A comparative study of the anti-fatigue activity of extracts from different parts of Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight

Objective:To evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of different extracts from Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight(C.tubulosa,Rou Cong Rong),focusing on central and exercise-induced fatigue in mice.This study investigated the pharmacological effects of the total oligosaccharides,polysaccharides,and phenylethanoid glycosides(CPhGs)extracted from C.tubulosa.Methods: Models of sleep deprivation and forced swimming fatigue were established to simulate central and exercise-induced fatigue.The mice were treated with different extracts of C.tubulosa,and their effects were assessed using behavioral tests to measure exercise capacity,learning,and memory function.Biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the changes in serum and brain neurotransmitter levels,liver and muscle glycogen storage,and various fatigue-related biomarkers.Results: This study found that treatment with C.tubulosa extract improved exercise capacity,learning,and memory in mice.Total oligosaccharides from C.tubulosa enhanced adrenocorticotropic hormone,cholinesterase,and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels,reduced cortisol levels in central fatigue models,and ameliorated biochemical markers of exercise-induced fatigue,including lowering lactic acid,blood urea nitrogen,and malondialdehyde levels.Among the tested extracts,the total oligosaccharides showed the most comprehensive anti-fatigue effects.Conclusion: The anti-fatigue effects of C.tubulosa,particularly those of its total oligosaccharides,are pronounced in both central and exercise-induced fatigue.These effects are mediated by the regulation of neurotransmitter levels,enhancement of glycogen storage,and improvement of antioxidant enzyme activity,suggesting potential therapeutic benefits in fatigue-related conditions.

Anti-fatigue Effect of Water Extract from Centella asiatica(L.)Urban on Mice

[Objectives]To study the anti-fatigue effect of water extract from Centella asiatica(L.)Urban on mice.[Methods]After intragastric administration of low,medium and high concentration of water extract from Centella asiatica(L.)Urban for 14 d,the rotarod time and the content of serum lactic acid in mice were determined,respectively.[Results]Compared with the control group,the rotarod time of mice in the low and medium concentration groups was significantly prolonged(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the control group and the high concentration group;the content of serum lactic acid in the medium concentration group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.01),but there was no significant difference between low concentration group and high concentration group and the control group.[Conclusions]A certain concentration of water extract from Centella asiatica(L.)Urban had a good anti-fatigue effect.

Anti-fatigue effects of salidroside in mice

Objective： To study the anti-fatigue effects of salidroside in mice. Methods： Totally 120 normal male Kunming mice were randomized into 5 groups （4 salidroside intervention groups and the control group） based on body weight. The control group was given distilled water and the 4 intervention groups were given various doses of salidroside （60, 180, 360, 720 mg/kg） for 15 consecutive days, respectively. The levels of lactate, serum urea nitrogen, muscle and liver glycogen, the longest swimming time and hemoglobin were determined before and after swimming test. Results： Different doses of salidroside significantly lengthened the swimming time and increased the contents of hemoglobin and muscle and liver glycogen, while reducing that of lactate in blood significantly compared with control group, especially in the 180 mg/kg salidroside group. Conclusion： Salidroside has noticeable anti-fatigue effect on mice. These effects were dose-dependent, and the strongest effect on most biomarkers was seen with an intermediate dose.

Anti-Fatigue Effect of Blended <i>Camellia oleifera Abel</i>Tea Oil and Ge-132 in Mice

Nowadays, people are busier and busier for working and living, and suffer a lot of pressure on their body or mind. Therefore, people are prone to have fatigue activity and decrease their working efficiency and happiness. It was reported that fatigue is a common symptom in the community, with up to half of the general population complaining of fatigue. More and more researchers devoted themselves to studying natural active ingredients in organism as the anti-fatigue drugs to release fatigue symptom. However, these natural ingredients were difficult to obtain from plants, animals and microorganisms by separating and purifying. In addition, some active substances have many side effects. In our study, we employed tea seed oil as main ingredients blended with bis-(carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide (Ge-132) to investigate the effects of anti-fatigue on mice by administrating mice with low dose, intermediate dose and high dose of tea seed oil complex for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-fatigue were body weight, weight-loaded force swimming, blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid and hepaticglycogen. And the results showed that appropriate level of tea seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and prolong the weight-loaded swimming time, and had an active effect on the bloodurea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen and blood lactic acid level mice, which significantly embodied the anti-fatigue activity of tea seed oil complex.

