Effects of Land Management Practices on Soil Water in Southwestern Mountainous Area, China

The effects of selected land management practices （cross-sloping tillage, ridge culture, organic manure, and straw mulch） on soil water conservation in a southwestern mountainous area, China, were studied during November 2002 to November 2004. The experimental field is divided into three parts based on soil layer depths, 0-60 cm （part Ⅰ）, 0-40 cm （part Ⅱ）, and 0- 20 cm （part Ⅲ）, and they all had the same slope azimuth （SE）, slope （10°）, and slope type （linear）. The experimental plots were subjected to the following treatments： cross-sloping tillage （CST）; cross-sloping tillage with organic manure （CST/ OM）; cross-sloping tillage with straw mulch （CST/SM）; contour ridge culture （CRC）; contour ridge culture with organic manure （CRC/OM）; and contour ridge culture with straw mulch （CRC/SM）, to identify the effects of management practices on soil water. Water contents were determined for soil samples collected, using a 2.2 cm diameter manual probe. Soil water was monitored once every five days from Nov. 20, 2002 to Nov. 20, 2004. The results indicated that, in the study stages, an integration of rainfall, evaporative losses, and crop transcription controlled the basic tendencies of profile （mean） soil water, while land management practices, to a certain extent, only modified its amount, distribution, and routing. Moreover, these modifications also mainly focused on the first 20 cm depth of topsoil layer. When each management practice was compared with control treatment, season changes of profile （mean） soil water were pronounced, while interannual changes among them were not significant. More comparisons indicated that, in the study stages, contour ridge culture had better effects than cross-sloping tillage. And under the same tillage, the combination of organic manure could achieve more than straw mulch. These management practices should be recommended considering the effectiveness of soil and water management techniques in the southwestern mountainous area, China.

Relationship Between Soil and Water Conservation Practices and Soil Conditions in Low Mountain and Hilly Region of Northeast China

The soil and water conservation practices of ecological restoration(ER),fish scale pit(FP),furrow and ridge tillage across the slope(FR),shrub strips(SS),and vegetation-covered ridge(VR)are characteristic of the Jixing small watershed of the low mountain and hilly region of Jilin Province,Northeast China.This study aims to elucidate the effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil conditions after the short-term implementation of practices.Soil samples were collected from five soil and water conservation sites(ER,FP,FR,SS,and VR)and two controls(BL and CT)to investigate their properties.To evaluate the influence of soil and water conservation practices on soil quality,an integrated quantitative index,soil quality index(QI),was developed to compare the soil quality under the different soil and water conservation practices.The results show that not all soil and water conservation practices can improve the soil conditions and not all soil properties,especially soil organic carbon(SOC),can be recovered under soil and water conservation practice in short-term.Moreover,the QI in the five soil and water conservation practices and two controls was in the following order:ER>VR>BL>FR>CT>SS>FP.ER exhibited a higher soil quality value on a slope scale.In the low mountain and hilly region of Northeast China,ER is a better choice than the conversion of farmlands to planted grasslands and woodlands early in the soil and water conservation program.

An Evaluation of the Introduction of Modified Cropping Practices in Yunnan Province,China,Using Surveys of Farmers’ Households

Problems associated with land degradation are serious in China. Sloping land in South China has experienced a decline in crop productivity by 30-60% due to soil erosion and it has been predicted that most topsoil will be lost within the next 100 years if current erosion rates continue. Considering these situations, an agro-environmental research and development project （Sustainable Highland Agriculture in South-East Asia- SHASEA） was conducted in a catchment in Yunnan Province, China, to address the objectives of increasing crop productivity in sustainable and environmentally-friendly ways. A range of cropping practices was developed and implemented in a rural upland catchment （Wang Jia）. At the end of the project, farmers were surveyed to evaluate project effectiveness. All farmers from Wang Jia Catchment, who were involved in project implementation, were surveyed. A sample of farmers working in an adjacent catchment （not associated with the project） was surveyed for comparative purposes. Farmers had different perceptions of the cropping practices employed. Contour cultivation was preferred and likely to be adopted. Others practices such as straw mulching and intercropping were seen as less appropriate and unlikely to be adopted. Polythene mulch was recognized as effective, but likely to be adopted only if financial returns were favourable. The availability of relevant information had an important impact on the extent of technology testing by farmers and their willingness to adopt the practices in the future.

