An Integrated Anti-Fouling and Anti-Corrosion Coating Enabled by rGO/AgNPs and Amphiphilic Networks

Marine corrosion and biofouling are challenges that affect marine industrial equipment,and protecting equipment with functional coatings is a simple and effective approach.However,it is extremely difficult to combine anti-corrosion and anti-fouling properties in a single coating.In this work,we combine reduced graphene oxide(rGO)/silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)with a hydrophilic polymer in a bio-based silicone-epoxy resin to create a coating with both anti-fouling and anti-corrosion properties.The excel-lent anti-fouling performance of the coating results from a ternary synergistic mechanism involving foul-ing release,contact inhibition,and a hydration effect,while the outstanding anti-corrosion performance is provided by a ternary synergistic anti-corrosion mechanism that includes a dense interpenetrating net-work(IPN)structure,a barrier effect,and passivation.The results show that the obtained coating pos-sesses superior anti-fouling activity against protein,bacteria,algae,and other marine organisms,as well as excellent anti-corrosion and certain self-healing properties due to its dynamic cross-linked net-work of rGO/AgNPs and the hydrophilic polymer.This work provides an anti-corrosion and anti-fouling integrated coating for marine industrial equipment.

New Problems of Boiler Corrosion after Coupling Combustion of Coal and Biomass and Anti-Corrosion Technologies

This study explores the corrosion issues arising from the coupled combustion of coal and biomass and proposes potential solutions.Biomass,as a renewable energy source,offers advantages in energy-saving and carbon reduction.However,the corrosive effects of alkali metal compounds,sulfur(S)and chlorine(Cl)elements in the ash after combustion cannot be underestimated due to the high volatile content of biomass fuels.We investigate the corrosion mechanisms,as well as the transfer of Cl and alkali metal elements during this process.Comparative corrosion analyses are conducted among coal-fired boilers,pure biomass boilers and boilers with coupled combustion.Various biomass types in co-firing are studied to understand different corrosion outcomes.The main factors influencing corrosion include the physicochemical properties of biomass feedstock,furnace temperature and heating surface materials,with the chemical composition and ash content of biomass playing a dominant role.Currently,the methods used for anti-corrosion include water washing pretreatment of biomass feedstock,application of novel alloys and coatings and the development of additives to inhibit fouling,ash deposition and corrosion.Efficient inhibitors are economical and easy to produce.Additionally,biomass can be converted into biomass gasification gas,although challenges related to tar still need to be addressed.

Polyethylene glycol fusion repair of severed sciatic nerves accelerates recovery of nociceptive sensory perceptions in male and female rats of different strains

Successful polyethylene glycol fusion(PEG-fusion)of severed axons following peripheral nerve injuries for PEG-fused axons has been reported to:(1)rapidly restore electrophysiological continuity;(2)prevent distal Wallerian Degeneration and maintain their myelin sheaths;(3)promote primarily motor,voluntary behavioral recoveries as assessed by the Sciatic Functional Index;and,(4)rapidly produce correct and incorrect connections in many possible combinations that produce rapid and extensive recovery of functional peripheral nervous system/central nervous system connections and reflex(e.g.,toe twitch)or voluntary behaviors.The preceding companion paper describes sensory terminal field reo rganization following PEG-fusion repair of sciatic nerve transections or ablations;howeve r,sensory behavioral recovery has not been explicitly explored following PEG-fusion repair.In the current study,we confirmed the success of PEG-fusion surgeries according to criteria(1-3)above and more extensively investigated whether PEG-fusion enhanced mechanical nociceptive recovery following sciatic transection in male and female outbred Sprague-Dawley and inbred Lewis rats.Mechanical nociceptive responses were assessed by measuring withdrawal thresholds using von Frey filaments on the dorsal and midplantar regions of the hindpaws.Dorsal von Frey filament tests were a more reliable method than plantar von Frey filament tests to assess mechanical nociceptive sensitivity following sciatic nerve transections.Baseline withdrawal thresholds of the sciatic-mediated lateral dorsal region differed significantly across strain but not sex.Withdrawal thresholds did not change significantly from baseline in chronic Unoperated and Sham-operated rats.Following sciatic transection,all rats exhibited severe hyposensitivity to stimuli at the lateral dorsal region of the hindpaw ipsilateral to the injury.However,PEG-fused rats exhibited significantly earlier return to baseline withdrawal thresholds than Negative Control rats.Furthermore,PEG-fused rats with significantly improved Sciatic Functional Index scores at or after 4 weeks postoperatively exhibited yet-earlier von Frey filament recove ry compared with those without Sciatic Functional Index recovery,suggesting a correlation between successful PEG-fusion and both motor-dominant and sensory-dominant behavioral recoveries.This correlation was independent of the sex or strain of the rat.Furthermore,our data showed that the acceleration of von Frey filament sensory recovery to baseline was solely due to the PEG-fused sciatic nerve and not saphenous nerve collateral outgrowths.No chronic hypersensitivity developed in any rat up to 12 weeks.All these data suggest that PEG-fusion repair of transection peripheral nerve injuries co uld have important clinical benefits.

