Cryptocurrency technology revolution:are Bitcoin prices and terrorist attacks related?

As a financial innovation of the information age,cryptocurrency is a complex concept with clear advantages and disadvantages and is worthy of discussion.Exploring from a terrorism perspective,this study uses the time-varying parameter/stochastic volatil-ity vector autoregression model to explore the risk hedging and terrorist financing capabilities of Bitcoin.Empirical results show that both terrorist incidents and brutality may explain Bitcoin price,but their effects are slightly different.Compared to terrorist brutality,terrorist incidents have a weaker impact on Bitcoin price,showing that Bitcoin investors are more concerned about the number of deaths than the frequency of ter-rorist attacks.In turn,the impact of Bitcoin price on terrorist attacks is negligible.Bitcoin is a potential means of financing terrorism,but it does not currently play an important role.Our research findings can help investors analyze and predict Bitcoin prices and help improve the theoretical system of anti-terrorist financing,helping to maintain world peace and security.

Epidemio-Clinical Profile of Psychotrauma in Military Victims of Terrorists Attacks in Benin in December 2021

Introduction: In December 2021, Beninese soldiers were victims of armed terrorist attacks. This study aims to determine the psychological impact of the events experienced on the victims in order to better prevent post-traumatic stress disorder. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from December 13 to 14, 2021, i.e. 12 days after the oldest event and 4 days after the most recent. The experience of the event was assessed with the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory and the Peritraumatic Dissociation Experiences Questionnaire. Symptoms experienced in the hours and days after the event were assessed with the Revised Event Impact Scale. Results: 36 soldiers were included out of the 38 survivors, i.e. 94.73%. They were 51.43% victims of the night assault, 37.14% of the ambush on patrol and 11.43% of the explosion of vehicle on mine, all male. The average age was 31 years with extremes of 25 and 49 years. The 25 - 30 year olds predominated, 52.78%. 100% of soldiers had significant peritraumatic dissociation, of which 94.44% also had significant peritraumatic distress. 100% of the soldiers had manifestations of intrusion, 89% of manifestations of avoidance and 83% of manifestations of hyperexcitation. 88.89% had an index for acute stress including 100% of victims of night assault and vehicle explosion on mine. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of peritraumatic reactions, recognized factors favoring post-traumatic stress disorder, and the interest of their evaluation for medical and psychological help adapted to the victims.

Modeling heterogeneous behaviors with different strategies in a terrorist attack

Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations.To overcome this lim-itation,we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks.We constructed an emotional model that integrated personality and visual perception for pedestrians.The emotional model was then integrated with pedestrian relationship networks to establish a decision-making model that sup-ported pedestrians’altruistic behaviors.A mapping model has been developed to correlate antisocial personality traits with attack strategies employed by terrorists.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate practical heterogeneous behaviors that align with existing psychological research findings.

东南亚恐怖主义网络发动的特征及运行机制研究

当前,东南亚恐怖主义的发展态势呈现出超民族、超国家及超地域的新特点,也出现了跨境犯罪、武装贩毒、人口走私、网络宣传与策划的新动向。在国际恐怖组织利用互联网和自媒体等媒介实施网络发动的新趋势下,东南亚地区更是成为恐怖主义网络发动的主战场之一。恐怖主义网络发动是指恐怖分子利用网络技术进行宣传、招募、组织培训和策动恐怖袭击等活动,可划分为互联网1.0时代的网络破坏、互联网2.0时代的社交媒体利用以及互联网3.0时代的新技术应用。东南亚地区的恐怖主义网络发动具有模仿国际恐怖组织模式、直接进入手机端与高度伪装性等特征。文章深入分析东南亚恐怖主义网络发动的环境、参与主体、驱动力和机制,构建恐怖主义网络发动的过程框架,指出东南亚恐怖主义网络发动研究的重点方向,包括解构典型案例和寻找规律、开发获取和处理关键反恐技术、构建动态监测与预警体系以及建立数据应用平台等。

