Cytotoxicity evaluation and hepatoprotective potential of bioassay guided fractions from Feronia limmonia Linn leaf

Objective:To evaluate the cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potentials of extracts,fractions or isolated compound from the leaves of Feronia limonia(F.limonia).Methods:Qualitative phytochemical analysis of extracts,fractions or compound was performed by means of thin layer chromatography and spectroscopic assays.The%purity of compound was measured by analytical HPLC.Extracts,fractions or compound have been individually evaluated for their cytotoxicity effects(10,20,100,250,500,750 and 1 000 μg/mL).Based on the inhibitory concentration(IC_(50)) obtained from the cell viability assay,graded concentrations of extracts,fractions or isolated compound were assessed(10,20,50,100,200 μg/mL) for its hepatoprotective potential against CCl_4-induced hepatotoxicity by monitoring activity levels of serum glutamatic pyruvatic transaminase(SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT).Results:Results indicated that the methanol extract of F.limonia was non-toxic and hepatoprotective in nature as compared with the petroleum ether extract.The acetone fraction of methanolic extract also showed similar properties but the subsequent two fractions were cytotoxic.However,the pure compound isolated from the penultimate fraction of methanolic extract was non-toxic and hepatoprotective in nature.Biochemical investigations(SCOT,SCPT) further corroborated these cytological observations.Conclusions:It can be concluded from this study that F.limonia methanol extract,some fractions and pure isolated compound herein exhibit hepatoprotective activity.However,cytotoxicity recorded in the penultimate fraction and investigation of structural details of pure compound warrants further study.

In vitro and in vivo antioxidative and hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Cortex Dictamni

AIM To investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Cortex Dictamni aqueous extract(CDAE) in carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats.METHODS The in vitro antioxidant effect of CDAE was investigated using α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS), β-carotene bleaching, reducing power, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assays. A linoleic acid system, including ferric thiocyanate(FTC) and thiobarbituric acid(TBA) assays, was used to evaluate the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The in vivo hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of CDAEagainst CCl4-induced liver damage were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Silymarin was used as a positive control. Liver damage was assessed by determining hepatic histopathology and liver marker enzymes in serum. Enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant levels and lipid peroxide content were measured in the liver. Cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1) protein expression was measured via immunohistochemical staining. Nuclear factor E2-related factor(Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic subunit(γ-GCSc) protein expression was measured by Western blot.RESULTS Our results showed that CDAE exhibited a strong antioxidant activity in vitro. CDAE scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependent manner. CDAE inhibited lipid peroxidation with a lipid peroxide inhibition rate of 40.6% ± 5.2%. In the FTC and TBA assays, CDAE significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation(P < 0.01). In vivo histopathological studies indicated that CCl4-induced liver injury was alleviated following CDAE treatment in rats of both sexes. CDAE(160 and 320 mg/kg) significantly prevented CCl4-induced elevations of alkaline phosphatase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels in rats of both sexes(P < 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001). Moreover, CDAE restored the decreased activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as non-enzyme antioxidant glutathione, which were induced by CCl4 treatment. CDAE significantly suppressed the up-regulation of CYP2E1 and promoted Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and γ-GCSc protein expression.CONCLUSION CDAE exhibits good antioxidant performance in vitro, with marked radical-scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation activities. CDAE is effective in preventing CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats of both sexes. The hepatoprotective activity of CDAE may be attributable to its antioxidant activity, which may involve Keap1-Nrf2-mediated antioxidant regulation.