Evaluation of silymarin extract from Silybum marianum in mice: anti-fatigue activity

Silymarin has been used for centuries for its hepatoprotective properties. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue properties of silymarin. The silymarin was administered orally at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks;the fatigue level and exercise performance were evaluated using exhaustive swimming time and pole-climbing time, as well as levels of plasma lactate, ammonia, glucose, creatine kinase(CK), serum urea nitrogen(SUN), blood lactic acid(BLA), muscle glycogen(MG), and liver glycogen(LG) contents after an intensive swimming session. The results demonstrated that silymarin treatment decreased the BLA and SUN levels while increased the LG and MG levels. In addition, silymarin decreased plasma lactate and ammonia levels and CK activity after swimming test, this is related to the mechanism that increases energy storage(as glycogen) and release(as blood glucose), and decreases plasma levels of lactate, ammonia, and CK. The observation of the skeletal muscle structures of mice also confirmed that skeletal muscles became more damaged in the control group compared with the silymarin-treated mice after prolonged endurance exercise. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that silymarin may bear potential pharmacological effects in combating fatigue.

Present Situation of the Anti-Fatigue Processing of High-Strength Steel Internal Thread Based on Cold Extrusion Technology:A Review

The adoption of cold-extrusion forming for internal thread net forming becomes an important component of anti-fatigue processing with the development of internal thread processing towards high performance, low cost and low energy consumption. It has vast application foreground in the field of aviation, spaceflight, high speed train and etc. The internal thread processing and anti-fatigue manufacture technology are summarized. In terms of the perspective of processing quality and fatigue serving life, the advantages and disadvantages of the processing methods from are compared. The internal thread cold-extrusion processing technology is investigated for the purpose of improving the anti-fatigue serving life of internal thread. The superiorities of the plastic deformation law and surface integrity of the metal layer in the course of cold extrusion for improving its stability and economy are summed up. The proposed research forecasts the develop- ment tendency of the internal thread anti-fatigue manufacturing technology.

The study of Gongshisong＇ s anti-fatigue active site sifting

Aim To investigate the influence of the Gongshisong extract of different extraction parts on mice sports fatigue index. Method The mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, the Gongshisong extract group （petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, the aqueous layer） and the positive control group. The mice in different groups were fed with corresponding Gongshisong extract liquid 2.5 g kg^-1 d^-1 once per day for consecutively 7 days. The blank group and model group were given 1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose so- lution, the positive control group was administered with Rhodiola 0.59 g · kg^-1· d^-1 After the last administered each group of mice were determined of weihgt-loading swimming time, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen content, and urea nitrogen, lactic acid and creatine kinase in 90min mice after swimming content in blood. Result Com- pared with the blank group, the petroleum ether extract of Gongshisong could significantly prolong the swimming time of mice （P 〈 0.05）, enhancing the mice muscle glycogen reserves （P 〈 0.05）, and reduce the level of urea nitrogen and creatine kinase in mice after swimming （P 〈 0.05）. Butanol extraction liquid of Gongshisong can ob- viously prolong the swimming time of mice （P 〈 0.05）, increasing the reserves of glycogen in mice （P 〈 0.05）, decreasing the level of urea nitrogen in mice and blood lactate after swimming （P 〈 0.05 ）. Water extract of Gong- shisong could significantly prolong the swimming time of mice （P 〈 0.05） , increasing muscle glycogen storage （P 〈0.05）, reducing the level of blood lactic acid in mice after swimming （P 〈 0.05）. Ethyl acetate extract of Gongshisong could significantly prolong the swimming time of mice （P 〈 0.05） , and increase the reserves of glyco- gen in mice （P 〈0. 05）. Conclusion Comprehensive analysis, the petroleum ether, n-butanol and water site of Gongshisong is better anti fatigue active site.

