A nanobody-based blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies against pseudorabies virus glycoprotein E

Pseudorabies(PR)is an acute infectious disease of pigs caused by the PR virus(PRV)and results in great economic losses to the pig industry worldwide.PRV glycoprotein E(gE)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)has been used to distinguish gE-deleted vaccine-immunized pigs from wild-type virus-infected pigs to eradicate PR in some countries.Nanobody has the advantages of small size and easy genetic engineering and has been a promising diagnostic reagent.However,there were few reports about developing nanobody-based ELISA for detecting anti-PRV-gE antibodies.In the present study,the recombinant PRV-gE was expressed with a bacterial system and used to immunize the Bactrian camel.Then,two nanobodies against PRV-gE were screened from the immunized camel by phage display technique.Subsequently,two nanobody-HRP fusion proteins were expressed with HEK293T cells.The PRV-gE-Nb36-HRP fusion protein was selected as the probe for developing the blocking ELISA(bELISA)to detect anti-PRV-gE antibodies.Through optimizing the conditions of bELISA,the amount of coated antigen was 200 ng per well,and dilutions of the fusion protein and tested pig sera were separately 1:320 and 1:5.The cut-off value of bELISA was 24.20%,and the sensitivity and specificity were 96.43 and 92.63%,respectively.By detecting 233 clinical pig sera with the developed bELISA and a commercial kit,the results showed that the coincidence rate of two assays was 93.99%.Additionallly,epitope mapping showed that PRV-gE-Nb36 recognized a conserved conformational epitope in different reference PRV strains.Simple,great stability and low-cost nanobody-based bELISA for detecting anti-PRV-gE antibodies were developed.The bELISA could be used for monitoring and eradicating PR.

Isolation and Characterization of Recombinant Variable Domain of Heavy Chain Anti-idiotypic Antibodies Specific to Aflatoxin B_1

Some unique subclasses of Camelidae antibodies are devoid of the light chain, and the antigen binding site is comprised exclusively of the variable domain of the heavy chain （VHH）. The recombinant VHHs have a high potential as alternative reagents for the next generation of immunoassay. In particular, they might be very useful for molecular mimicry. The present study demonstrated an alpaca immunized with the F（ab＇）z fragment of anti-aflatoxin B1 mAb and developed an important anti-idiotypic （anti-ld） responses. Antigen-specific elution method was used for panning private anti-ld VHHs from the constructed alpaca VHH library. The selected VHHs were expressed, renatured, purified, and then identified by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Our findings indicated that the VHH would be an alternative tool for haptens mimicry studies.

PRODUCTION OF PHAGE-DISPLAYED ANTI-IDIOTYPIC ANTIBODY SINGLE CHAIN VARIABLE FRAGMENTS TO MG7 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DIRECTED AGAINST GASTRIC CARCINOMA

Objective. To generate phage-displayed anti-idiotypic antibody single chain variable fragments (anti - Id ScFv) to MG7 monoclonal antibody (McAb) directed against gastric carcinoma so as to lay a foundation for developing anti-Id ScFv vaccine of the cancer.Methods. Balb/c mice were immunized i. p. with MG7 McAb conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and mRNA was isolated from the spleens of the immunized mice. Heavy and light chain (VH and VL) genes of antibody were amplified separately and assembled into ScFv genes with a linker DNA by PCR. The ScFv genes were ligated into the phagemid vector pCANTAB5E and the ligated sample was transformed into competent E. coli TGI. The transformants were infected with M13K07 helper phage to yield recombinant phages displaying ScFv on the tips of M13 phage. After 4 rounds of panning with MG7, the MG7-positive clones were selected by ELISA from the enriched phages. The types of the anti-Id ScFv displayed on the selected phage clones were preliminarily identified by competition ELISA.Results. The VH, VL and ScFv DNAs were about 340 bp, 320 bp and 750 bp respectively. Twenty-four MG7-positive clones were selected from 60 enriched phage clones, among which 5 displayed β or γ type anti-Id ScFv.Conclusion. The anti-Id ScFv to MG7 McAb can be successfully selected by recombinant phage antibody technique, which paves a way for the study of prevention and cure of gastric carcinoma by using anti-Id ScFv.