Platelet rich plasma and anterior cruciate ligament repair:A new frontier,or a short term adjunct

Platelet rich plasma(PRP)is an autologous blood product rich in platelets,showing promise in reducing inflammation and accelerating healing.While extensively utilized in plastic surgery,dermatology,and osteoarthritis treatment,its application in anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injuries is limited.This article examines PRP's potential in ACL reconstruction(ACLR),exploring its history,current usage,controversies and future directions.PRP has demonstrated significant early benefits in ligamentisation and vascularisation post-ACLR,though its long-term efficacy is inconsistent.Studies suggest that PRP may serve as both an adjunct therapy in ACLR to enhance initial healing and reduce postoperative complications,and as a non-surgical alternative for small ACL tears.Despite these promising findings,outcome variability necessitates further high-quality research to optimize PRP formulations and determine its most effective applications.The exploration of PRP as a treatment modality in ACLR offers promising but varied outcomes.PRP holds considerable promise as both an adjunct and alternative to traditional ACLR.This article underscores the need for targeted research to fully realize PRP's therapeutic potential in ACL treatment,aiming to inform future studies and clinical practices.By understanding PRP's mechanisms of efficacy and identifying the most beneficial patient populations,PRP could significantly impact orthopaedics and sports medicine,improving recovery pathways and patient outcomes.

Calcium bridges built by mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes:potential targets for neural repair in neurological diseases

The exchange of information and materials between organelles plays a crucial role in regulating cellular physiological functions and metabolic levels.Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes serve as physical contact channels between the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane,formed by various proteins and protein complexes.This microstructural domain mediates several specialized functions,including calcium(Ca^(2+))signaling,autophagy,mitochondrial morphology,oxidative stress response,and apoptosis.Notably,the dysregulation of Ca^(2+)signaling mediated by mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.Certain proteins or protein complexes within these membranes directly or indirectly regulate the distance between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria,as well as the transduction of Ca^(2+)signaling.Conversely,Ca^(2+)signaling mediated by mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes influences other mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membraneassociated functions.These functions can vary significantly across different neurological diseases—such as ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and Huntington's disease—and their respective stages of progression.Targeted modulation of these disease-related pathways and functional proteins can enhance neurological function and promote the regeneration and repair of damaged neurons.Therefore,mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes-mediated Ca^(2+)signaling plays a pivotal role in the pathological progression of neurological diseases and represents a significant potential therapeutic target.This review focuses on the effects of protein complexes in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and the distinct roles of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes-mediated Ca^(2+)signaling in neurological diseases,specifically highlighting the early protective effects and neuronal damage that can result from prolonged mitochondrial Ca^(2+)overload or deficiency.This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the various mechanisms of Ca^(2+)signaling mediated by mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes in neurological diseases,contributing to the exploration of potential therapeutic targets for promoting neuroprotection and nerve repair.