The Preparation Technology Research and Composition Analysis of Anti-fatigue Yikangshu Granules

[Objectives]To optimize the preparation technology of Yikangshu granule,an anti-fatigue health food.[Methods]The process was studied from three aspects(raw material extraction,excipient selection and forming process),and then it was verified in pilot production,and the content of the three components of the product was determined.[Results]The optimum production process of the formula granules was as follows:raw materials were extracted(adding 1∶9 water,extracting twice,2.5 h each time);vacuum concentration;adding excipients and mixing after vacuum drying,crushing and sieving;granulation of 75%ethanol sifted by a 20-mesh sieve;drying at 60℃,sifting through 14-mesh,and packaging.The average content of products obtained was as follows:crude polysaccharides(3204 mg/100 g),total saponins(2295 mg/100 g),astragaloside A(21 mg/100 g).[Conclusions]The optimized preparation technology is stable and feasible,and has a quality that can be controlled,which can provide a reference for the development of health food in food industry.

Anti-fatigue Effect of L-arginine Complex Preparation on Mice

Objective:To investigate the anti-fatigue effect of L-arginine complex preparation on mice.Methods:The experimental mice were divided into a blank group,low dose group,medium dose group and high dose group.L-arginine complex preparation mice were intragastrically administered for 30 days,and the mice were tested for exhaustive swimming time.At the same time,contents of plasma lactic acid,lactate dehydrogenase,urea nitrogen and hepatic glycogen were measured.Results:Compared with the blank control group,the weight-bearing swimming time and hypoxia-tolerant survival time of the low,middle and high dose groups was significantly increased(P<0.05).Whereas,the serum urea nitrogen levels and lactose content were significantly decreased(P<0.05).However,compared with the blank control group,the liver glycogen content of the middle and high dose groups was increased significantly(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference in the low dose group.Conclusion:The L-arginine complex preparation has an anti-fatigue function in mice.

Anti-fatigue ionic gels for long-term multimodal respiratory abnormality monitoring

Wearable electronics integrated with stretchable sensors are considered a promising and non-invasive strategy to monitor respiratory status for health assessment.However,long-term and stable monitoring of respiratory abnormality is still a grand challenge.Here,we report a facile one-step thermal stretching strategy to fabricate an anti-fatigue ionic gel(AIG)sensor with high fatigue threshold(0=1130 J m^(–2)),high stability(>20,000 cycles),high linear sensitivity,and recyclability.A multimodal wearable respiratory monitoring system(WRMS)developed with AIG sensors can continuously measure respiratory abnormality(single-sensor mode)and compliance(multi-sensor mode)by monitoring the movement of the ribcage and abdomen in a long-term manner.For single-sensor mode,the respiratory frequency(Fr),respiratory energy(Er),and inspire/expire time(I/E ratio)can be extracted to evaluate the respiratory status during sitting,sporting,and sleeping.Further,the multi-sensors mode is developed to evaluate patientventilator asynchrony through validated clinical criteria by monitoring the incongruous movement of the chest and abdomen,which shows great potential for both daily home care and clinical applications.

A practical model for efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials:Ⅰ.Model building and fatigue strength prediction

The high cost and low efficiency of fatigue tests are bottleneck problem for the anti-fatigue design of metallic materials.For this problem,a theoretical fatigue model is proposed in this study,the possible applications have also been discussed.Specific results would be introduced in two serial papers,in which the first paper focuses on the model building and the applications on fatigue strength prediction;the second paper put emphasis on the influencing factors of the model parameters and the applications on fatigue strength improvement.In this first paper,a theoretical model is proposed considering both the strength and plastic restrictions of fatigue strength.As the model builds up a brief relationship among yield strength(Y),tensile strength(T)and fatigue strength(F),it is named as the Y-T-F model.Through the verification with fatigue strength data covering various kinds of metallic materials and loading conditions,this Y-T-F model exhibits both generality and accuracy.With the Y-T-F model,the efficient fatigue strength prediction could be conducted by brief linear fitting and calculation,just through yield strength,tensile strength and several known fatigue strength data.Moreover,through its deduced Y-F model,the analytical formula of fatigue strength continuously changing with materials strengthening can be obtained,as well as the maximum value of fatigue strength and corresponding critical yield strength.In summary,the Y-T-F model would be useful for reducing the fatigue tests,thus providing new possibilities on the efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials.