PREPARATION OF ANTI-IDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR ANTI-HEL AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL MIMICRY

Objective. This study is to investigate the functional mimicry by using antiidiotypic antibodies of enzymes. Methods.Monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies against antiHEL(hen eggwhite lysozyme, HEL) antibodies were obtained by fusion of Sp2/0 myeloma cells with spleen cells of syngeneic mice immunized with monoclonal antiHEL antibodies against HELs different antigenic epitopes. Then bacteriolysis of the antiidiotypic antibodies were observed. Results.Eight hybridomas strains secreting antiidiotypic antibodies were selected and characterized. It was shown that two of eight antiidiotypic antibodies secreted by two hybridomas(1A 10 C 9 and 2A 11 C 1B 3) could mimic HEL catalytic activity to lyse Micrococcus lysodeikticus and that the catalytic effect of mixed antiidiotypic antibodies of 1A 10 C 9 and 2A 11 C 1B 3 was stronger than that of one of them, but less than HEL. Conclusion. The results demonstrated that the antiidiotypic antibodies that could mimic enzyme activity existed in the idiotype network during antienzymatic immune response.

Chinese and Western medicine treatment of blocking antibody in recurrent spontaneous abortion

The causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion are complex traditional Chinese medicine holds that its etiology is losses of spleen and kidney qi, qi and xue deficiency, in addition to secretion, genetic, anatomical, infection, systemic diseases, environmental factors and other related immune factors, the deficiency of blocking antibody is also one of the reasons for the lack of immune factors. In treating it, Chinese medicine treatment combines the patients personal constitution and treatment based on syndrome differentiation; Western medicine treatment mainly applies Aspirin, active immune lymphocyte treatment, low molecular heparin, gamma globulin protein passive immune treatment and psychological intervention therapy. In this paper, a review of the treatment methods for closed antibodies in the past 5 years is made.

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Anti-idiotype Antibodies to Antibodies to Ligand of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Sera of Patients with Myasthenia Gravis

Anti-bungarotoxin anti-serum,which has the internal image of nicotinicacetylcholine receptor,was used as a tool to measure anti-idiotypic antibodies toantibodies to Iigand of nicotinic acctylcholine receptor in scra from 81 patients withmyasthenia gravis.Enzyme-linked immunosorbcnt assay was adopted.Thc positive ratewas 46.9%(38/81).The specific cross inhibitory test with nicotinic acetylcholinereceptor was positive.Anti-idiotype antibodies to antibodies to ligand of nicotinicacetylcholine receptor in sera of different types of myasthenia gravis patients classified ac-cording to modified Osserman’s standard and myasthenia gravis patients with or withoutthymoma were comparcd in this study and the role of anti-idiotype antibodies toantibodies to Iigand of nicotinic acctylcholinc receptor in the immunity of myasthcniagravis and the possibility of thcrapeutic use of anti-idiotype antibodies arc discussed.

ANTI-IDIOTYPIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTI-OVARIAN CARCINOMA MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY COC166-9 GENERATION AND APPLICATION

Anri-idiotypic monoclonal antibody (Mab Ab2 ) by MAb COC166-9 against ovarian serous papillary adenocarcinoma was prepared. Hybridomas of Ab2 screened by sandwich ELISA and immunocompetitive inhibition tests were procured and named as 6B11 and 1H12. The number of their chromosomes were 93 and 91, and DNA analysis also proved the characteristics of hybridomas. These Ab2s could induce delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), the cellular immune response. The results of the immune reaction of 6B11 with SKOV3 (ovarian carcinoma cell line) were similar to OC166-9 (Ag), the positive control, while 1H12 was weaker. Anti-and-idiotypic antibody (Ab3) was also raised by 6B11 and 1H12 respectively. They all showed positive immunohistochemical stainings with ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissue sections and immunocytochemical stainings with SKOV3 cells as was shown by COC166-9. In the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) tests, they showed no differences against SKOV3 as compared with COC166-9. We anticipate that 6B11 and 1H12 may be used as vaccines against ovarian carcinoma and may provide a clue for its prevention and treatment.

