Calculation of ion diffusion coefficient related to concrete deterioration based on Debye-Hückel-Onsager theory

This paper applies the Debye-Hückel-Onsager electrolyte solution theory to investigate the diffusivity of ions in concrete pore solutions.First,a model of the diffusion coefficient associated with the ionic species,solution concentration and ambient temperature is proposed in the saturated concrete.Secondly,as an example,the effects of sodium chloride solution concentration,which are associated with influencing factors such as the ionic cloud radius,electrophoresis and relaxation,on the chloride diffusion coefficient are analyzed.It is found that the diffusion coefficient decreases with the increase in solution concentration,and the electrophoresis and ionic cloud radius are two important factors influencing the ionic diffusivity.Finally,the experiments,in which the chloride diffusion coefficients in specimens under different water-cement ratios are measured by the rapid chloride migration（RCM）method,are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model,and the results indicate that there is a generally reasonable agreement between the experimental and the proposed model results.

M-T Scheme for Predicting Effective Diffusion Coefficient of Chloride Ions in Cement-based Materials

To investigate the transport characteristics of chloride ions in cement-based materials, the Mori-Tanaka (M-T) prediction scheme of the effective diffusion coefficient in composites containing single-phase and multi-phase inclusions is systematically deduced based on the theory of composite mechanics and porous medium. The volume fraction, morphology and distribution of aggregates, as well as the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) are fully taken into consideration in this proposed model. The results show that the algorithm of M-T prediction scheme with high accuracy is relatively simple.

STUDY ON THE DIFFUSION OF Cu^(2+)-H^+ COUPLE IN A CATION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE——A RAPID METHOD TO DETERMINE SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF COUNTER-IONS WITH UNEQUAL VALENCE

1 INTRODUCTIONKnowledge of the basic transport phenomena of ions in an ion exchange membrane isimportant for the application of such a membrane.Various studies on the developmentof mathematical models for predicting and correlating membrane transport rate havebeen published in recent years.More exact estimation of the diffusion coefficientshas been the subject of chief concern in many of these papers.For a bi-ionic systemwith the same valence,Sato et al.gave a method for estimating diffusion coefficients

Determination of Diffusion Coefficient and Analysis of Diffusion Factors of Cr(Ⅵ) Ion in Clay Soil

Some laboratory diffusion tests were conducted with diffusion device to determine the diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) ion passing through Dalian red clay samples. The concentrations of Cr(Ⅵ) at different places of the samples were then measured spectrophotometrically after a standing time of 1 000 d. A one-dimensional solute transport equation was used to simulate the transport of Cr(Ⅵ) through clay samples. Back-calculation of diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) was made with finite difference method. Parametric analysis was conducted to simulate variations in soil dry density, temperature, pH and standing time. The results show that the method used in this paper is simple and effective. The diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) in Dalian red clay varies from 1.50×10-7 cm2/s to 2.08×10-7 cm2/s. After 1 000 d diffusion, the concentration of the source solution drops down to 1.27 mg/L from 62.5 mg/L, and the diffusion distance is only 3.5 cm. Under the assumption that diffusion coefficient is constant, the diffusion effect becomes more obvious with lower density, lower temperature, higher pH value, and much more time.

Convolutional Neural Network-Based Regression for Predicting the Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient of Concrete

The durability performance of reinforced concrete(RC)building structures is significantly affected by the corrosion of the steel reinforcement due to chloride penetration,thus,the chloride ion diffusion coefficient should be investigated through experiments or theoretical equations to assess the durability of an RC structure.This study aims to predict the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete,a heterogeneous material.A convolutional neural network(CNN)-based regression model that learns the condition of the concrete surface through deep learning,is developed to efficiently obtain the chloride ion diffusion coefficient.For the model implementation to determine the chloride ion diffusion coefficient,concrete mixes with w/c ratios of 0.33,0.40,0.46,0.50,0.62,and 0.68,are cured for 28 days;subsequently,the surface image data of the specimens are collected.Finally,the proposed model predicts the chloride ion diffusion coefficient using the concrete surface image data and exhibits an error of approximately 1.5E−12 m^(2)/s.The results suggest the applicability of proposed model to the field of facility maintenance for estimating the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete using images.