A practical model for efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials:Ⅱ.Parameter analysis and fatigue strength improvement

In the first paper,a Y-T-F model was proposed based on the restrictions of both strength and plasticity;the corresponding applications on the fatigue strength prediction have also been discussed.In this second paper,the emphasis will be put on the issues of fatigue strength improvement.Based on the primary form of the Y-T-F model,the parameters are further analyzed and quantified,to clarify the influences of various factors on fatigue strength.Firstly,the damage capacity C is proved to be sensitive to the elastic modulus E,which could change with the alloying components and nano-scaled grain boundaries;the increase of E would lead to the increasing C,thus increase the fatigue strength.Secondly,the microstructure characteristic coefficient a,as well as the yield strengthσ_(y) and tensile strengthσ_(b) in the crack initiation region could be influenced by the processing mode,grain size and microstructure uniformity of materials;the change of microstructure characteristics would affect the changing tendency of tensile strength--fatigue strength relation via varying the values of a,σ_(y) andσ_(b).Thirdly,the damage weight coefficientωis found to be a reflection of the fatigue strength declination induced by defects;the defect dimension D,the defect shape correlated stress concentration coefficient Kt,as well as the strengthening level of matrix materialsσ_(b) are all corresponding factors.Quantified correlations between the above parameters and corresponding factors are comprehensively built up,hence obtaining the influences of either a single factor or multiple factors on fatigue strength.This further developed Y-T-F model would be helpful to clarify the direction of fatigue strength improvement,and contribute to the anti-fatigue design optimization of metallic materials.

Anti-fatigue activity of Brassica rapa L.extract and correlation among biochemical changes in forced swimming mice

Brassica rapa L.is an edible and medical plant in China used for treating various diseases,especially in the Tibet region.In this study,the chemical constituents of Brassica rapa L.extract(BE)was clarified by UHPLC-MS and anti-fatigue ability of BE was assessed through the behavior test and weight-loaded forced swimming test in mice.Then we determined several biochemical parameters related to fatigue to explore possible reasons.Results indicate that BE could significantly enhance exercise performance in mice,and there was a significant improvement in both grip-strength and the time on rota-rods.Meanwhile,BE showed significant anti-fatigue effects by decreasing the blood lactic acid(BLA),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),and creatine kinase(CK)levels and increasing the lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)and malondialdehyde(MDA)levels.Increases in superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)were observed and reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels was regulated.Liver and muscle glycogen levels and adenosine triphosphate(ATP)levels were also significantly increased.Pearson correlation analysis indicates that fatigue-related indexes including metabolites and energy-related indexes were significantly correlated with antioxidant levels.In conclusion,BE possesses remarkable anti-fatigue activity,thereby shows great potential for improving exercise performance and alleviating physical fatigue and can be considered as a functional food supplement for further development.

Effects of Raphani Semen on anti-fatigue and pharmacokinetics of Panax ginseng

Objective: To explain the phenomenon that Panax ginseng is not compatible with Raphani Semen based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.Methods: The forced swimming time and biochemical parameters such as blood lactate(BLA), serum urea nitrogen(SUN), and hepatic glycogen(GLU) were determined for anti-fatigue experiment. The UPLCMS/MS was used to analyze the pharmacokinetics of Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd after orally administration of P. ginseng and P. ginseng combined with Raphani Semen to rats. Pharmacokinetic differences of four ginsenosides between single uses of P. ginseng and combined with Raphani Semen were investigated.Results: The results showed that Raphani Semen tended to significantly reduce the anti-fatigue activity of P. ginseng. Co-administration of P. ginseng and Raphani Semen had significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of the four ginsenosides in rats compared to that observed with P. ginseng extract alone. The AUC0–12 hvalues of the four ginsenosides in PG group were higher than the corresponding values in the PR group. It can be inferred that Raphani Semen decreased the blood exposure of the four ginsenosides in rats when it combined with P. ginseng.Conclusion: The anti-fatigue activity and pharmacokinetic results showed that Raphani Semen may reduce the pharmacological actions of P. ginseng.