Atomic-Scale Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Fe SiAl@ZnO@Al_(2)O_(3) Hybrid with Threshold Anti-Corrosion and Ultra-High Microwave Absorption Properties in Low-Frequency Bands

Developing highly efficient magnetic microwave absorb-ers(MAs)is crucial,and yet challenging for anti-corrosion properties in extremely humid and salt-induced foggy environments.Herein,a dual-oxide shell of ZnO/Al_(2)O_(3) as a robust barrier to FeSiAl core is introduced to mitigate corrosion resistance.The FeSiAl@ZnO@Al_(2)O_(3) layer by layer hybrid structure is realized with atomic-scale precision through the atomic layer deposition technique.Owing to the unique hybrid structure,the FeSiAl@ZnO@Al_(2)O_(3) exhibits record-high micro-wave absorbing performance in low-frequency bands covering L and S bands with a minimum reflection loss(RLmin)of-50.6 dB at 3.4 GHz.Compared with pure FeSiAl(RLmin of-13.5 dB,a bandwidth of 0.5 GHz),the RLmin value and effective bandwidth of this designed novel absorber increased up to~3.7 and~3 times,respectively.Fur-thermore,the inert ceramic dual-shells have improved 9.0 times the anti-corrosion property of FeSiAl core by multistage barriers towards corrosive medium and obstruction of the electric circuit.This is attributed to the large charge transfer resistance,increased impedance modulus|Z|0.01 Hz,and frequency time constant of FeSiAl@ZnO@Al_(2)O_(3).The research demonstrates a promising platform toward the design of next-generation MAs with improved anti-corrosion properties.

Preparation technology and anti-corrosion performances of black ceramic coatings formed by micro-arc oxidation on aluminum alloys

In order to prepare ornamental and anti-corrosive coating on aluminum alloys, preparation technology of black micro-arc ceramic coatings on Al alloys in silicate based electrolyte was studied. The influence of content of Na2WO4 and combination additive in solution on the performance of black ceramic coatings was studied; the anticorrosion performances of black ceramic coatings were evaluated through whole-immersion test and electrochemical method in 3.5% NaCl solution at different pH value; SEM and XRD were used to analyze the surface morphology and phase constitutes of the black ceramic coatings. Experimental results indicated that, without combination additives, with the increasing of Na2WO4 content in the electrolyte, ceramic coating became darker and thicker, but the color was not black; after adding combination additive, the coating turned to be black; the black ceramic coating was multi-hole form in surface. There was a small quantity of tungsten existing in the black ceramic coating beside α-Al2O3 phase and β-Al2O3 phase. And aluminum alloy with black ceramic coating exhibited excellent anti-corrosion property in acid, basic and neutral 3.5% NaCl solution.

An Abrasion Resistant TPU/SH-SiO_(2) Superhydrophobic Coating for Anti-Icing and Anti-Corrosion Applications

As a passive anti-icing strategy,properly designed superhydrophobic coatings can demonstrate outstanding performances.However,common preparation strategies for superhydrophobic coatings often lead to environmental pollution,high energy-consumption,high-cost and other undesirable issues.Besides,the durability of superhydrophobic coating also plagues its commercial application.In this paper,we introduced a facile and environment-friendly technique for fabricating abrasion-resistant superhydrophobic surfaces using thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)and modified SiO_(2)particles(SH-SiO_(2)).Both materials are non-toxicity,low-cost,and commercial available.Our methodology has the following advantages:use of minimal amounts of formulation,take the most streamlined technical route,and no waste material.These advantages make it attractive for industrial applications,and its usage sustainability can be promised.In this study,the mechanical stability of the superhydrophobic surface was evaluated by linear wear test.It is found that the excellent wear resistance of the superhydrophobic coating benefits from the characteristics of raw materials,the preparation strategy,and the special structure.In anti-icing properties test,the TPU/SH-SiO_(2)coating exhibits the repellency to the cold droplets and the ability to extend the freezing time.The electrochemical corrosion measurement shows that the asprepared superhydrophobic surface has excellent corrosion resistance that can provide effective protection for the bare Q235 substrates.These results indicate that the TPU/SH-SiO_(2)coating possesses good abrasion resistance and has great potential in anti-corrosion and anti-icing applications.