Novel P22-monoclonal antibody based blocking ELISA for the detection of African swine fever virus antibodies in serum

African swine fever(ASF)is a highly infectious,transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild pigs,and is currently the most serious threat to world swine production,resulting in significant economic loss.In the absence of vaccines and treatments,the control of the disease entirely depends on accurate and early diagnosis accompanied by the culling of infected pigs.Thus,a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic assay is required during an outbreak and surveillance of the disease.In this study,a highly sensitive,specific,rapid and repeatable P22-monoclonal antibody-based blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(bELISA)assay was developed for the detection of antibodies against genotype I and II African swine fever viruses(ASFVs).A total of 806 pig serum samples were tested to evaluate the performance of the diagnostic assay.To determine the PI(percent Inhibition)cut-off value,receiver-operating characteristic(ROC)analysis was applied.According to the ROC analysis of the data,98.10%specificity and 100%sensitivity were recorded when the threshold cut-off value of PI was established at 47%.In addition,the assay was able to detect ASFV antibodies as early as 9 days post-infection when serum samples from experimentally infected pigs were used.Taking all together,the results of the present study indicated that the P22-mAb based bELISA assay can be used for rapid and accurate detection of antibodies against ASFV,which could play a valuable role in the containment and prevention of ASFV as an alternative to other serological diagnostic methods.Also,this study will assist researchers to further investigate the immunogenic importance of P22 protein in ASFV infection.

Induction of Human Anti-Human Antibody Responses (Ab2) after Application of a Humanized Lewis Y Carbohydrate Specific Antibody (Ab1): Connection of Prolonged Disease Stabilization with Ab3 Induction?

Purpose: Detailed analysis of a patient with epithelial Lewis Y (LeY) positive cancer who received twice 50 mg of the humanized Lewis Y carbohydrate specific mAb IGN311 and developed a clinically significant human anti-human antibody (HAHA) response (Ab2). Results: Clinical stabilization of the disease was assigned to in this patient. The HAHA response consisted mainly of IgG1 and was found to be directed against the IGN311 binding site. Consistent with the induction of the HAHA response, CDC activity against Lewis Y positive target cells was completely abolished at day 8 and could not be restored by the second 50 mg infusion indicating complete neutralization of applied IGN311. The ADCC reactivity was also significantly reduced and anti-anti idiotype-specific antibodies (Ab3) were detectable at day 65. Conclusions: Induction of Ab3 antibodies should be considered as an additional factor influencing the efficacy of humanized antibodies. In this context, the potential threat of induced HAHA responses against therapeutic mAbs might have to be reconsidered because they might actually have also beneficial immunological long-term effects leading to an active immunization component induced by therapeutic antibodies.

Antibody to collapsin response mediator protein 1 promotes neurite outgrowth from rat hippocampal neurons

This study examined the role of collapsin response mediator protein 1 （CRMP-1） on neurite outgrowth from rat hippocampal neurons by blocking its function using an antibody. Hippocampal neurons, cultured in vitro, were treated （blocked） using a polyclonal antibody to CRMP-1, and neurite outgrowth and cytoskeletal changes were captured using atomic force microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Control cells, treated with normal rabbit IgG, established their characteristic morphology and had a large number of processes emerging from the soma, including numerous branches. Microtubules were clearly visible in the soma, formed an elaborate network, and were aligned in parallel arrays to form bundles which projected into neurites. After blocking with CRMP-1 antibody, the number of branches emerging from axons and dendrites significantly increased and were substantially longer, compared with control cells. However, the microtubule network nearly disappeared and only a few remnants were visible. When CRMP-1 antibody-blocked neurons were treated with the Rho inhibitor, Y27632, numerous neurites emerged from the soma, and branches were more abundant than in control neurons. Although the microtubules were not as clearly visible compared with neurons cultured in control medium, the microtubule network recovered in cells treated with Y27632, when compared with cells that were blocked by CRMP-1 antibody （but not treated with Y27632）. These results demonstrate that neurite outgrowth from hippocampal neurons can be promoted by blocking CRMP-1 with a polyclonal antibody.

Immunomodulation of Human Carcinogenesis by the Blood Serum Antibodies against Benzo[a]pyrene, Estradiol and Progesterone

It was supposed that lung and breast cancer risks significantly increased when the levels of serum immunoglobulins A antibodies against benzo[a]pyrene and estradiol increased together, but did not separately. However, the cancer risks dramatically decreased when the levels of immunoglobulins A against progesterone elevated separately or together with immunoglobulins A against benzo[a]pyrene and estradiol. So, immunoglobulins A against benzo[a]pyrene and immunoglobulins A against estradiol acted as co-initiator and co-promoter in developing cancer scenario, but immunoglobulins A against progesterone acted along or conjointly with immunoglobulins A against benzo[a]pyrene and estradiol as strongly inhibitor in human carcinogenesis. Also it was suggested the precise mechanism of carcinogenesis modulation using anti-idiotypic antibodies against estradiol and progesterone through their membrane steroid receptors.