Investigation of hepatoprotective activity of Cyathea gigantea(Wall.ex.Hook.)leaves against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cyathea gigantea(C.gigantea)against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats.Methods:The hepatoprotective activity for plant extract was investigated for paracetamol induced hepatoxicity in rats.Wislar albino rats of either sex were divided into five groups of 6 animals each and are given orally the following treatment for seven days.The normal control group was given 1%Na.CMC 1mL/kg bw,p.o.Paracetamol at dose of 1g/kg bw,p.o.was given as toxic dose for inducing hepatoloxicity.Silymarin(50mg/kg.p.o.) was given as reference standard.Two doses of C. gigantea extract i.e.,100 mg/kg.p.o.and 200 mg/kg,p.o.were tested for hepatoprotective activity. The treatment was given for seven days and after 24 h of last treatment blood was collected from retro-orbital plexus and analysed for various serum parameters like serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT),serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),total bilirubin(TB)and total protein(TP)in different groups.Results:The paracetamol intoxication lead to histological and biochemical deteriorations.The treatment with methanolic leaf extract of C.gigantea reduced the elevated levels of SCOT,SGPT,ALP,TB and also reversed the hepatic damage towards normal which further supports the hepatoprotective activity of leaf extract of C.gigantea.Conclusions:The methanolic extract of leaves of C.gigantea at doses of 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw have significant effect on liver of paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.

Review of natural products with hepatoprotective effects

The liver is one of the most important organs in the body,performing a fundamental role in the regulationof diverse processes,among which the metabolism,secretion,storage,and detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substances are prominent.Due to these functions,hepatic diseases continue to be among the main threats to public health,and they remain problems throughout the world.Despite enormous advances in modern medicine,there are no completely effective drugs that stimulate hepatic function,that offer complete protection of the organ,or that help to regenerate hepatic cells.Thus,it is necessary to identify pharmaceutical alternatives for the treatment of liver diseases,with the aim of these alternatives being more effective and less toxic.The use of some plants and the consumption of different fruits have played basic roles in human health care,and diverse scientific investigations have indicated that,in those plants and fruits so identified,their beneficial effects can be attributed to the presence of chemical compounds that are called phytochemicals.The present review had as its objective the collecting of data based on research conducted into some fruits(grapefruit,cranberries,and grapes)and plants[cactus pear(nopal)and cactus pear fruit,chamomile,silymarin,and spirulina],which are consumed frequently by humans and which have demonstrated hepatoprotective capacity,as well as an analysis of a resin(propolis)and some phytochemicals extracted from fruits,plants,yeasts,and algae,which have been evaluated in different models of hepatotoxicity.

Hepatitis C: From inflammatory pathogenesis to antiinflammatory/hepatoprotective therapy

Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection commonly causes progressive liver diseases that deteriorate from chronic inflammation to fibrosis, cirrhosis and even to hepatocellular carcinoma. A long-term, persistent and uncontrolled inflammatory response is a hallmark of these diseases and further leads to hepatic injury and more severe disease progression. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines change with the states of infection and treatment, and therefore, they may serve as candidate biomarkers for disease progression and therapeutic effects. The mechanisms of HCV-induced inflammation involve classic pathogen pattern recognition, inflammasome activation, intrahepatic inflammatory cascade response, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Direct-acting antivirals(DAAs) are the first-choice therapy for effectively eliminating HCV, but DAAs alone are not sufficient to block the uncontrolled inflammation and severe liver injury in HCV-infected individuals. Some patients who achieve a sustained virologic response after DAA therapy are still at a long-term risk for progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, coupling with antiinflammatory/hepatoprotective agents with anti-HCV effects is a promising therapeutic regimen for these patients during or after treatment with DAAs. In this review, we discuss the relationship between inflammatory mediators and HCV infection, summarize the mechanismsof HCV-induced inflammation, and describe the potential roles of anti-inflammatory/hepatoprotective drugs with anti-HCV activity in the treatment of advanced HCV infection.