“伊斯兰国-呼罗珊”在阿富汗的渗透及影响研究

由于美国从阿富汗撤军、塔利班在阿富汗重新掌权等原因,“伊斯兰国-呼罗珊”在阿富汗的活动出现新变化,呈现明显加剧及向周边地区、国家外溢的趋势。“伊斯兰国-呼罗珊”在中亚、南亚的活动开始越来越针对我国,给我国在当地的合作项目及人员造成严重安全威胁。研究近年来“伊斯兰国-呼罗珊”在阿富汗的活动,可为准确把握周边国家“三股势力”新动向,维护我国西北地区周边安全环境提供参考。

反恐医学的形成演化、研究进展与面临的挑战

进入21世纪后,恐怖袭击事件不断发生,袭击方式日趋多样化,造成的伤亡后果也越来越严重。有别于普通的群体性伤亡事件,恐怖袭击事件伤员救治在现场环境、伤员群体、损伤类型等方面都有着特殊性,各国医疗机构在有效应对恐怖袭击伤员救治过程中逐渐形成了一个新的医学领域——反恐医学。近年来,反恐医学在应急预案、检伤分类、医疗救援响应、模拟演练等方面都积累了大量的经验,取得了丰富的研究成果,但同时,仍然面临许多严峻的挑战。文章通过对反恐医学的形成与研究进展、医疗救援应对恐怖袭击的实践应用及面临的挑战进行综述,以期为我国医疗救援系统更好地应对恐怖袭击提供借鉴和参考。

自杀式恐怖袭击防控探究

自杀式恐怖袭击具有恐怖袭击模式与恐怖袭击手段的多重属性,其运行满足以恐怖主体为核心耦合袭击目标、袭击手段、袭击时间和袭击后果等多维恐怖袭击要素的基本存续结构,亦以袭击主体的消亡带动袭击目标受袭形成袭击手段。为有效认知自杀式恐怖袭击以提升恐怖主义治理效能,从袭击主体、袭击工具和袭击行动的消亡性对其进行剖析,发现基于行为体、承袭体和致损体生成致灾因子、构成致灾机理、形成防控困境,同时也回溯治理逻辑。加强对自杀式恐怖袭击的有效研究,有利于丰富恐怖袭击的研究体系、提升恐怖袭击的应对能力,以期进一步完善恐怖主义的治理工作。

基于风险的城市目标反恐安防策略优化方法

国际安全环境发生重大变化的新形势下,城市涉恐安全面临严峻挑战。基于风险理论,构建了城市目标遭受恐怖袭击风险描述和安防策略优化函数,提出了定量的城市目标反恐安防策略优化方法。并以某高铁站为例,通过模型分析、数据比较和优化反馈,获得其遭受恐怖袭击风险评估、现有安防措施有效性和策略优化结论,验证了方法的有效性,为解决城市涉恐安全问题提供决策和技术支撑。

暗网恐怖主义犯罪侦查路径初探

暗网恐怖主义犯罪严重损害人民财产安全、危及社会稳定,是数字时代国家安全面临的重大挑战。当前,数字时代暗网恐怖主义犯罪的现状和侦查难点主要集中在暗网恐怖主义犯罪隐蔽、上下游关联犯罪多、各部门情报信息共享不畅、国际合作不足等方面。未来,暗网恐怖主义的侦查路径,需要通过创新网络侦查技术、加强物流信息研判、完善合成作战体系、加大国际合作力度等措施全方位、多角度提高侦查效能,规范暗网空间秩序,打击暴恐犯罪。

老年腰椎压缩性骨折术后恐动影响因素及护理措施探析

目的:探讨老年骨质疏松性腰椎压缩性骨折(OVCF)术后患者恐动情况及影响因素、护理对策。方法:选取医院收治的104例老年OVCF术后患者,使用恐动症坦帕评分表(TSK)评价恐动情况,根据评分分为两组。收集患者一般资料,包括性别、年龄、体质指数、婚姻状况、文化水平、负面情绪、术后疼痛程度、骨折至就医时间、手术方式、家庭人均月收入、自我效能感等。对一般资料进行单因素分析,再对差异有统计学意义因素的项目进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:104例患者中,有47例患者TSK>37分,57例患者TSK≤37分;单因素分析显示,两组文化水平、负面情绪、术后疼痛程度、手术方式、自我效能感对比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,初中及以下文化水平、有负面情绪、中度/重度术后疼痛程度、手术方式为传统手术、低水平自我效能感是影响老年OVCF术后患者恐动症发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05且OR>1)。结论:OVCF术后恐动症的发生与文化水平、负面情绪、术后疼痛程度、手术方式、自我效能感有关,临床应加以重视,制定相关护理对策,针对性地减轻以上因素影响,可以减少恐动症的发生。