封闭抗体阴性的反复种植失败患者淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗助孕结局的影响因素分析

目的探究淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗(LIT)对反复种植失败的封闭抗体(BA)阴性患者助孕结局的影响及相关因素分析。方法选取2021年1月至2023年2月在我院自愿进行辅助生殖的BA阴性且反复种植失败患者84例作为研究对象。所有患者均接受LIT治疗,根据治疗后是否助孕成功划分为助孕成功组(n=58)和助孕失败组(n=26)。对比两组患者一般临床资料[年龄、配偶年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、流产次数、不孕持续时间、窦卵泡数]、LIT治疗相关特征(LIT制剂浓度、治疗次数、BA阳性率),以及治疗前性激素及抗苗勒管激素(AMH)水平、免疫细胞水平(CD4^(+)T细胞比例、CD8^(+)T细胞比例、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)比值)及炎症因子水平[干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、白细胞介素17(IL-17)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)]。通过Spearman相关性分析、多因素Logistic回归分析法筛选接受LIT治疗的反复种植失败BA阴性患者助孕成功的影响因素。结果两组患者一般临床资料及基础激素水平比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。助孕成功组患者平均LIT制剂浓度及BA阳性率均显著高于助孕失败组患者(P<0.05);助孕成功组患者治疗前CD4^(+)T细胞比例及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)比值均显著高于助孕失败组患者(P<0.05);助孕成功组患者治疗前血清IL-4、IL-10和TGF-β水平显著高于助孕失败组患者(P<0.05),而血清IL-17水平显著低于助孕失败组患者(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析及多因素Logistic回归分析表明,BA阳性、LIT制剂浓度较高、CD4^(+)T细胞比例较高、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)比值较高、血清IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β水平较高、IL-17水平较低均是接受LIT治疗的反复种植失败BA阴性患者助孕成功的重要影响因素(P<0.05)。结论反复种植失败的BA阴性患者接受LIT可有效使BA转阳,其中使用LIT制剂浓度较高、促炎性细胞因子水平较低、抗炎性细胞因子水平及免疫细胞水平较高且BA转阳率较高的患者更容易在辅助生殖策略下助孕成功。

猪圆环病毒3型Cap蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及阻断ELISA检测方法的建立

旨在建立检测猪圆环病毒3型(PCV3)抗体的阻断ELISA方法,本研究利用原核表达的PCV3Cap重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠制备获得了一株分泌阻断效果良好抗体的杂交瘤细胞株2E6。以重组Cap蛋白作为包被抗原,以辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的2E6单克隆抗体作为检测抗体,经条件优化后建立了一种检测PCV3抗体的阻断ELISA方法。用建立的阻断ELISA方法检测50份临床阴性血清,计算阻断率(PI)的临界值,以此来确定该方法的判定标准:当PI≤28.30%时,判定结果为阴性;当PI≥35.05%时,判定结果为阳性;当28.30%<PI<35.05%时,判定为可疑,重复一次试验后如果结果仍为可疑,则判定为阳性。特异性试验表明该方法与猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)以及猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的阳性血清均无交叉反应;敏感性试验表明其检测效价可达到1:128;重复性试验表明批内与批间的变异系数均小于10%;符合性检验表明该方法与PCV检测金标准免疫过氧化物酶单层试验(IPMA)比对的Kappa值达0.9,具有高度的一致性。综上所述,本研究建立的阻断ELISA方法具有良好的特异性与较高的符合率,可用于后期进行PCV3抗体的检测,为PCV3的流行病学调查与临床诊断提供技术支持。

猪弓形虫病阻断ELISA方法的建立及初步应用

本研究利用制备的GRA7单克隆抗体为基础建立猪弓形虫病的阻断ELISA方法。以rGRA7重组蛋白免疫小鼠,取脾细胞进行细胞融合,筛选出4株能够稳定产生单克隆抗体的阳性单克隆细胞株。经对此单克隆抗体进行IFA和Western blot检测确认成功制备GRA7蛋白的单克隆抗体后,以重组蛋白为包被抗原对阻断ELISA方法进行优化后,经过重复性、交叉性、符合性实验验证本方法具有可重复性,与MAT符合性高。初步应用于288份临床样品检测,检出率为11.46%,与MAT检测结果重合率为84.8%。本研究成功制备弓形虫GRA7蛋白的单克隆抗体,并建立了一种猪弓形虫病的阻断ELISA方法,为弓形虫病的检测提出了新的方案。