In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Daucus carota seeds in experimental animals

Objective:To assess the In vivo anlioxid Fanl and hepaloproleclive activity of metlianolic exlracl of Daucus carota(D.carota) seeds in experimental animals.Methods:Methanolic extracts of D.carota seeds is used for hepatoproleclion assessment.Oxidative stress were induced in rats by thioacetamide 100 nig/kg s.c.in four groups of rats(two test,standard and toxic control). Two test groups received D.carota seeds extract[DCSE) at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Standard group received silymarin(25 mg/kg) and toxic control received only thioacetamide. Control group received only vehicle.On the 8th day animals were sacrificed and liver enzyme like serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT),serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(SCOT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)were estimated in blood serum and antioxidant enzyme like superoxide disnuituse(SOD),cululase(CAT),glutathione reductase(CKD),glutathione peroxidase(GPX),glutalhione-S-transferase(GST)and lipid peroxidation(LPO)were estimated in liver homogcnatc.Results:A significant decrease in SGPT,SCOT and ALP levels was observed in all drug treated groups as compared to thioacetamide group(P<0.001) and in case of antioxidant enzyme a significant(P<0.001) increase in SOD.CAT,GRD,GPX and GST was observed in all dmg treated groups as compared with thioacetamide group.But in case of LPO a significant(P <0.001) reduction was observed as compared to toxic control group.Conclusions:DCSE has contributed lo the reduction of oxidative stress and the protection of liver in experimental rals.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of lycopene on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rat

AIM To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of lycopene(Ly) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in rat. METHODS A rat model of NAFLD was first established by feeding a high-fat diet for 14 wk. Sixty-five rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group and Ly treatment groups. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC) in serum and low density lipoproteincholesterol(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), free fatty acid(FFA), malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH) in liver tissue were evaluated, respectively. While the hepatoprotective effect was also confirmed by histopathological analysis, the expression levels of TNF-α and cytochrome P450(CYP) 2E1 in rat liver were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis.RESULTS A significant decrease was observed in the levels of serum AST(2.07-fold), ALT(2.95-fold), and the blood lipid TG(2.34-fold) and TC(1.66-fold) in the dose of 20 mg/kg Ly-treated rats(P < 0.01), compared to the model group. Pretreatment with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of Ly significantly raised the levels of antioxidant enzyme SOD in a dose-dependent manner,to 90.95 ± 9.56, 109.52 ± 11.34 and 121.25 ± 10.68(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), as compared with the model group. Similarly, the levels of GSH were significantly increased(P < 0.05, P < 0.01) after the Ly treatment. Meanwhile, pretreatment with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of Ly significantly reduced MDA amount by 30.87, 45.51 and 54.49% in the liver homogenates, respectively(P < 0.01). The Ly treatment group showed significantly decreased levels of lipid products LDL-C(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), improved HDL-C level and significantly decreased content of FFA, compared to the model group(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the Ly-treated group also exhibited a down-regulated TNF-α and CYP2E1 expression, decreased infiltration of liver fats and reversed histopathological changes, all in a dosedependent manner(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study suggests that Ly has a protective effect on NAFLD, down-regulates expression of TNF-α, and that CYP2E1 may be one of the action mechanisms for Ly.

Hepatoprotective effect of Solatium xanthocarpum fruit extract against CCl_4 induced acute liver toxicity in experimental animals

Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective potential of Solonum xanthocarpum（Solanaceae） （S.xanthocarpum） in experimental rats to validate its traditional claim.Methods:50%ethanolic fruit extract of S.xanthocarpum（SXE,100.200 or 400 mg/kg hods weight） was administered daily for 14davs in experimental animals.Liver injury was induced chemically,by CCl4 administration （1 mL/kg i.p.）.The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase（AST）,alanine aminotransferase（ALT）.Serum alkaline phosphatise （SALP） and total bilirubin.Meanwhile,in vivo antioxidant activities as lipid peroxidation（LPO）, reduced glutathione（GSH）.superoxide dismutase（SOD） and calalase（CAT） were screened along with histopathological studies.Results:Obtained results demonstrated that the treatment with SXE significantly（P【0.05- 【0.001） and dose-dcpendcntly prevented chemically induced increase in serum levels of hepatic enzymes.Furthermore.SXE significantly（up to P【0.001） reduced the lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue and restored activities of defence antioxidant enzymes GSH,SOU and catalasc towards normal levels.Histopathology of the liver tissue showed that SXE attenuated the hepatocellular necrosis and led to reduction of inflammatory cells inflltration. Conclusions:The results of this study strongly indicate the protective effect of SXE against acute liver injun which may he attributed to its hepatoprotective activity,and there by scientifically support its traditional use.