A RAPID METHOD TO DETERMINE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF COUNTER-IONS IN AN ION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE

1 INTRODUCTIONRapid and precise methods to obtain the diffusion coefficients of counter-ions are im-portant for the characterization of ion exchange membranes.Many theoreticaldescriptions of ion transport in ion exchange membranes have been developed by usingthe principles of irreversible thermodynamics,or the Nernst-Planck equations.Fick’s law can also be used for the description of the transport of ions with equaldiffusivity.However,for counter-ions of different diffusivities,Nerst-Planck

Diffusion of Chloride Ions in Soils:I.Influences of Soil Moisture, Bulk Density and Temperature

Diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in four soils of different texture with varying effective moisture content and varying bulk density from 1.1 to 1.6 g cm3 under three different temperatures were determined by the diffusion-cell method using 36Cl-labelled CaCl2 solution. The results showed that activation energy decreased with water content, which indicated that the threshold for diffusion was lower at a higher soil moisture rate. Therefore, the diffusion coefficient (D) of chloride ions in soil increased consistently with soil moisture. Although a near linear increase in the diffusion coefficient with increasing soil moisture or bulk density in all the soils was observed, the increase rate in different soils was not the same. The D value increased with temperature, and with temperature increased by 10℃ in the range from 5 "C to 45℃ theD valve increased by 10%～30%, averaging about 20%.

In situ NMR diffusion coefficients assessment of lithium ion conductor using electrochemical priors and Arrhenius constraint——A computational study

In situ NMR measurements of the diffusion coefficients,including an estimate of signal strength,of lithium ion conductor using diffusion-weighting pulse sequence are performed in this study.A cascade bilinear model is proposed to estimate the diffusion sensitivity factors of pulsed-field gradient using prior information of the electrochemical performance and Arrhenius constraint.The model postulates that the active lithium nuclei participating electrochemical reaction are relevant to the NMR signal intensity,when discharge rate or temperature condition is varying.The electrochemical data and the NMR signal strength show a highly fit with the proposed model according our simulation and experiments.Furthermore,the diffusion time is constrained by temperature based on Arrhenius equation of reaction rates dependence.An experimental calculation of Li_4Ti_5O_（12）（LTO）/carbon nanotubes（CNTs） with the electrolyte evaluating at 20 ℃ is presented,which the b factor is estimated by the discharge rate.

由电导率测定VO^(2+)在Nafion 1135阳离子交换膜中扩散系数

研究通过电导率测定钒离子VO2+在Nafion 1135离子交换膜中的扩散系数的方法。采用交流阻抗技术测定含不同浓度VO2+的0.1 mol/L硫酸电解质溶液在有无膜时的阻抗值,采用有膜时的阻抗减去无膜时阻抗值得到了不同条件下的膜阻抗。结果表明:阻抗大小与电极距离成正比,有膜与无膜时分别测定的阻抗与电极距离的关系曲线近似呈平行线,与电解液组成无关;膜阻抗随着溶液中VO2+浓度的增加而增加。根据基于Nernst-Planck扩散对流方程的二元离子在交换膜中扩散系数与电导率的关系方程计算了钒离子VO2+在Nafion 1135离子交换膜中的扩散系数为4.5×10-12m2/s。

Durability of sea-sand containing concrete:Effects of chloride ion penetration

This paper describes an orthogonal experiment on the effect of water/cement ratio,water consumption per cubic meter,curing time,and type of sand on the response＂resistance to chloride ion penetration＂.A sea-sand containing concrete was used for the trials.An analysis of chloride ion diffusion coefficients at different factor levels was performed.A predictive model of chloride ion diffusion in concrete is developed through regression analysis.The experimental results show that when the water/cement ratio varies from 0.45 to 0.60,and the water consumption per cubic meter varies from 185 to 215 kg,and the curing time varies from 30 to 180 d then the size of the effects fall in the order（most significant first）： curing time,type of sand,water consumption per cubic meter,and water/cement ratio.Chloride ion penetration is reduced,and better durability of the concrete is observed,with longer curing times,less water consumption per cubic meter,and a smaller water/cement ratio.