In-situ formation characteristic, tribological characterization and anti-corrosion properties of quaternary composites films

Improvements of wear and corrosion properties are essential characteristic in engineering application. A study was made on the structure, electro-oxidation and properties of fabricated Zn-Al-SnO 2-Ti O2（Zn-Al-Sn-Ti） thin films using electrodeposition technique from chloride bath. The microstructural studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy with attached energy dispersive spectrometer（SEM-EDS）, optical microscopy（OPM） and X-ray diffractogram（XRD）. The electrochemical oxidation and erosion behavior in 3.65% Na Cl medium were studied by potentiodynamic polarization technique and characterized by atomic force microscopy（AFM）. The hardness and wear behavior of the electrodeposited film were performed by high diamond dura scan microhardness tester and CERT UMT-2 reciprocating sliding machine. It was found that a successful co-deposition of composite and particle were attained. Homogeneous imbedded grain structure distribution and fine refinement of crystal with improved micromechanical behavior was achieved. The corrosion resistance, hardness and wear stability resistance of the fabricated quaternary films improved significantly in all varied process parameter.

Investigation of anti-corrosion property of hybrid coatings fabricated by combining PEC with MAO on pure magnesium

Novel hybrid coatings on pure magnesium were prepared by combining plasma electrolytic carburizing(PEC)with micro-arc oxidation(MAO)to further enhance the anti-corrosion property in this paper.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to observe the microstructure of the coatings,meanwhile,energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)were separately used to investigate the elemental as well as phase compositions of the coatings.The anti-corrosion property of the coatings was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization curves as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).The results show that PEC process is closely related with the effects of adsorption as well as diffusion of the activated carbon atoms,and it can provide a favorable pretreatment surface with predesigned chemical composition to obtain a new kind of phase,namely Si C with superior corrosion resistance and chemical stability,in the following PEC+MAO hybrid coatings.Meanwhile,PEC preprocessing also can afford an excellent micro-structure to increase the coating thickness as well as to improve the compactness of the PEC+MAO hybrid coatings.During the fabrication process of the PEC+MAO hybrid coatings,an overlapping phenomenon in regard to coating thickness can be observed instead of heaping up layer by layer.Compared with both single PEC surface modification layers as well as single MAO coatings,the PEC+MAO hybrid coatings exhibit more superior anti-corrosion property.Especially,the EIS data reveal that the PEC+MAO hybrid coatings can act as an effective protection system to provide relatively excellent long-range anti-corrosion protection.Note also that employing same MAO technique for both single MAO treatment as well as PEC+MAO combining procedure is the key to this research.

A Comparative Study on Several Anti-Corrosion Materials for Power FGD System

In the study organic-inorganic hybrid composite, epoxy modified silicone coating and vinyl ester flake mastic were comparatively used as several anti-corrosion materials that provided protection for flue gas desulfu-rization (FGD). The relationship between curing conversion rate of hybrid polymer and temperature was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The adhesion strength, coefficient of thermal expansion and flame retardant properties of three anti-corrosion materials were measured and analyzed. A corrosion test in 8% H2SO4 and 5% HCl at temperature cycle of 40°C~ 160°C was applied to study corrosion resistance of several anti-corrosion materials. Gravimetric measurement and morphological observation of three materials before and after corrosion test were comparatively analyzed in the paper. The small weight change and good morphological structure of hybrid composite during corrosion test demonstrate that hybrid composite has better anti-corrosion properties than epoxy modified silicone coating and vinyl ester flake mastic.

Influence of graphene on the anti-corrosion performance of epoxy-based coatings

In this work, graphene-modified epoxy-based anti-corrosion coatings were prepared and the influence of graphene on the anti-corrosion performance of the epoxy-based coatings was investigated with water contact angle test ,chemical solution immersion test, and electrochemical test. The water contact angle and chemical solution resistance of the epoxy-based coatings were improved with an increase in graphene content from 0 to 0.4%. These results prove that addition of graphene can significantly improve the hydrophobicity and impermeability of epoxy- based coatings. However, when the graphene content was increased to 0.5%, the performance of the epoxy-based coatings decreased because of graphene aggregation. Tafel polarization results show that graphene addition can significantly reduce the corrosion current density and corrosion potential of epoxy-based coatings, which enhance their anti-corrosion performance.