Hepatoprotective activity of Terminalia paniculata against paracetamol induced hepatocellular damage in Wistar albino rats

Objective:To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Terminalia paniculata against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats.Methods:The plant material was shade dried, powdered and extracted with ethanol.Liv 52 and silymarin were used as standard drugs and 2%gum acacia as a control(vehicle).Alteration in the levels of biochemical markers of hepatic damage like AST,ALT,ALP and lipid peroxides were tested,and phytochemical tests were also performed.Results:Paracetamol(2 g/kg) increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransfer (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and the lipid peroxides. Treatment of Liv 52,silymarin and ethanolic extract of Terminalia paniculata(200 mg/kg) altered levels of biochemical marker and showed significant hepatoprotective activity.Ethanolic extract revealed the presence of phenolic compound and flavanoids.Our findings suggested that ethanolic bark extract of Terminalia paniculata possessed hepatoprotective activity in a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:Terminalia paniculata possesses hepatoprotective activity.It could be an effective and promising preventive agent against PCT induced hepatotoxicity.

Screening of ethyl acetate extract of Bridelia micrantha for hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant activities on Wistar rats

Objective:To explore the hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant activities of the methanolic leaf extract of Bridelia micrantha(B.micrantha) on paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar rats. Methods:Parameters were measured including alanine aminotransaminase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),bilirubin and total protein.The anti-oxidant effects were studied using the 1,l-Diphenynl-2-Picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power(FRAP) assay methods.Results:B.micrantha extract decreased the level of AST in the rats given PCM from(129.47±0.921) IU/L to(57.78±1.71) IU/L(P【0.05).This was lower than the value for Silymarin which was(59.92±1.41) IU/L.ALT concentration was reduced from (150.18±2.23) IU/L to(79.10±2.01) IU/L(P【0.05).ALP was reduced from(49.86±0.85) IU/L to(29.64±1.53) IU/L(P【0.05).Total bilirubin was reduced from(2.14±0.10 mg/dL) to(0.18±0.07) mg/dL (P【0.05) while total protein was increased from(4.26±0.30) mg/dL to(6.20±0.19) mg/dL(P【0.05). Concentrations ranging from 10 - 400μg/mL of B.micrantha were assayed for antioxidant activities.The DPPH assay showed 98%antioxidant activity at concentration of 400μg/mL. The FRAP values were 0.016,0.39,0.455,0.601 and 1.382μM at 10.50,100,200 and 400μg/ mL respectively.Conclusions:Results suggest that B.micrantha has hepatoprotective and anti oxidant potentials.However,further work involving fractionation needs to done to isolate the active compound responsible for the hepatoprotective activity.

Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of aqueous extract of Curcuma longa in carbon tetra chloride intoxicated Swiss albino mice

Objective:To evaluate the hepatoprotective and immunotherapeutic effects of aqueous extract of turmeric rhizome in CCl_4 intoxicated Swiss albino mice.Methods:first group of mice(n=5) received CCl_4 treatment at a dose of 0.5 mL/kg bw(i.p.) for 7 days.Second group was fed orally the aqueous extract of turmeric at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw for IS days.The third group was given both the turmeric extract(for 15 days,orally) and CCl_4(for last 7 days,i.p.).The fourth group was kept as a control.To study the liver function,the transaminase enzymes(SGOT and SGPT) and bilirubin level were measured in the serum of respective groups.For assaying the immunotherapeutic action of Curcuma longa(C.longa),non specific host response parameters like morphological alteration,phagocytosis,nitric oxide release,myeloperoxidase release and intracellular killing capacity of peritoneal macrophages were studied from the respective groups.Results:The result of present study suggested that CCl_4 administration increased the level of SCOT and SGPT and bilirubin level in serum.However,the aqueous extract of turmeric reduced the level of SGOT, SCFT and bilirubin in CCl_4 intoxicated mice.Apart from damaging the liver system,CCl_4 also reduced non specific host response parameters like morphological alteration,phagocytosis, nitric oxide release,myeloperoxidase release and intracellular killing capacity of peritoneal macrophages.Administration of aqueous extract of C.longa offered significant protection from these damaging actions of CCl_4 on the non specific host response in the peritoneal macrophages of CCl_4 intoxicated mice.Conclusions:In conclusion,the present study suggests that C.longa has immunotherapeutic properties along with its ability to ameliorate hepatotoxicity.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of marine halophyte Luminetzera racemosa bark extract in CCL_4 induced hepatotoxicity

