Looking up Prescriptions to Treat Infectious Disease:Anti-epidemic Books of Medical Formularies and Epidemic Prevention and Control in the Qing Dynasty

Copying,compiling,publishing,disseminating,and referencing anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were common activities during the outbreak of epidemics in the Qing dynasty.Its emergence,motivated by epidemic disease again and again,was important component parts of epidemic prevention and control.They played a unique role as media on affairs such as treating patients suffering from infectious diseases,mobilizing peoples to make contributions to anti-epidemic activities,integrating and popularizing knowledge of epidemic prevention.Anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were important to link peoples,things,and substances related with epidemic prevention and control,and were a kind of motivation to actively deal with the infectious disease,control the epidemic,and maintain health.Compared to other common measures,anti-epidemic books of medical formularies participated in many prevention and control practices deeply,which actually built a low cost,spontaneous,dispersed and non-institutional system to respond to epidemic,and the system had characteristics of stronger conductibility,bigger coverage area,and better external benefits.

Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experimental Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Yinqiao Anti-Epidemic Formula in Regulating Mucosal Immune System of Respiratory Tract

[Objectives]To explore the molecular mechanisms of Yinqiao anti-epidemic formula(YQAEF)in regulating mucosal immune system of respiratory tract.[Methods]The active components of YQAEF were obtained from the TCMSP database,and RMIS targets were obtained from the GeneCards database.A"YQAEF components-RMIS targets-pathways"network was constructed by analyzing the above data to screen core targets for molecular docking verification.A mouse model of acute upper respiratory tract infection(AURI)was developed.Based on the experimental models,the key pathway target genes screened by network pharmacology were verified in vivo.[Results]The main active components of YQAEF involved in the regulation of the RMIS included quercetin,acetic acid,and raffinose.Key targets,such as angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE),galactosidase alpha(GLA),matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP2),Serpin Family E Member 1(SERPINE1),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)and important viral infection and endocrine resistance signaling pathways were included in the regulation of the RMIS with YQAEF.Molecular docking assays showed that the key targets had good binding activities with the components of YQAEF.Based on the results of network pharmacology,key target proteins in ACE,GLA,MMP2,SERPINE1,and MPO were selected for experimental verification.The results showed that ACE/ACE2 and MPO expressions were increased in the oral and throat mucosa of the AURI mice.Under YQAEF treatment,the expression levels of ACE/ACE2 and MPO were decreased.[Conclusions]This study revealed the mechanism of YQAEF in the regulation of RMIS,which is associated with multiple components,targets,and pathways.Further experiments confirmed that YQAEF interfered with MPO and ACE/ACE2 signaling pathways to regulate the RMIS in the oral and throat mucosa tissue of mice with AURI,and provide a new direction for exploring the potential antiviral mechanism of YQAEF.

On Nonce Variant of English Idioms

English idiom variant refers to the form of idiom created by means of altering some original components,structures,or meanings of the former idioms.The nonce variant of English idioms can be analyzed from the following three aspects:reasons for formation of nonce variant,types into which it could be divided,and rhetorical functions it is capable of producing.Through the analysis of these three aspects,it is almost likely for language-users to realize the importance and modes of idiom’s renovation,get a better understanding of English idioms,and thus utilize English idioms more skillfully.

A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Idioms About Color Words & Their Cultural Connotations

There are many idioms related to color words in English and Chinese.The use of color words in idioms adds beauty and vividness to the language.Due to the cultural differences,“color idioms”have gained different cultural connotations with the development of English and Chinese languages.It is of great significance to accurately understand and grasp the meanings and differences of color-related idioms in Chinese and English.This paper intends to analyze and expound the cultural connotations of English and Chinese idioms related to several widely used basic color words with the aim of helping English learners know and use the idioms about color words better.

China's Anti-epidemic Diplomacy Boosts Global Public Health Governance

In 2020 with a pandemic sweeping the world,global political and economic orders seriously disrupted and tens of millions of human lives threatened,the spread of the novel coronavirus is the world's number one challenge.China has efficiently organized domestic epidemic control and vigorously promoted international cooperation in the battle against the pandemic by advancing head-of-state diplomacy.In this ongoing crisis,China has actively led the way for global public health governance,promoted the building of a community with common health for mankind,and demonstrated the actions of a responsible major country.

The Logic of Self-Justification of China’s Anti-Epidemic Effectiveness

The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 is a syndrome of economic,social and governance crises.It is not only a test of the medical and health system of a country or a region,but also a test of the emergency management system and the comprehensive governance capacity.Based on the complexity of epidemic prevention and control,no single factor can explain and respond to the"exceptional status"of epidemic prevention and control.Only by applying the"Theory of History Resultant Force",establishing systematic thinking,and comprehensively reviewing and analyzing can we comprehensively and objectively clarify its pros and cons.Having taken advantage of the party’s leadership,the nationwide system,and the Socialism with Chinese characteristics with a broad mass base and strong material support,China has achieved obvious results in a relatively short period of time in the process of epidemic prevention and control.It provides other countries or regions with Chinese experience,and Chinese wisdom for anti-epidemic efforts.