基于威胁度评价的巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件空间分布特征研究

基于巴基斯坦境内2011—2020年恐怖袭击事件数据信息,利用量化评估方法计算恐怖袭击事件的威胁度,采用核密度、空间自相关、Gi*指数以及新兴时空热点等分析方法,研究巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件的空间演变特征。研究表明:巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件按威胁度从低到高可分为五个等级,各等级在空间分布特征上具有一致性。2011—2020年巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件呈现显著的空间聚集性,在聚集区域上主要分为三个核心活跃区,即白沙瓦、奎达、卡拉奇。恐怖袭击事件的热点区域主要集中在这三个核心活跃区,无冷点区域。恐怖袭击事件的新兴时空热点模式主要以连续热点和持续的热点为主并且相对稳定,同样分布在三个核心活跃区附近,冷点区域大部分以连续冷点的形式出现,新增冷点则主要出现在马拉坎附近区域。

Review on emergency medical response against terrorist attack

Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of every country in the world. This paper reviews new characteristics of international anti-terrorism measures and offers an in-depth reflection on emergency medical response countermeasures; additionally, this paper presents the goals of related research, which include: 1) to present a model of a highly efficient medical response command; 2) to introduce the pre-planning phases of the emergency medical response; 3) to establish a response system capable of handling various types of terror attacks; 4) to promote anti-terrorism awareness to the general public and emphasize its prevention; and 5) to continue basic investigations into emergency medical responses for various types of terrorist attacks(for example, the classifications and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of the resultant stress disorders, improved high-efficiency medical response measures and equipment, etc.).

Medical aspects of terrorist bombings: A focus on damage control surgery and damage control resuscitation

Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by improvised explosive devices. The unpredictability of the terrorist bombings, leading to simultaneous generation of a large number of casualties and severe "multidimensional" blast trauma require a constant vigilance and preparedness of every hospital worldwide. Approximately 1.0%-2.6% of all trauma patients and 7% of the combat casualties require a massive blood transfusion. Coagulopathy is presented in 65% of them with mortality exceeding 50%. Damage control resuscitation is a novel approach, developed in the military practice for treatment of this subgroup of trauma patients. The comparison with the conventional approach revealed mortality reduction with 40%-74%, lower frequency of abdominal compartment syndrome(8% vs 16%), sepsis(9% vs 20%), multiorgan failure(16% vs 37%) and a significant reduction of resuscitation volumes, both crystalloids and blood products. Damage control surgery(DCS) and damage control resuscitation(DCR) are promising new approaches, contributing for the mortality reduction among the most severely wounded patients. Despite the lack of consensus about the optimal ratio of the blood products and the possible influence of the survival bias, we think that DCR carries survival benefit and recommend it in trauma patients with exsanguinating bleeding.

The possibility of a human-borne with bioagent terrorist at foreign Forward Operating Bases entry control point:the perceptions of U.S. military or security personnel,a preliminary report

Background:The global war on terrorism has prompted an increase in the deployment of security personnel from multi-national forces on foreign lands,especially in places where known terrorist groups are based.The aim of this study was to obtain U.S.military and security personnel's perceptions of the possibility of encountering a humanborne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist at an entry control point(ECP).Methods:This study was a mixed-method,cross-sectional,survey-based,time-limited study.A validated,five-option Likert scale questionnaire with Cronbach's alphas of 0.82 and 0.894 for Constructs 1 and 2 was distributed to over 113 respondents with combat experience.Results:The results indicated that 92.3% of the respondents thought it was possible for a terrorist to employ a biological agent to cause terror; 61.5% claimed it was either possible or very possible,and 26.9% claimed it was somewhat possible for a terrorist carrying a biological agent to successfully breach a combat Forward Operating Bases(FOB) ECP undetected.26.9% of the respondents agreed that "ECP soldiers are knowledgeable about bioagents(BA)",only 15.4% responded that ECP soldiers have effective devices for detecting a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.Conclusion:Despite some limitations,this pre-study tends to indicate that while many U.S.military or security personnel acknowledge the possibility of an HBBA terrorist breach and the vulnerability of U.S.combat post ECPs to a BA breach,the soldiers at the ECPs lack adequate knowledge or devices to effectively detect a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Mediated by Exposure Level in French Civil Firefighters Following a Terrorist Attack: Some Hypotheses towards a Structural Model