Estimating cropland carbon mitigation potentials in China affected by three improved cropland practices

Agriculture is a large source of carbon emissions. The cropland practices of fertilizer substitution, crop straw and conservation tillage are beneficial and help to rebuild local soil carbon stocks and reduce soil carbon emissions, in addition to reducing the consumption of fertilizers and fossil fuels. These improved cropland practices can directly and indirectly mitigatecarbon emissions, benefiting the sustainability of croplands. For these three improved practices, we estimated carbon mitigation potentials in rice, wheat and maize croplands in China. The combined contribution of these practices to carbon mitigation was 38.8 Tg C yr-1, with fertilizer substitution, crop straw return, and conservation tillage contributing 26.6, 3.6 and 8.6 Tg C yr-1, respectively. Rice, wheat and maize croplands had potentials to mitigate 13.4, 11.9 and 15.5 Tg C yr-1, respectively, with the combined direct and indirectpotential of 33.8 and 5.0 Tg C yr-1. Because of differences in local climate and specific diets, the regional cropland carbon mitigation potentials differed greatly among provinces in China. In China, 18 provinces had a "target surplus" for which the carbon mitigation from these three practices was larger than the mitigation target set for 2020. At the national level, a net "target surplus"of 4.84 Tg C yr-1 would be attained for Chinese croplands with full implementation of the three improved practices. Regional cooperation must be developed to achieve carbon mitigation targets using such measures as carbon trading, establishing regional associations, and strengthening research programs to improve practices.

Study on the use of trade barrier of anti-dumping in China

WTO allows its members to use anti-dumping barrier to combat unfair competition. Nowadays, anti-dumping barrier has been dominant protective trade measure in the world, while in China, this measure is still not fully used and at low level. For the purpose of protecting domestic industries and enhancing national welfare, China should use this barrier cautiously and construct its own anti-dumping system at the same time.

Why Has China Become a Target of Anti-dumping Activities?

Although the benefits of China’s trade expansion have been distributed much more broadly than those of some early industrialized nations,China has become the primary target of anti-dumping activities.Being a new and relatively efficient new rival in the global market may be an important reason for this.On the other hand,China’s development stage and her trade structure also place her in a disadvantageous position when it comes to anti-dumping activities.

China's Legislation on Advertising Practices

The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, adopted at the Tenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth Chinese People’s Congress, came into force on February 1, 1995. This marks the formalization of advertising practices in China. Restored after the reform and opening, China’s advertising industry, as a leading industry to serve the

China's Policies and Practices on Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief

Contents preambleⅠ. Basic Policies in Protecting Freedom of Religious BeliefⅡ. Legal Guarantees for Freedom of Religious BeliefⅢ. Conducting Religious Activities in an Orderly MannerⅣ. The Role of Religious Groups Has Been Fully DevelopedⅤ. Active and Healthy Religious Relations Conclusion Preamble As a socialist country under the leadership of the Communist party of China(CPC), China adopts policies on freedom of religious belief based on national and religious conditions to protect citizens’ right to freedom of religious belief.

NCTO Endorses Mexican Anti-dumping Case With China

The president of the National Council of Textile Organizations(NCTO )has written a letter to the Mexican Economic Secretary Hugo Diaz strongly endorsing his country’s decision to seek a World Trade Organization(WTO)

Anti-dumping Investigation Puts Pressure on China

Under the pressure of the anti- dumping investigations on silk fabrics launched by the Indian government, the China Chamber of Commerce for Import & Export of Textiles (CCCT) announced that it has decided not to hold the Silk Trade Fair (Autumn) this year, in order to avoid the negative effects the case might bring.

Anti-Dumping on and from China

The past years saw an increased cases of anti-dumping on China mostly from the developed countries,some from developing countries.But Pakistan,a friendly neighbor to China,recently adds up to that list of ranks for an anti-dumping investigation on China.It is the national interests that count most,after all. It gives out a signal that anti-dumping would be a frequent tool to defend or to attack. Evidences show China is a target for this trade remedy,but is also targeting others.

China,India in sharp contrast in anti-dumping action

Based on 1995-2008 data, the author researched China and India’s anti-dumping situations, examining the level ofinternational status and countries and industries involved, and analyzed the symmetry between China and India’sinitiation and the encounter of anti-dumping cases using the index of accusation symmetry (IA) and the index ofsanction symmetry (IS); based on this, the author surveyed India’s successful anti-dumping experiences and analyzedwhy China is frequently accused of anti-dumping, yet loses most anti-dumping petitions initiated against othercountries.The author then put forward policy suggestions regarding how to reduce the intensity of anti-dumpingaccusations filed against China and intensify the strength of its own anti-dumping actions filed against other dumpingnations.

