shanxi anti-Japanese base area from the perspective of mass mobilization.

The Source of Groundwater Recharge Based on Entropy Theory in the Arid Areas of North China

Objective Any natural system is constantly exchanging material, energy and information with the environment, and all tkese processes follow the basic law of thermodynamics, with no exception of groundwater recharge and discharge process. On the basis of the principle of the first law of thermodynamics, the reverse geochemical simulation method is widely used in the study of groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage process. However, some studies only consider the material conservation in theprocess, but ignore the probability of the transformation.

Community-Based Approach in the Prevention and Management of Flood Disasters in Babessi Sub-Division (Ndop Plain, North West Cameroon)

Flood is a recurrent natural disaster that has caused enormous human and material damage in many places and continues to hit local committees at an alarming rate. The need to setup permanent committees to prevent and manage flood disasters by local communities is therefore indispensable. In rural areas, the creation of such a structure is always a welcome relief to flood victims but it is often marred by numerous management problems. This study aimed to analyze the community-based approach in the prevention and management of flood disasters in Babessi Subdivision (North West Cameroon), to identify the causes of flood disasters and the preventive strategies used by this local community. A total number of 300 questionnaires as well as structured interviews were used to collect data in the field and the data were analyzed by simple descriptive statistics. The main results revealed that the main cause of flood disasters is heavy and consistent rainfall. Also, poor refuse disposal and drainage system management contribute to floods. The identification of areas likely to be affected by floods and preventing the riparian population from constructing houses along these areas especially beside the main rivers are the flood preventive measures adopted by the local flood management committee. The flood victims are reluctant to relocate to the settlement site earmarked by the Government, meanwhile, the local flood committee do not have the legal tools to forcefully relocate them. The population of Babessi needs to be sensitized on the impending dangers of flood hazard and be encouraged to participate in implementing the adopted strategies to prevent and manage subsequent flood disasters.

Technical Note on a Track-pattern-based Model for Predicting Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific

Recently, the National Typhoon Center （NTC） at the Korea Meteorological Administration launched a track-pattern-based model that predicts the horizontal distribution of tropical cyclone （TC） track density from June to October. This model is the first approach to target seasonal TC track clusters covering the entire western North Pacific （WNP） basin, and may represent a milestone for seasonal TC forecasting, using a simple statistical method that can be applied at weather operation centers. In this note, we describe the procedure of the track-pattern-based model with brief technical background to provide practical information on the use and operation of the model. The model comprises three major steps. First, long-term data of WNP TC tracks reveal seven climatological track clusters. Second, the TC counts for each cluster are predicted using a hybrid statistical-dynamical method, using the seasonal prediction of large-scale environments. Third, the final forecast map of track density is constructed by merging the spatial probabilities of the seven clusters and applying necessary bias corrections. Although the model is developed to issue the seasonal forecast in mid-May, it can be applied to alternative dates and target seasons following the procedure described in this note. Work continues on establishing an automatic system for this model at the NTC.

Trends in gravity changes from 2009 to 2013 derived from ground-based gravimetry and GRACE data in North China

North China is a key region for studying geophysical progress. In this study, ground-based and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） gravity data from 2009 to 2013 are used to calculate the gravity change rate（GCR） using the polynomial fitting method. In general, the study area was divided into the Shanxi rift, Jing-Jin-Ji（Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Province）, and Bohai Bay Basin（BBB） regions. Results of the distribution of the GCR determined from ground-based gravimetry show that the GCR appears to be ＂negativepositive-negative＂ from west to east, which indicates that different geophysical mechanisms are involved in the tectonic activities of these regions. However, GRACE solutions are conducted over a larger spatial scale and are able to show a difference between southern and northern areas and a mass redistribution of land water storage.