Objective:To identify the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Luminetzera racemosa （L racemosa）bark extract.Methods:Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 groups:Group 1 served as control;Group 2 served as hepatotoxin（CCL4 treated） group;Group 3 served as positive control（Silymarin） treated groups;Group 4,5 and 6 served as（100,200 and 300 mg/kg bw p.o.） L racemosa bark extract treated groups.Moreover,in vitro antioxidant indexes,including DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity（HRSA）,NO,ferric reducing antioxidant power（FRAP）,lipid hydroperoxide（LPO） and super oxide dismutase（SOD） were also analyzed in the bark extract. Results:The results suggested that,the level of serum glutamate oxyloacetic transaminase（SCOT）, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase（SGPT）,alkaline phosphatise（ALP）,bilurubin,cholesterol, sugar and lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） were significantly（P【0.05） increased in hepatotoxin treated rats when compared with the control group.But,the maximum reduction of SGOT[（225.36±13.65） IU/L],SGPT[（96.85±17.36） IU/L],ALP[（315.37±17.16） IU/L],bilirubin[（2.97±0.46） mg/dL], cholesterol[（163.73±17.54） mg/dL],sugar[（127.35±27.35） mg/dL]and LDH[（1 784.00±268.36） IU/L] were observed with 300 mg/kg bw of bark extract treated rats.Histopathological scores showed that,no visible changes were observed with high dose（300 mg/kg bw） of bark extract treated rats except mild fatty changes.The in vitro antioxidant assays showed that,the IC50 values were observed as（44.17±6.87）μ/mL,（42.45±2.81）μg/mL,（62.37±3.98）μg/mL,（54.24±3.09）μg/mL, （87.25±5.90）μg/mL and（71.54±5.42）μg/mL for DPPH.HRSA,NO,FRAP,LPO and SOD radical scavenging activities,respectively.Conclusions:The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the bark extract might be to the presence of unique chemical classes such as flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols.

Antioxidant, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic root extract of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication

Objective: To evaluate in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extract of the root of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Methods: Malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin as indices of liver damage and lipid peroxidation were detected in rats after intraperitoneal administration of extract (5 mg/kg). Results: The liver, kidney and heart showed significant reduction ( P <0.05) in the levels of MDA from (0.18依0.04), (0.23 依0.07) and (0.26依0.10) nmol/mg respectively in the CCl 4 control to (0.15依0.03), (0.17依0.04) and (0.17 依0.07) nmol/mg protein in groups pre-treated with the extract for three days at 5 mg/kg). Similarly, compared to the CCl 4 control, significant reduction ( P<0.05) in serum AST, ALT and bilirubin as well as in level of total cholesterol and MDA with concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels when CCl 4 -intoxicated rats were treated with Cassia singueana root extract for two weeks. Conclusions: These results suggest that methanolic extract of Cassia singueana contain potent antioxidant compounds that can offer significant protection against hepatic and oxidative injuries.