Strategic directions and actions for advanced practice nursing in China

There is a need and opportunity for China to develop education and practice innovations given that advance practice nurses (APNs) improve health care and outcomes.The China Medical Board (CMB)China Nursing Network (CCNN) began planning for an Advanced Nursing Practice Program for education and career development that will facilitate CCNN's contributions to meeting national nursing policy priorities.This paper presents the discussion,recommendations and action plans developed at the inaugural planning meeting on June 26,2015 at Fudan University in Shanghai.The recommendations are:Develop standards for advanced nursing practice;Develop Master's level curricula based on the standards;Commence pilot projects across a number of University affiliated hospitals;and Prepare clinical tutors and faculty.The strategic directions and actions are: Develop a clinical career ladder system;Expand the nursing role from hospital to community;and Build a specialty nurse accreditation system.

China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES): Challenges of Deep Earth Exploration and Practice(DEEP)

Since May 2018,the planning,construction and functioning of China Seismic Experimental Site(CSES)has attracted much attention in earthquake science(CSES,2020 a,b,c;Wu,2020;Li et al.,2021).Different from traditional earthquake prediction experiment projects,such as the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment(Roeloffs,2000).

New Approach for China's Agricultural Modernization Practice from the Perspective of Multiplex Function

This paper analyzes the multiplex composite function of agriculture comprehensively as follows.The first is political function:it can ensure the national food security;the second is economic function:it can promote agricultural competitiveness and increase farmers' income;the third is social function:it can promote the construction of new socialist village;the fourth is ecological function:it can conserve the resources environment and guarantee sustainable development of agriculture.In terms of reference of international theory and the main innovative experience of domestic agricultural modernization practice,this paper points out the new approach for agricultural modernization practice in China,and puts forward institutional guarantee based on agricultural multiplex function as follows:we should gradually promote new land system taking land transfer as major content;we should establish rational transfer system of rural labour forces;we should establish virtuous circular agricultural financial credit system;we should hew to the innovation and promotion system of agricultural technology;we should establish strict the system of resources environment and ecological protection;we should establish the agricultural risk security system.

Theory and Practice of Marine Regional Management in China

With the development of marine economy in coastal provinces and cities,there comes a series of environmental problems. Marine regional management,as a completely new marine management mode,transforms traditional management mode and can protect marine ecosystem. Thus,the marine regional management is feasible and applicable in China. This paper firstly discussed connotation and development of the marine regional management in China and pointed that the marine regional management is integrated management of a certain marine region. Next,it summarized characteristics of the marine regional management at current stage,for example,land-based pollution of trans-geographic system and marine management under regional government cooperative mechanism. Finally,it came up with recommendations including combining theory and practice of the marine regional management,and establishing marine regional management system as soon as possible,to realize benign interaction and sustainable development of marine economy and ecological environment.

Regulated multi-sited practice for physicians in China: incentives and barriers

The multi-sited practices (MSP) policy in China is expected to exert found implications upon uneven distribution of high-quality medical resources,coupled with the widespread phenomenon of physician's informal practices on multiple sites.Since 2009,the Chinese government has upheld a policy that allows medical doctors to take on secondary jobs for the purpose of encouraging talented physicians to work in medical institutions and underdeveloped areas where their expertise is badly needed.This paper focuses on the MSP policy in China by examining how it has been implemented at the national and provincial levels through a review of government documents,statistical information,academic papers,and newspaper accounts.Despite the MSP policy is to offer incentive to physicians at first-tier public hospitals to work in primary care centers or areas where their expertise,the evidence is hard to find.This paper identifies several outstanding challenges to the MSP policy:(1) The importance of the MSP policy which is made by the central government is perceived differently at the provincial level by health officials and hospital administrators;(2) Interest in implementing the policy varies among physicians and hospitals;(3) Concerns about quality control and legal responsibilities for medical doctors to take on secondary jobs are widespread.China's MSP policy differs from the 'dual practice' policy in many countries because of its top-down approach,with its emphasis on government's role and administrative intervention.This paper's findings may be useful for other developing countries where medical expertise is unevenly distributed due to market forces.On the special occasion of the Alma Ata Declaration's 40th anniversary and for the sake of promoting Universal Health Coverage,this paper also aims at sharing with other countries China's experience in trying to develop an adequate force of primary care professionals.At the end of this paper,a four-point proposal is made for policy makers in China.