Anti-Corrosion and Reconstruction of Surface Crystal Plane for Zn Anodes by an Advanced Metal Passivation Technique

For the aqueous Zn-ion battery,dendrite formation,corrosion,and interfacial parasitic reactions are major issues,which greatly inhibits their practical application.How to develop a method of Zn construction or treatment to solve these issues for Zn anodes are still great challenges.Herein,a simple and cheap metal passivation technique is proposed for Zn anodes from a corrosion science perspective.Similar to the metal anticorrosion engineering,the formed interfacial protective layer in a chemical way can sufficiently solve the corrosion issues.Furthermore,the proposed passivity approach can reconstruct Zn surface-preferred crystal planes,exposing more(002)planes and improving surface hydrophilicity,which inhibits the formation of Zn dendrites and hydrogen evolution effectively.As expected,the passivated Zn achieves outstanding cycling life(1914 h)with low voltage polarization(<40 mV).Even at 6 mA cm^(−2) and 3 mA h cm^(−2),it can achieve stable Zn deposition over 460 h.The treated Zn anode coupled with MnO_(2) cathode shows prominently reinforced full batteries service life,making it a potential Zn anode candidate for excellent performance aqueous Zn-ion batteries.The proposed passivation approach provides a guideline for other metal electrodes preparation in various batteries and establishes the connections between corrosion science and batteries.

An electrochemical method for evaluating the resistance to cathodic disbondment of anti-corrosion coatings on buried pipelines

Methods for evaluating the resistance to cathodic disbondment （RCD） of anti-corrosion coatings on buried pipelines were reviewed. It is obvious that these traditional cathodic disbondment tests （CDT） have some disadvantages and the evaluated results are only simple figures and always rely on the subjective experience of the operator. A new electrochemical method for evaluating the RCD of coatings, that is, the potentiostatic evaluation method （PEM）, was developed and studied. During potentiostatic anodic polarization testing, the changes of stable polarization current of specimens before and after cathodic disbonding （CD） were measured, and the degree of cathodic disbondment of the coating was quantitatively evaluated, among which the equivalent cathodic disbonded distance AD was suggested as a parameter for evaluating the RCD. A series of testing parameters of the PEM were determined in these experiments.

The Effect of Cerium Dioxide (CeO_2) in an Anti-corrosion and Self-lubricating Coating

The effect of cerium dioxide(CeO_2)as an additive on the structure and properties of a melting type coating has been studied by means of microhardness measurement,scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. The results show that cerium dioxide can modify the microstructure and tribological properties of the coating. Model LIC-23 composite coating which contains CeO_2 performs well as a self-lubricating coating in hydrochloric acid solution.

A novel anti-corrosion coating for magnesium alloy

A novel enviromental protective water based metallic coating were prepared on the surface of AZ91D magnesium alloy. The properties and structure of the coating were investigated by adhension test, hardness test, heat resisting test, neutral salt spray test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the coating has a stepped structure which can achieve good adhesion of first-grade, heat resistance temperature of 400℃, hardness of HV_ 0.50/30210 and anti-corrosion time of 250h in salt spray test. Meanwhile, the film forming and corrosion mechanism of the coating were also put forward based on the results of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test.