Hepatoprotective effect of Averrhoea carambola fruit extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Averroha carambola fruit extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury.Methods:Hepatotoxicity was induced on albino mice by intraperitoneal administration of CCl4.half an hour after the administration of the last dose of the extract of Averroha carambola fruit.Aqueous extract of the fruit of Averroha carambola was administered at a dose of 0.9 g/kg body weight once daily for seven days.The hepatic injury and its prevention was assessed by the estimation of serum activities of alanine aminotransferase（ALT）,aspartate aminotransferase（AST）,alkaline phosphates（ALP）,glutathione level and histopathological studies of liver.Results:Pre-treatment of mice with the fruit extract of Averrhoea carambola significantly reduced serum levels of ALT,AST and ALP enzyme and significantly increased the liver reduced glutathione levels 24 h after the administration of carbon tetrachloride.A marked improvement in the enzyme activities and the liver reduced glulathione level was observed in the pre-treated mice 4 days after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. Histopathological studies provided supportive evidence for the biochemical analvsis. Conclusions:The aqueous extract of the fruit of Averrhoea carambola has hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ajuga nipponensis extract by ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Objective: To investigate suitable condition for extraction of the active components from Ajuga nipponensis(A. nipponensis). Methods: Orthogonal experimental design was used to determine the optimal extraction parameters for ecdysterones and flavonoids. Finally, the hepatoprotective abilities of A. nipponensis extracts were evaluated by CCl_4-induced animal models. Results:Maximum yields of flavonoids(7.87±0.10) mg/g and ecdysterones(0.73±0.02) mg/g could be obtained when the extraction time was 50 min, the extraction temperature was 60 ℃, and the ratio of sample to 70%(v/v) ethanol was 1:20(w/w). The antioxidant property of A. nipponensis was correlated to the concentration of its extracts. At 5 mg/m L, A. nipponensisextract scavenged 84.8% of DPPH radical and had absorbance values of 2.43±0.04 reducing power. Upon CCl_4-induced liver injury, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase decreased significantly after the mice were treated with A. nipponensis. Histological researches also explained that A. nipponensis reduced the extent of liver lesions induced by CCl_4. Conclusions: A. nipponensis exhibited potent antioxidant activity in chemical experimental models and hepatoprotective effect against CCl_4-induced liver damage.

Medical plant extracts and natural compounds with a hepatoprotective effect against damage caused by antitubercular drugs: A review

Drug-induced liver injury encompasses a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure; example of this scenery is hepatotoxicity caused by the first-line antituberculous drugs isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide, which are basic for treatment of drug-sensible and drug-resistant tuberculosis. In the search for pharmacological alternatives to prevent liver damage, antitubercular drugs have been the subject of numerous studies and published reviews, a great majority of them carried out by Asian countries. At the same time, hepatoprotectors from plant source are now emerging as a possible alternative to counteract the toxic effects of these therapeutic agents. The present review aims to highlight the most recent studies on the subject, based information published in scientific databases such as Scopus and Pub Med.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of a mangrove plant Lumnitzera racemosa

Objective:To identify the hepatoprotective and in vitro antioxidant activity of Lumnitzera racemosa(L.racemosa) leaf extract.Methods:Animals in Group 1 served as vehicle control. Group 2 served as hepatotoxin(CCL_4 treated) group.Group 3 served as positive control(Silyntarin) group,and Group 4.S and ft served as(73,150 and 300 nig/kg bw p.o.)L.racemosa leaf extract treated groups.Moreover,in vitro antioxidant DPPH,hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(HRSA),NO,ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP),lipid hydroperoxide(LPO) and super oxide dismutase(SOD) were also analyzed for the leaf extract.Results:The levels of the serum parameters such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT).serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT).alkaline phosphatase(ALP),bilirubin,cholesterol(CHL).sugar and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were significantly increased in COL_4 treated rats when compared with the control group(P<0.05).But the L.racemosa leaf extract treated rats showed maximum reduction of SGOT[(210.16±19.63)IU/L].SGPT[(82.37±13.87) IU/L].ALP[(197.63±23.4.3)IU/L],bilurubilt[(2.13 ±0.84) mg/dL].cholesterol[(163.83± 13.63) mg/dL].sugar[(93.00±7.63) mg/dL]and LDH[(1134.00) ±285.00)IU/L]were observed with the high dose(300 mg/kg bw) of leaf extract treated rats. Histopathological scores showed that,no visible changes were observed with high dose(300 mg/ kgbw) of leaf extract treated rats except few mild necrosis.The IC_(50) values were observed as(56.37 ±4.87)μg/mL,(57.68±1.98) μg/mL,(64.15±2.90)μg/mL,(61.94±3.98)μg/mL,(94.53± 1.68) μg/mL and(69.7±2.65)μg/mL for DPPH,HRSA,NO,FRAP,LPO and SOL) radical scavenging activities, respectively.Conclusions:In conclusion,the hepatoprotective effect of the L.racemosa leaf extract might be due to the presence of phenolic groups,terpenoids and alkaloids and in vitro antioxidant properties.