华北抗日根据地的清理“黑地”运动

抗日战争时期,在华北抗日根据地出现了隐瞒地亩的“黑地”问题。在为了缓解财粮压力,保证抗日供需,调整群众粮赋标准,完善征收体制目的的驱动下,根据地政府采取多种措施对“黑地”进行了清理。“黑地”问题原因复杂,既有历史与现实因素,又掺杂自然与人为因素,根据地采用鼓励自报、群众举发、政府清丈等方式并通过调整政策、加大奖惩、发动群众、改造村政等途径对“黑地”进行清理,取得了一定的成效。根据地政府从政策规定、政党动员与群众期望的交织中获得了构建根据地新财经体系和新治理秩序的宝贵经验。

Land Cover Changes and Drivers in the Water Source Area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China from 2000 to 2015

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(MR-SNWDP)in China,with construction beginning in 2003,diverts water from Danjiangkou Reservoir to North China for residential,agriculture and industrial use.The water source area of the MR-SNWDP is the region that is most sensitive to and most affected by the construction of this water diversion project.In this study,we used Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)and HJ-1 A/B images from 2000 to 2015 by an object-based approach with a hierarchical classification method for mapping land cover in the water source area.The changes in land cover were illuminated by transfer matrixes,single dynamic degree,slope zones and fractional vegetation cover(FVC).The results indicated that the area of cropland decreased by 31%and was replaced mainly by shrub over the past 15 years,whereas forest and settlements showed continuous increases of 29.2% and 77.7%,respectively.The changes in cropland were obvious in all slope zones and decreased most remarkably(–43.8%)in the slope zone above 25°.Compared to the FVC of forest and shrub,significant improvement was exhibited in the FVC of grassland,with a growth rate of 16.6%.We concluded that local policies,including economic development,water conservation and immigration resulting from the construction of the MR-SNWDP,were the main drivers of land cover changes;notably,they stimulated the substantial and rapid expansion of settlements,doubled the wetlands and drove the transformation from cropland to settlements in immigration areas.

Seasonal Wind Characteristics and Prospects of Wind Energy Conversion Systems for Water Production in the Far North Region of Cameroon

This study aimed at investigating the characteristics of the wind power resource in the Far North Region of Cameroon (FNR), based on modelling of daily long-term satellite-derived data (2005-2020) and in-situ wind measurements data (1987-2020). Five different reliable statistical indicators assessed the accuracy level for the goodness-of-fit tests of satellite-derived data. The two-parameter Weibull distribution function using the energy factor method described the statistical distribution of wind speed and investigated the characteristics of the wind power resource. Six 10-kW pitch-controlled wind turbines (WT) evaluated the power output, energy and water produced. A 50 m pumping head was considered to estimate seasonal variations of volumetric flow rates and costs of water produced. The results revealed that the wind resource in FNR is suitable only for wind pumping applications. Based on the hydraulic requirements for wind pumps, mechanical wind pumping system can be the most cost-effective option of wind pumping technologies in FNR. However, based on the estimated capacity factors of selected WT, wind electric pumping system can be acceptable for only four out of twenty-one sites in FNR.

The Concept of Information Support for Bi-oresource and Ecosystem Research in the North-West Pacific: Theory and Practical Implementation

The first part of the article provides an overview of the theoretical evidence, the main provisions, and the implementation strategy of information support for bioresource and ecosystem research in the north-west Pacific, which has been conducted over the past 20 years in the Russian Far East Research Institute TINRO-Center. In short, the concept consists of a combination of the following four assertions: 1) For the steady and sustainable development of the Russian Far East, the entire Russian Federation and the Asia-Pacific Region in general, environmental, food, economic, and other security is required, which cannot be achieved without the rational use of bioresources based on the ecosystem approach to the management of aquatic bioresources. 2) For the inventory, appraisal, monitoring, forecasting of the state of and management the natural water resources when applying this approach, statistically relevant quantitative information is required on the greatest possible number of constituents of marine biocenosis of the north-western Pacific for the longest possible period of time, which is only available at the TINRO-Center. 3) This valuable data should be organized into databases, based on which geo-information and other electronic information systems are prepared, and based on these map atlases and reference books on natural water resources, using automated workplaces created especially for this. 4) The resulting unique information support will be of great value not only for practical purposes, but also for science, both applied and fundamental. Next comes a summary of the many years of work on the practical implementation of this concept and the key achievements in this field obtained by the TINRO-Center by the end of 2015 are reviewed. At the end, some plans for the near future are outlined.