Effect of rich R-TiO2 on the rate and cycle properties of Li4Ti5O12 as anode for lithium ion batteries

Li4Ti5012 (LTO) with rich R-TiO2 (17.06, 23.69, and 34.42 wt%), namely, R-TiO2@Li4Ti5O12 composites, were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) as the precursor. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the proportion of Li occupying 16d sites is extraordinary low and the lattice constants of LTO and R-TiO2 change with the ritanium dioxide content. EIS measurements showed that with in creasing R-TiO2 content, both its charge transfer impedance (Rct) and lithium ion diffusion coefficient (DLi) decreased. The changes of Rct and DLi caused by the increase of titanium dioxide content have synergic-antagonistic effects on the rate and cycle properties of Li4Ti5012. The rate performance is positively related to DLi, while the cycle property is negatively correlated with Rct, indicati ng that the rate performs nee is mainly related to DLi, while Rct more significantly affects the cycle performance. LTO-RT-17.06% exhibited excellent rate properties, especially under a high current density (5.0 C, 132.5 mAh/g) and LTO-RT-34.42% showed superior long-term cycle performance (0.012% capacity loss per cycle) compared to that of LTO-RT-17.06% and LTO-RT-23.69%.

Second-Order Resonant Interaction of Ring Current Protons with Whistler-Mode Waves

We present a study on the second-order resonant interaction between the ring current protons with Whistler-mode waves propagating near the quasi electrostatic limit following the previous second-order resonant theory. The diffusion coefficients are proportional to the electric field amplitude E, much greater than those for the regular first-order resonance, which are proportional to the electric field amplitudes square E^2. Numerical calculations for the pitch angle scattering are performed for typical energies of protons Ek = 50 keV and 100 keV at locations L = 2 and L = 3.5. The timescale for the loss process of protons by the Whistler waves is found to approach one hour, comparable to that by the EMIC waves, suggesting that Whistler waves may also contribute significantly to the ring current decay under appropriate conditions.

Effects of temperature variation on Li_xFe PO_4/C(0

Li Fe PO4/C was prepared via solid state reaction and characterized with X-ray powder diffraction and charge–discharge test. As-prepared Li Fe PO4/C has a triphylite structure and exhibits an excellent rate capability and capacity retention. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) was applied to investigate LixFe PO4/C(0<x<1) electrode on temperature variation. The valid equivalent circuit for EIS fitting was determined which contains an intercalation capacitance for Li+ ion accumulation and consumption in the electrode reaction. The surface layer impedance needs to be included in the equivalent circuit when Li Fe PO4/C is deeply delithiated at a relatively high temperature. EIS examination indicates that a temperature rise leads to a better reversibility, lower charge transfer resistance, higher exchange current density J0 and greater Li+ ion diffusion coefficient for the LixFe PO4/C electrode process. The Li+ ion concentration in LixFe PO4/C is potential to impact the Li+ ion diffusion coefficient, and a decrease in the former results in an increase in the latter.

Corrosion life of artificial reef under natural seawater conditions

Corrosion of steel bars with chloride salt erosion is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the performance of reinforced concrete structures.The key to the service life of concrete members is the transport rate of chloride ions and the time for rusting of steel bars.In this paper,the artificial reef concrete member is taken as the research object,and the diffusion coefficient of seawater chloride ion in C30,C35 and steel slag composite artificial reef concrete is analyzed.The critical chloride ion concentration of steel corrosion in concrete is used as the boundary condition for life prediction.The chloride ion diffusion model predicts the corrosion life of C30,C35 and steel slag composite artificial reefs in seawater.The results show that the diffusion law of chloride ions in concrete artificial reefs basically meets Fick's second law.The corrosion life of C30,C35 and steel slag composite concrete reefs was calculated by the model to be 51.6,54.8 and 56.8 years,respectively.

Long range implantation by MEVVA metal ion source

Metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) source ion implantation is a new technology used for achieving long range ion impantation.It is very important for research and application of the ion beammodification of materials. The results showthat the implanted atom diffusion coefficient increases in Mo implanted Al with high ion flux andhigh dose. The implanted depth is 311.6 times greater than that ofthe corresponding ion range. The ionspecies, doses and ion fluxes play an important part in the long-range implantation. Especially,thermal atom chemistry have specific effect on the long-range implantation during high ion fluximplantation at transient high target temperature.