Hepatoprotective activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts: In vitro and in vivo studies

AIM: To study the hepatoprotective capacity of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) and Rheum emodi (R. emodi) extracts in CCl4 treated male rats. METHODS: The dried powder of S. mukorossi and R. emodi was extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, and ethanol and concentrated in vacuum. Primary rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures were used for in vitro studies. In vivo, the hepatoprotective capacity of the extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi and the rhizomes of R. emodi was analyzed in liver injured CCl4-treated male rats. RESULTS: In vitro: primary hepatocytes monolayer cultures were treated with CCl4 and extracts of S. mukorossi & R. emodi. A protective activity could be demonstrated in the CCl4 damaged primary monolayer culture. In vivo : extracts of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi (2.5 mg/mL) and rhizomes of R. emodi (3.0 mg/mL) were found to have protective properties in rats with CCl4 induced liver damage as judged from serum marker enzyme activities. CONCLUSION: The extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi do have a protective capacity both in vitro on primary hepatocytes cultures and in in vivo in a rat model of CCl4 mediated liver injury.

Hepatoprotective effect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenac sodium induced liver toxicity in rats

Objective:To evaluate the protective effect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers against experimentally induced liver toxicity in rats.Methods:Two different doses of methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa(WFM) were evaluated for the hepatoprotective activity against diclofenac sodium induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Various biochemical parameters like alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),total protein(TP),albumin(ALB),blood urea nitrogen(BUN) from serum;total protein(TP),glutathione (GSH) levels,catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activities from liver were studied; histopathologic changes of liver were also evaluated.Results:WFM effectively reduced the elevated levels of serum ALT,AST,ALP and BUN,enhanced the reduced TP,ALB and hepatic GSH,CAT,GPx activity.The histopathological analysis suggested that WFM decreased the degree of liver fibrosis induced by diclofenac.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the hepatoprotective activity of WFM and thus scientifically support the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver disorders.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0 against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats

Objective:To investigate the hepatoproteetivc ami antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0(PGV-0) against CCl-4-induced hepatic injury in rats.Methods:The groups of animals were administered with PGV-0 at die doses 2.5.5,10,and 20 mg/kg b.w.,p.o.once in a day for 6 days and at day 7 the animals were administrated with carbon tetrachloride(CClj)(20%,2 ml/kg b.w.in liquid paraffin dp.).The effect of PGV-0 on serum transaminase(SGPT),alkaline phosphates(ALP and total bilirubin were determined in CCl-4-indueed hepatotoxicity in rats.Further,the effects of PGV-0 on glutathione(GSU) content,cutalase(CAT) and NO free radical scavenging activity also were investigated.Results:The results demonstrated that PCV-0 significantly reduced the activity of SGPT,serum ALP and total bilirubin in CCl-4 induced rat hepatotoxicity.PGV-0 has effect on the antioxidant and free radical defense system.It prevented the depletion level of GSH and decrease activity of CAT in CCl-4-induced liver injury in rats.PCV-0 also demonstrated the free radical scavenger effects on NO free radical scavenging activity with ES value of 32.32μM. Convulsion:All of our findings suggests that PGV-0 could protect the liver cells from CCl-4- induced liver damages and the mechanism may through the antioxidative effect of PGV-0 to prevent the accumulation of free radicals and protect the liver damage.