中昆仑山北坡水汽含量的计算及其特征分析

干旱区水汽变化影响区域水资源系统的结构和演变,基于2020年1月—2022年12月中昆仑山北坡地区4个地基GPS遥感大气可降水量资料(GPS-PWV)、2个探空站观测资料和108个地面气象观测站逐时水汽压资料,利用一元线性拟合方法建立了适用于中昆仑山北坡地区的大气水汽含量(W-PWV)和地面水汽压计算模型(W-e)并对计算结果进行评估,分析了中昆仑山北坡地区东段、中段、西段W-PWV的时空分布特征及降水开始时刻与W-PWV峰值的关系。结果表明:(1)W-PWV年平均高值区位于研究区西段,中段次之,东段沙漠南缘W-PWV最低。海拔高度大于1500 m测站W-PWV随高度升高逐渐减少。夏季地面气象观测站平均W-PWV是春、秋季的2倍左右;(2)研究区W-PWV月变化具有单峰型特征,其中海拔高度1300~1500 m测站的W-PWV在7月和8月达到峰值,其余测站的W-PWV在8月达到峰值,海拔低于2000m和高于2000m测站W-PWV分别在夜间和白天维持较高值;(3)水汽含量模型计算的测站W-PWV与降水开始时刻有较好的对应关系,降水前各站W-PWV均存在不同程度跃变过程,降水过程前1~2h内W-PWV峰值达到测站W-PWV月平均值的1.5倍以上。

政治沟通何以可能:土改工作队与华北根据地的基层政治

为了建立稳固的根据地,中国共产党将党的组织深入基层,以获得民众的认同支持并实现资源提取,同时治理、改造乡村,这需要进行有效的政治沟通。在战争时期,土改工作队作为中共介入地方社会的中介组织和机制设置,代表中共意志自上而下地引导甚至监督基层执行中央政策,并自下而上地反馈基层信息、帮助上层调整偏差。其在培养基层干部、动员民众、协调干群关系等方面发挥着重要功能,夯实了基层的党组织,维护了党在基层的权威。工作队的设置促进了政治信息的流动传播,形成了有效的政治沟通,有助于消除政府与民众之间的隔阂,强化民众的政治认同,由此促成中共对地方的有效治理,加强基层政权的建设和政治整合。

基于多方法综合比较的南水北调西线工程水源区生态需水研究

针对南水北调西线工程调水需求,以方法比选、目标修正、可行性验证为主线,提出了一套多方法综合确定水源区生态需水过程的思路,并制定了10个坝址断面枯水期和非枯水期的生态基流、敏感生态需水及年生态水量目标。结果表明:水源区坝址断面枯水期生态基流在多年平均流量中的占比约为20%,非枯水期占比约为40%;3—6月为鱼类集中产卵敏感期,需要每月发生一次脉冲流量过程,每次至少持续10 d,脉冲流量在多年平均流量中的占比为48%~73%;各坝址断面年均生态水量在多年平均径流量中的占比约为70%,其中丰水年、一般偏枯年、枯水年生态水量占比分别为68%~78%、66%~75%和61%~70%;研究结果符合长江流域现有管控要求,具备较好的现实可达性。

东北老工业基地城市收缩对生态环境质量演变的影响效应

处于转型过程中的老工业城市是易发生收缩的典型城市,该类城市的能源消耗、污染物排放与环境恶化程度往往高于其他城市,因此城市收缩影响下的老工业基地生态环境质量演变问题值得进一步探讨。本文基于PSR模型,利用熵值法测算2011—2020年东北老工业基地收缩城市的生态环境质量水平,分析了收缩城市生态环境质量的时空演变特征,并探讨了城市收缩对生态环境质量演变的影响效应。结果显示:①收缩城市生态环境质量水平整体不高,呈波动上升趋势,研究期内与增长城市的差距逐渐减小。生态环境质量改善程度与城市收缩程度呈显著的空间正相关关系。②城市收缩程度对生态环境质量的影响具有阶段性差异,在城市收缩的初期、中期、后期依次表现为无显著影响、负向影响和正向影响。③从全局角度来看,城市收缩程度对收缩城市生态环境质量演变具有显著的正向影响,财政水平和资源依赖程度对其作用机制存在门槛调节效应。