混凝土暴露试验的稳定时长与试验分析方法

混凝土自然暴露试验通常用于研究混凝土的氯离子扩散系数,但需要选择合适的分析方法,并确定稳定暴露时长。为此,首先系统研究混凝土的氯离子瞬时扩散和平均扩散理论,明确扩散方程中不同参数的时变特性,揭示了瞬时扩散解析解在分析混凝土中氯离子扩散过程和浓度分布时与平均扩散解析解等价。然后,引入随机数模拟混凝土取样误差,利用蒙特卡洛法分析氯盐环境下混凝土暴露时长、取样误差以及不同回归分析方法对扩散系数计算结果的影响,研究表明瞬时扩散解用于混凝土自然暴露试验分析时容易受到参数迭代初值的影响,导致初始扩散系数计算结果不稳定,而平均扩散解可以避免该问题,因而平均扩散解更适合于混凝土自然暴露试验数据的回归分析。在此基础上,研究确定了不同取样误差下的混凝土稳定暴露时长。最后,通过工程实例分析验证了回归分析方法以及稳定暴露时长在氯盐环境下混凝土自然暴露试验数据分析中的合理性和必要性。

钢纤维和碳纳米管对超高性能混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

碳纳米管的掺入对超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的抗氯离子渗透性能的影响尚不清晰,且很少有涉及加载对UHPC抗氯离子渗透性能影响的研究。因此,通过氯离子扩散系数测试法测定氯离子扩散系数,盐溶液浸泡下测定不同深度处氯离子浓度,观察微观结构等试验方法来探究碳纳米管和加载对UHPC抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。结果表明:加载造成的损伤会降低UHPC的抗氯离子渗透性能;在不同的加载程度下,不同浓度的碳纳米管对UHPC的抗氯离子渗透性能的影响是有区别的;碳纳米管既起到了填充孔隙的作用,又起到了促进钢纤维电化学腐蚀的作用。

开裂混凝土中氯离子等效扩散系数计算方法

氯离子侵蚀对钢筋混凝土结构有严重的劣化作用,混凝土中的裂缝为氯离子的快速扩散提供了通道,进而加快了结构力学性能的失效速度。现有研究多集中于单一裂缝特征因素对氯离子扩散系数的影响,根据试验结果给出的拟合公式具有局限性。结合机器视觉技术提取和量化多个裂缝特征因素,构建考虑裂缝密度、裂缝内界面粗糙度和裂缝取向度叠加影响的代表性单元体积(REV)模型,并计算其等效扩散系数,将已有研究的试验结果与基于REV模型的计算结果进行对比。结果表明:不同盐冻条件下的平均相对误差为1.6%,完成28次盐冻后不同初始裂缝条件下的平均相对误差为2.9%,计算结果与试验结果较为吻合,表明提出的开裂混凝土中氯离子等效扩散系数具有较好的可靠性。

磷酸钒锂/碳复合材料在锂离子电池中的电化学性能及电极反应动力学研究

相比于溶胶-凝胶法制备的Li_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C(LVP/C-S),采用水热超声辅助流变相法结合溶液沉积法制备的Li_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C(LVP/C-R)复合正极材料具有更优异的电化学性能。通过XRD、SEM和Raman光谱仪等对合成材料进行表征。将合成材料作为锂离子电池正极组装半电池进行倍率和循环性能测试,同时通过循环伏安法、电化学阻抗以及恒流间歇滴定技术分析电极反应动力学。结果表明,水热超声辅助流变相法合成的Li_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(LVP-R)通过溶液沉积法包覆碳层后,晶面间距增大,粒径更小,导电性、振实密度增大,分散性明显提升。这有利于Li^(+)在正极材料中嵌入/脱出,以及缩短Li^(+)的扩散路径,从而促使锂离子电池的倍率性能、库仑效率和循环稳定性提高。LVP/C-R作为锂离子电池正极材料,在0.1 C电流密度下表现出较高的初始放电比容量(160.12 mA·h/g),且在1 C倍率下循环200圈后放电容量保持率为89.16%,远高于LVP/C-S。此外,相比于LVP/C-S和LVP-R,LVP/C-R在锂离子电池中具有更大的Li^(+)表观扩散系数且动力学性能更优。

玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能及氯盐侵蚀行为

为探究氯盐侵蚀对玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能的影响及氯盐在混凝土中的侵蚀行为,以抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、氯离子沉积量为表征手段进行盐雾侵蚀试验,并根据Fick第二定律计算得到不同侵蚀龄期下氯离子扩散系数。结果表明:混凝土强度在氯盐侵蚀过程中呈现先上升后下降的趋势;通过氯盐侵蚀的玄武岩纤维与普通混凝土相比,能有效提高混凝土的抗压及劈裂抗拉强度,降低混凝土劣化速率;在相同深度及侵蚀龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子含量均低于普通混凝土;此外,氯离子扩散系数随着侵蚀龄期的增加而降低,且相同龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数均低于普通混凝土。