Anti-fatigue Effect of Renshen Yangrong Decoction(人参养荣汤) in Mice

Objective： To explore the anti-fatigue effect of Renshen Yangrong Decoction （人参养荣汤 RYD） in mice. Methods： One hundred Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group. The negative control group was treated with distilled water, the positive control group was treated with Shiyiwei Shenqi Tablet （十一味参芪片 1.0 g/kg）, the high-, medium- and low-dose RYD groups were treated with 42.0, 21.0 and 10.5 g/kg of RYD daily, respectively, by gastric infusion. At the end of the 7-day treatment, loaded swimming time, organ wet weight and coefficient, serum glucose, urea nitrogen, and hepatic glycogen levels were determined. The outcomes were compared among groups. Results： As compared with the negative control group, the loaded swimming time was significantly increased in the positive control group, specifically the medium- and high-dose RYD groups （P〈0.01）. In addition, the wet weights and coefficients of the spleen and thymus, and the serum glucose and hepatic glycogen contents were increased, whereas serum urea nitrogen level was significantly decreased in the positive control group and the high dose RYD group （P〈0.05 or P=〈0.01）. Conclusion： RYD showed an anti-fatigue effect in mice.

Difference in the anti-fatigue effect of moxibustion at different acupoints in one-off exhausted rats

Objective:To explore the difference in the anti-fatigue effect of moxibustion at different acupoints through observing the impacts of moxibustion at"Shènshù(肾俞BL23)","Zúsānlǐ(足三里ST36)","Guānyuán(关元CV4)"and"Shénquè(神阙CV8)"on energy metabolic indexes in the one-off exhausted rats.Methods:A total of 56 SPF male rats were randomized into 7 groups,named a blank group,a model group,a non-acupoint group,a"BL23"group,a"ST36"group,a"CV4"group and a"CV8"group,8 rats in each group.The one-off exhaustion model was established by weight-bearing swimming experiment.Right after the exhaustive swimming of rats in each intervention group,the mild moxibustion was applied at the corresponding acupoints for 15 min immediately.4 h after the exhaustive swimming,the blood was collected from the femoral artery and the quadriceps femoris of the left hindlimb was stripped.The levels of blood lactate(BLD),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),creatine kinase(CK)and blood urea nitrogen(BUN),the expressions of adenosine triphosphatease(ATP),fructose-6-phosphofructokinase(PFK)and malomdialdehyde(MDA)in the quadriceps femoris and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)were detected.Results:Compared with the model group and the non-acupoint group,the levels of serum BLD,LDH,CK and BUN were all lower those in the"BL23"group,the"ST36"group,the"CV4"group and the"CV8"group,indicating a statistical significance(all P<0.05).Compared with the model group and the nonacupoint group,PFK was higher in the"BL23"group,indicating a statistical significance(both P<0.05).Compared with the model group and the non-acupoint group,PFK was higher in the"ST36"group and the"CV4"group,indicating a statistical significance(all P<0.05).Conclusion:It was found in the research that moxibustion at"BL23""ST36""CV4"and"CV8"regulated the energy metabolism in the one-off exhausted rats so as to bring the anti-fatigue effect into play and the effect was different among the acupoints.Moxibustion at"CV8"may work on the prevention of the protein decomposition in the skeletal muscle and moxibustion at"BL23"may be against the oxidation in the skeletal muscle.

Fatigue Resistance of RCA Modified Asphalt Based on Dielectric Properties

In order to study the anti-fatigue performance of RCA modified asphalt (RMA),the performance of RMA and 90#matrix asphalt with different modifier content were measured by asphalt penetration,ductility,softening point,Brookfield viscosity,rheological index,infrared spectrum and dielectric constant test.This paper discusses the changes of asphalt basic indexes,fatigue properties and asphalt components based on dielectric properties under different modifier contents,and analyzes the grey correlation degree between components and asphalt pavement performance indexes.The results show that the optimum content of RCA modifier is 16.7%of the asphalt quality according to the penetration,ductility,softening point,Brockfield viscosity,viscosity temperature curve and fatigue life.In the phase angle-strain curve,there is disorder in the latter part of the curve.According to the strain (ε_(d)) corresponding to the disorder point,a new fatigue failure criterion is proposed and proved.Based on the new asphalt fatigue failure criterion,the fatigue prediction model of asphalt mixture is improved,and the fatigue life predicted by the improved fatigue model is compared with the fatigue life obtained by four-point bending fatigue test.The results show that the proposed new asphalt fatigue failure criterion is reasonable,and the fatigue life predicted by the improved asphalt mixture fatigue prediction model is accurate.The research method of classifying asphalt components based on dielectric properties is simple and effective,and the components have a high correlation with the road performance of base asphalt and modified asphalt.