To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist attack. To fill this gap in the scientific literature, this field study aimed to investigate the consequences of terrorist attacks on firefighters’ psychological health in terms of PTSD. Data were collected in France following two terrorist attacks. PTSD was assessed with the PCL-S (DSM-IV) 3 to 6 months after the events. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with existing PTSD models were inconclusive, leading us to find a two-factor model via an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A cluster analysis showed different symptom profiles that were influenced by the exposure level. Elements for a structural model explaining PTSD symptoms are proposed and suggest a central role of the exposure level. Firefighters I/II represented an at-risk sub-population, suggesting that PTSD was mainly experienced among those who performed tasks not common to their occupation.

Improvised Technique for Analyzing Data and Detecting Terrorist Attack Using Machine Learning Approach Based on Twitter Data

Social media are interactive computer mediated technology that facilitates the sharing of information via virtual communities and networks. And Twitter is one of the most popular social media for social interaction and microblogging. This paper introduces an improved system model to analyze twitter data and detect terrorist attack event. In this model, a ternary search is used to find the weights of predefined keywords and the Aho-Corasick algorithm is applied to perform pattern matching and assign the weight which is the main contribution of this paper. Weights are categorized into three categories: Terror attack, Severe Terror Attack and Normal Data and the weights are used as attributes for classification. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are two machine learning algorithms used to predict whether a terror attack happened or not. We compare the accuracy with our actual data by using confusion matrix and measure whether our result is right or wrong and the achieved result shows that the proposed model performs better.

Using Multi-Attribute Decision Methods in Mathematical Modeling to Produce an Order of Merit List of High Valued Terrorists

The authors present a methodology and an example of preparing an order of merit list to rank terrorist based upon decision maker weights. This research used an old terrorist data set as our base data to keep the information unclassified. This data is used to demonstrate this methodology. The authors perform numerical iterative criteria weight sensitivity analysis to show the effects on the model’s outputs in changes in the weights. Through their analysis the most critical criterion is identified.

连环式恐怖袭击防控探究

连环式恐怖袭击是除独狼式恐怖袭击、协同式恐怖袭击、团队(体)式恐怖袭击、模仿式恐怖袭击、跨境式恐怖袭击外,恐怖主体用以宣传恐怖思想、实施恐怖袭击、获取恐怖收益的重要恐怖袭击模式。从理论和实践层面系统分析连环式恐怖袭击的主体构成、目标确定、手段选择、武器使用、后果预设等共同特征;探索连环式恐怖袭击在袭击主体、袭击对象、袭击工具等维度的防控难点;从降低袭击主体衍生度、提升袭击对象抗逆力、中和袭击工具适配性等层面,强化防控连环式恐怖袭击政策措施的有效性,能够丰富恐怖袭击模式研究体系,有利于提升防控连环式恐怖袭击的能力,有利于恐怖袭击治理工作的系统性提升。

中美反恐合作的障碍与突破——基于美国对“东伊运”恐怖组织政策视角

过去,中美两国开展反恐合作为国际反恐斗争的深化、中美双边关系的改善以及两国更多领域的密切合作带来积极贡献,两国反恐合作取得重大成果。当前,防止中美战略竞争加剧与共建人类命运共同体的重任更赋予了中美反恐合作新的时代意义,但两国却因多重因素导致无法开展有效的反恐合作。结合中美的战略竞争态势、反恐策略与形势的差异以及美国对于“东伊运”充满争议的政策,可以发现中美反恐合作中存在的障碍。针对这些障碍,中国应构建“中国特色”反恐立场,在外交上加强与美国的反恐对话,寻求反恐合作的最大公约数;中美应开展利益共同地区的反恐“示范”合作,充分尊重人权方面差异,相互学习先进反恐经验,共同引领国际反恐合作,进而使中美两国缓解竞争态势,结成密切的反恐伙伴关系,实现共同安全。