基于单轴光学陀螺与MEMS IMU的室内移动机器人寻北

三轴高精度光学陀螺成本高体积大,限制了陀螺寻北技术在移动机器人领域的应用。针对该问题,提出一种基于单轴光学陀螺和微机电系统(MEMS)惯性测量单元的室内移动机器人寻北方法,达到或者接近三轴光学陀螺的寻北精度,成本和体积降低约2/3。移动机器人于第1位置静止时,根据单轴光学陀螺的输出与MEMS三轴加速度计的输出,获得两个可能方位角,以相同的方式获得移动机器人在第2位置的两个可能方位角,两个位置的方位角相减得到4个可能的方位角变化值,通过和MEMS捷联惯导系统所得方位角变化值比较,确定第2位置的唯一方位角。误差分析显示在方位角接近90°和270°时,所提出的方法接近三轴光学陀螺的寻北精度,仿真实验和跑车实验证实了所提出方法的有效性。

“人民戏剧”与华北抗日根据地生产建设动员

抗战时期,应敌后抗战宣传和生产斗争宣传的需要,华北抗日根据地出现了大量以生产建设运动为题材的“人民戏剧”。这些戏剧艺术化地诠释了减租减息土地政策,颂扬了开荒春耕、变工互助的生产运动及涌现出的英雄模范,全面呈现了华北抗日根据地的社会图景。华北抗日根据地生产建设运动催生了“人民戏剧”,并促成了人民文艺的发展与繁荣;“人民戏剧”编演活动又推动了根据地的生产建设运动,强化了根据地的抗战文化宣传与革命思想动员。

抗战与民生:邓子恢与淮北抗日根据地经济建设

抗日战争时期,淮北抗日根据地战略地位独特且重要,但因日军的军事“扫荡”与经济封锁政策而生产锐减、民生凋敝,经济发展陷入困境。有着丰富经济建设实践经验的邓子恢,奉命前往淮北抗日根据地主持工作,领导根据地军民开展了减租减息运动、大生产运动以及财政经济建设,从而打破了敌人的经济封锁,改善了当地群众的生活,壮大了抗日救国队伍,加强了淮北区党委的自身建设,为抗战胜利作出重要的贡献。

油基钻井液在龙凤山区块的应用

与水基钻井液相比,油基钻井液不仅具有更优良的井壁稳定性、抑制性、润滑性、抗温性与抗污染性,且能起到更好的储层保护性能,并且在滑动钻进期间,很大程度上解决了钻进托压、黏卡的问题,已然成为一些深井、高温井、定向水平井和复杂井不可缺少的重要手段。北201平台井是东北油气分公司首口平台井,也是龙凤山区块首次采用油基钻井液体系,克服了多项施工难点,创造了13项区块纪录,在此基础上,结合平台井的施工情况讲述了钻井施工过程中油基井液在配置、性能维护等方面的技术措施,以供参考。

华北根据地的社会变动与财粮征收工作

在全面抗战和解放战争时期,华北根据地发生了包括阶级关系调整、基层治理转型和新旧精英更替等在内的一系列社会变动,这些社会变动对于财粮征收工作都产生了积极影响。阶级关系的调整构建了华北根据地财粮征收工作的合法性与权威性,各地民众交粮纳税的意愿大幅提升。基层治理的转型消除了传统财粮征收过程中固有的贪污中饱、负担不公和偷税漏税等积弊,降低了华北根据地财粮征收工作的中间耗损。新旧精英的更替则进一步增强了华北根据地各级政权的财粮征管能力,保证了财粮征收工作的有效性和持续性。财粮征收是一项系统工程,华北根据地财粮征收工作的锁钥在于中国共产党以“社会”推助“财经”,成功将财粮征收工作纳入社会变动的整体框架之中,不仅顺利完成了财粮征收的各项任务,而且彻底打破了清季民国财政扩张内卷化的制度桎梏。