Acquisition and Dissemination of Anti-Epidemic Medical Prescriptions During the Outbreaks in the Qing Dynasty of China

During the epidemics in the Qing dynasty,many medical professionals,nonprofessionals,and social organizations collected and sorted medical prescriptions related to infectious diseases.These people also compiled,published,disseminated,and consulted related medical formularies.The above historical event can be viewed as the construction and dissemination of medical knowledge.They edited and published medical formularies on infectious diseases with lower cost and in flexible ways by taking the initiative and giving full scope to creativity.Diverse anti-epidemic medical prescriptions from these medical formularies can be used for infectious diseases in the event of the outbreaks.However,the therapeutic effects of classical prescriptions and folk recipes cannot be regarded as the same.The wide circulation of anti-epidemic medical prescriptions and medical formularies was essentially a process of epidemic prevention resource allocation.Not only did it enable many nonprofessionals to participate in epidemic prevention and control,but it also enhanced awareness,knowledge,and capacity for epidemic prevention at the individual level.At the same time,due to the uneven quality and individual differences in the physical fitness and condition of the prescriptions and formularies,they had the capacity of causing inconveniences to the readers or patients.

Discussing the Dietary Regimen and Disease Prevention and its Application as an Anti-epidemic Measure

This article discusses the role of dietary regimen in the traditional culture of Chinese medicine according to its origin.Dietary regimen is a technique that inherits die traditional culture of Chinese medicine.Through analysis of the characteristics of the dietary regimen and the discussion of the idea of disease prevention,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is sought.Under the guidance of three key factors,the application of the dietary regimen in disease prevention is mainly manifested in two aspects,h irst,the dietary regimen can be used to guide the daily reasonable diet to maintain the human body in a balance of Yin and Yang,which could prevent the occurrence of diseases.Second,on the basis of minimizing health loss,it can be used for disease treatment,adjuvant treatment,and rehabilitation.Finally,taking preventive treatment as the guiding ideology,the application of a dietary regimen as an"anti-epidemic"was briefly discussed.

Promoting the International Dissemination of Chinese Culture Through International Chinese Language Education: A Case Study of Chinese-English Idiomatic Equivalence

One major task of our improvement of China’s international communication capabilities is to tell China’s stories well and make China’s voice heard to communicate a comprehensive,multi-dimensional view of China in the international arena.International Chinese language education bears the dual responsibility of spreading the Chinese language and promoting the Chinese culture.How to shape global narratives for telling China’s stories and improve China’s international communication capabilities has become an important issue that concerns international Chinese language education.Chinese idioms,which are hidden treasures of the Chinese language,can play a unique role in this regard.It is therefore necessary to review the content and methods of including idioms in international Chinese language education.In this paper,instruction in idioms is approached by making a corpus-based comparative analysis from the theoretical perspectives of equivalence,cognitive metaphor,and second language acquisition.Qualitative and quantitative methods are combined to analyze idioms to be added to the vocabulary of international Chinese language education in three dimensions:word frequency,semantic transparency,and functional equivalence.This paper aims to explore a new approach to the dissemination of Chinese culture through instruction in idioms in international Chinese language education.

Language Transfer Manifested in English Idiom Acquisition by Chinese EFL Learners

Idiom acquisition plays an important role in the process of second language learning and acquisition.Proper understanding of linguistic transfer in terms of English idiom acquisition is helpful for EFL learners to improve the efficiency of learning English and also facilitates the process of English teaching.This study examines the Chinese learner’s language transfer features manifested in their understanding of English idioms which are classified into five different types according to their linguistic forms and conceptual bases.The results suggest that equivalent linguistic forms and equivalent conceptual bases of idioms are helpful to cause positive transfer while different conceptual bases of idioms may result in negative cross-linguistic transfer.This article may contribute to the development of language transfer theory and provide pedagogical implications of how English idioms should be learned by students and taught by English teachers.

On the Translation of Chinese Four-Character Idioms in Selected Modern Chinese Essays 1

Chinese idioms are vivid and meaningful,which are the essence of national language.However,due to the great differences between Chinese and western cultures,the translation of Chinese idioms is an extremely complex task.In view of the importance and complexity of its translation,with the translation of Chinese four-character idioms in Selected Modern Chinese Essays 1 as its theme,the paper aims to investigate the application of different translation methods in C-E translation,and adopts Yan Fu’s theory of“faithfulness,expressiveness,and elegance”to judge the translation effects.Through a summary and study of the form and translation effect of idioms,the paper finds that literal translation is often used for straightforward idioms,while free translation is often used for idioms with an extended meaning,and context should be considered when selecting translation methods.