Optimization and pharmacodynamic evaluation of stir-frying with bran for Tangshen processing

Background:Traditional Chinese medicine requires special processing before it can be effectively used for clinical treatment of diseases.In particular,Tangshen stir-fried with wheat bran smoke has been found to enhance the function of the stomach and spleen.However,there is limited research on the technology and pharmacodynamic effects of Tangshen fried with bran.Therefore,the objective of this article is to optimize the method of stir-frying with bran for Tangshen processing and to compare the anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects of Tangshen before and after bran-frying.Methods:The response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the frying temperature,frying time,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio,using lobetyolin as the indicator.The swimming time of mice and the levels of blood urea nitrogen,lactate dehydrogenase,and blood glucose in fatigued mice were compared before and after Tangshen was fried with bran.Additionally,the hypoxic resistance ability of Tangshen before and after bran-frying was determined through normobaric hypoxia test and sodium nitrite poisoning test.Results:The optimal bran-frying conditions for Tangshen processing were determined as:frying temperature of 167°C,frying time of 2.67 min,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio of 50:100.Pharmacodynamic analysis results indicated that Tangshen significantly increased the GLU content(P<0.01)and significantly reduced the LDH content(P<0.01)both before and after bran-frying.While both traditional and new bran-frying methods significantly increased the content of muscle glycogen(P<0.05),the optimized method in this study also significantly elevated the content of liver glycogen(P<0.05).The traditional method significantly prolonged the survival time of mice from sodium nitrite poisoning(P<0.05).Conclusion:The response surface model proved to be highly effective in optimizing the stir-frying process with bran for Tangshen processing.The results of this study indicate that Tangshen possesses anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects both before and after bran-frying,with bran-fried Tangshen exhibiting significantly stronger effects.

Research progress in pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3

Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long medicinal history.Ginsenoside is the main compo⁃nent of ginseng,among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 possess higher medicinal value.The pharmacological studies reported that the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit a variety of pharmacological actions.For example,the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibit an effective inhibitory effect against cancer and induce apoptosis,such as glioma,lung cancer,liver cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,cervical cancer and so on.The anti-cancer effect will be significantly increased by combinning chemotherapy drugs with ginsenoside-Rg3.In addition,ginsenoside-Rg3 can reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs,such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Furthermore,ginsenoside-Rg3 could reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells against anticancer drugs.What′s more,ginsenoid-Rg3 has several other pharmacological actions as follows.At first,ginsenoid-Rg3 appears to anti-fatigue effect by reversing the dopamine reduction induced by fatigue.Secondly,ginsenoid-Rg3 can reverse chemical-induced memory damage and improve memory to exert neuroprotective effect.Finally,ginsenoid-Rg3 can improve mitochondrial function and insulin tolerance in skeletal muscle,suggesting that ginsenoid-Rg3 can be used as a hypoglycemic drug.In this review,I present an overview of the pharmacological actions of ginsenoside-Rg3 to provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of ginsenoside-Rg3.

A Comparative Study of Antifatigue Effects of Taurine and Vitamin C on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Vitamin C and taurine (TR) are well known as active components for fatigue recovery. However, the mechanism of the anti-fatigue effects of vitamin C and TR is still unclear. Our study was designed to evaluate the anti-fatigue activities of vitamin C and TR in an animal test for fatigue and to compare the activities between vitamin C and TR. Materials and Methods: Vitamin C, TR or their combination were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, and then metabolic activities such as blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as antioxidant activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined (evaluated) after forced swimming test (FST). Results: Compared with the control group, C100, C200, and T50 showed a tendency to decrease mobility in FST. Moreover, TG (C100, C200, T200), LDH (C200), lactic acid (C100) and MDA (C50, C100, C200) levels were inhibited by vitamin C and TR. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin C and TR have anti-fatigue activities in mice, with vitamin C providing a stronger effect.