Preheating-assisted solid-state friction stir repair of Al-Mg-Si alloy plate at different rotational speeds

Additive friction stir deposition(AFSD)is a novel structural repair and manufacturing technology has become a research hotspot at home and abroad in the past five years.In this work,the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of the Al-Mg-Si alloy plate repaired by the preheating-assisted AFSD process were investigated.To evaluate the tool rotation speed and substrate preheating for repair quality,the AFSD technique was used to additively repair 5 mm depth blind holes on 6061 aluminum alloy substrates.The results showed that preheat-assisted AFSD repair significantly improved joint bonding and joint strength compared to the control non-preheat substrate condition.Moreover,increasing rotation speed was also beneficial to improve the metallurgical bonding of the interface and avoid volume defects.Under preheating conditions,the UTS and elongation were positively correlated with rotation speed.Under the process parameters of preheated substrate and tool rotation speed of 1000 r/min,defect-free specimens could be obtained accompanied by tensile fracture occurring in the substrate rather than the repaired zone.The UTS and elongation reached the maximum values of 164.2MPa and 13.4%,which are equivalent to 99.4%and 140%of the heated substrate,respectively.

Preparation of a TiO_(2)@o-Vanillin@TEOS-APTES Nanocontainer and Its Anti-Corrosion Performance on Steel

A TiO_(2)@o-vanillin@TEOS-APTES nanocontainer was prepared by an experimental process in which,firstly,2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde(o-vanillin)was loaded in a TiO_(2) container to obtain TiO_(2)@o-vanillin.Then,TiO_(2)@o-vanillin was encapsulated by tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS).Finally,3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane(APTES)was used to modify the obtained sample.The morphology,structural phase and thermal stability of the TiO_(2)@o-vanillin@TEOS-APTES nanocontainer were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and thermal gravimetric analysis(TG).The release rate of o-vanillin was investigated using an ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis)spectrometer.The anti-corrosion performances of the epoxy,epoxy@o-vanillin and epoxy@TiO_(2)@o-vanillin@TEOS-APTES coatings on steel sheets were evaluated using an electrochemical method and scarification experiments.The results showed that the impedance value of the epoxy@TiO_(2)@o-vanillin@TEOS-APTES coating was two orders of magnitude higher than that of the blank epoxy coating,and one order of magnitude higher than that of the epoxy@o-vanillin coating.The maximum inhibition rate of the epoxy@TiO_(2)@o-vanillin@TEOS-APTES coating on the steel can reach 97.3%.The scarification experiments confirmed that the epoxy@TiO_(2)@o-vanillin@TEOS-APTES coating had the best anti-corrosion performance.

Degradable magnesium alloy suture promotes fibrocartilaginous interface regeneration in a rat rotator cuff transosseous repair model

Despite transosseous rotator cuff tear repair using sutures is widely accepted for tendon-bone fixation,the fibrocartilaginous enthesis regeneration is still hardly achieved with the traditional sutures.In the present work,degradable magnesium(Mg)alloy wire was applied to suture supraspinatus tendon in a rat acute rotator cuff tear model with Vicryl Plus 4±0 absorbable suture as control.The shoulder joint humerus-supraspinatus tendon complex specimens were retrieved at 4,8,and 12 weeks after operation.The Mg alloy suture groups showed better biomechanical properties in terms of ultimate load to failure.Gross observation showed that hyperplastic response of the scar tissue at the tendon-bone interface is progressively alleviated over time in the both Mg alloy suture and Vicryl suture groups.In the histological analysis,for Mg alloy suture groups,chondrocytes appear to proliferate at 4 weeks postoperatively,and the tendon-bone interface showed an orderly structural transition zone at 8 weeks postoperatively.The collagenous fiber tended to be aligned and the tendon-bone interlocking structures apparently formed,where transitional structure from unmineralized fibrocartilage to mineralized fibrocartilage was closer to the native fibrocartilaginous enthesis.In vivo degradation of the magnesium alloy wire was completed within 12 weeks.The results indicated that Mg alloy wire was promising as degradable suture with the potential to promotes fibrocartilaginous interface regeneration in rotator cuff repair.

Anti-Corrosion Test on Basal Slope Protection Materials

Through the introduction of the anti-corrosion test schemes, the test equipments and the test procedure for three kinds of basal slop protection materials including fence, mixed stump and geo-textile, this paper comes to a conclusion about the analysis of the anti-corrosion test, revealing that among all of the common basal slop protection materials, mixed stump and fence are with Class II anti-corrosion property, while the geo-textile is with the first-class anti-corrosion property.