《庄子》成语与新时代廉洁文化建设

庄子是中国先秦时期伟大的思想家、哲学家和文学家,是中国历史文化名人;集中反映他的道家哲学思想的《庄子》既是中华民族宝贵的文化遗产,也是先秦两汉时期产生成语较多的一部著作,是汉语成语的重要来源之一。《庄子》的部分成语浓缩了庄子的道家清廉思想,因此重温历史文献《庄子》,发挥《庄子》成语的时代价值,对传承中华优秀成语文化,弘扬庄子道家清廉思想,加强新时代廉洁文化建设,仍然有着一定的借鉴意义和助推作用。

体现认知行为治疗中认知与情绪相互影响的成语

背景认知行为治疗(CBT)是被广泛应用的、具有实证研究支持的一种心理治疗方法。近年来与文化有关的CBT本土化受到了越来越多中国学者的重视。但尚缺少系统性地以成语为素材进行的CBT本土化研究。目的探讨是否存在能体现CBT两大核心治疗元素(认知和情绪)间相互影响的成语,并作为CBT治疗工具在大学生中进行实践,为CBT的本土化提供参考。方法以商务印书馆出版的《新华成语词典》(第2版)为工具,采用三轮人工筛选法,筛选出能体现CBT中认知与情绪相互影响的成语。以筛选出的成语为基础,编制对成语理解程度的调查问卷。于2022年8月—10月,在不同专业和高校的大学生中进行分层抽样,通过问卷星平台进行调查,获得有效问卷815份。通过统计大学生对每个成语的了解情况,确定在大学生中可作为CBT治疗工具的成语。结果《新华成语词典》(第2版)中,体现认知影响情绪的成语有13个,体现情绪影响认知的成语有5个。12个成语可以作为CBT治疗工具,其中认知影响情绪的成语有8个,情绪影响认知的成语有4个。结论可能存在着能体现CBT两大核心治疗元素(认知和情绪)间相互影响的成语,并可尝试在大学生群体中将成语作为CBT的治疗工具。

English Idioms and Their Translation

This paper aims to discuss some important cultural connotations of English idioms in the perspectives of historical backgrounds, religion, productive activities, and sports activities etc. and thereby suggests some approaches to their translation regarding the complexity of reproducing, replacing and changing the image in the idioms.

汉语成语理解的加工机制及其发展阶段

汉语成语在口语和书面语中普遍存在,是儿童语言发展的重要内容。综述以往研究发现,成语的熟悉度、语义分解性和语境在成语理解的加工过程中发挥着重要作用,但具体的心理加工机制尚不清晰。基于综合加工模型和动态相互作用论,本文尝试提出了汉语成语理解的动态加工模型,并据此总结归纳了汉语成语理解的发展阶段。同时,相关的研究展望也得到了一定的讨论和建议。

论idiom的定义及其习语性

中外英语习语词典大都将idiom定义为“不能望文生义的词组” ,但缺少有效的判定标准 ,我们认为组配数限是判定一种固定表达法能否“望文生义”的有效方法。从中外英语习语词典所收词条看 ,光有一条语义标准还不能囊括所有英语习语 ,因此有必要从结构的固定性和修辞的独特性两方面给予补充说明 ,从而进一步对习语的习语性强弱作出判别。

英汉Idiom文化差异性比较研究

英语Idiom(习语)包括俗语(colloquialisms)、谚语(proverbs)和俚语(slangexpressions)等形式。英语习语形式上表现为前后对称、音节优美、韵律协调。它们具有鲜明的形象,带有浓厚的地方色彩和民族色彩。本文从文化差异性方面对英汉Idiom进行了分析,并提出构成文化差异的要素。

汉语成语与英语idiom的对比研究

在历史发展过程中,汉语成语和英语的idiom都具有意义的完整性和结构的凝固性。作为语言的重要组成部分,它们都具有鲜明、生动的特性,有极强的生命力。成语对中国的历史文化有着传承性和总结性,体现着中华文化的精髓,有着丰富的文化内涵和深远悠久的历史背景,因而,它处于汉语言的中、上层地位,成语的社会效应无可替代。本文利用衬托式对比研究法,分析了汉语成语与英语idiom的语义学、语用学特点、结构特征及社会效应。

Idioms,Collocations,Formulaic Phrases and Second Language Acquisition

Idioms,collocations,and formulaic phrases are three factors playing the important role in the second language acquisition(SLA).This essay firstly deals with the definitions of these concepts,then it illustrates the importance of them to SLA on two perspectives—idioms,collocations,and formulaic phrases respectively and they regarded as a whole.Therefore,in this way,the essay may lead to the answer the question“How are idioms,collocations,and formulaic phrases important to SLA?”

用成语作剧:原型情境与创作模式

基于约定俗成的成语而创作的成语剧是一种小型教育示范剧,可在普及性戏剧课上教大家来演,借鉴西方的原型批评理论,重点研发文学经典中的原型情境,意在用形成于古代的各种原型情境来表现当代人的思想和情绪。成语本身往往很简单,编剧既要拓展角色的数量和厚度,又要压缩故事的空间和时间,编好至少含有两个鲜明角色的有意义的冲突。剧长十多分钟、有趣好玩又蕴含哲理的成语剧不仅是中国传统文化的载体,也能成为向社会推广戏剧的抓手。