胎儿超声心动图诊断自身抗体相关的先天性心脏传导阻滞的研究进展

自身抗体相关的先天性心脏传导阻滞与母体抗干燥综合征抗原A、抗干燥综合征抗原B抗体阳性均相关,该病病情进展迅速,严重的房室传导阻滞患儿死亡率较高,大多患儿需植入永久起搏器,早期准确诊断对改善患儿预后具有重要的临床意义。本文就自身抗体对心脏的影响、自身抗体相关的先天性心脏传导阻滞发病特点和胎儿超声心动图诊断的研究进展进行综述。

封闭抗体及免疫相关因素在自然流产中的研究进展

妊娠期自然流产是妇产科常见疾病,发病率极高,病因较多,也较为复杂,目前尚未完全阐明,但据现有研究可知其主要与感染、遗传、免疫、内分泌失调等因素有关,其中免疫相关因素是目前临床研究的焦点及热点之一。而封闭抗体是免疫相关因素中最为重要的,其缺失不仅会导致自然流产,严重时还会引发反复自然流产,从而对产妇造成极大伤害。因此,为进一步了解封闭抗体及免疫相关因素对妊娠期自然流产的影响,该文对其研究进展进行综述,以期为妊娠期自然流产的预防及治疗提供突破点。

神经传导阻滞与神经节苷脂抗体在吉兰-巴雷综合征患者短期预后中的评估价值

目的探讨神经传导阻滞(CB)与神经节苷脂抗体在吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)患者中的诊断及预后评估价值。方法选取2018年1月至2022年8月郑州市中心医院收治并诊断为急性运动轴索神经病(AMAN)为AMAN组或急性炎性脱髓鞘性多发神经根神经病(AIDP)为AIDP组的患者共34例,回顾性分析两组的临床特点及神经电生理特点,并比较两组伴或不伴神经CB及血清神经节苷脂抗体阳性与阴性患者在最高的Hughes评分和4周后Hughes评分下降的差异。结果本研究34例患者中AMAN 20例、AIDP 14例。AMAN组患者中有6例出现可逆性神经CB,与无神经CB的AMAN患者及伴神经CB的AIDP患者相比,Hughes评分下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。34例中血清神经节苷脂抗体阳性13例,其中AMAN 8例,AIDP 5例。神经节苷脂抗体阳性与阴性患者的Hughes评分下降值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论伴有可逆性神经CB的AMAN患者临床恢复可能更快,优于不伴神经CB的AMAN患者及伴神经CB的AIDP患者。神经节苷脂抗体与GBS疾病短期预后可能无关。

非洲猪瘟病毒阻断ELISA抗体检测方法的建立

为建立一种非洲猪瘟病毒抗体阻断ELISA检测方法,以原核表达ASFV p72重组蛋白作为包被抗原,HRP标记的p72特异性单克隆抗体作为酶标抗体,建立了非洲猪瘟病毒抗体阻断酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测方法。结果显示,该方法中血清以1∶10稀释,酶标单抗以1∶6000稀释,临界值为50.12%。该方法特异性强,与猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)阳性血清无交叉反应。对强阳性血清的最低稀释度为1∶640,弱阳性血清的最低稀释度为1∶10,具有较高的敏感性;重复性好,批内和批间变异系数均小于5%。应用所建立的方法与商品化同类检测试剂盒对174份血清进行检测,ASFV抗体阳性符合率为100%,阴性符合率为96.75%,总符合率为97.28%。建立的阻断ELISA方法可用于非洲猪瘟病毒抗体检测。

Humoral immune responses induced by anti-idiotypic antibody fusion protein of 6B11scFv/hGM-CSF in BALB/c mice

Background We have previously developed and characterized a monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody, designated 6B 11, which mimics an ovarian carcinoma associated antigen OC166-9 and whose corresponding monoclonal antibody is COC166-9 （Abl）. In this study, we evaluate the humoral immune responses induced by the fusion protein 6B11 single-chain variable fragment （scFv）/human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor （hGM-CSF） and 6B 1 lscFv in BALB/c mice. Methods The fusion protein 6B 11 scFv/hGM-CSF was constructed by fusing a recombinant single-chain variable fragment of 6B11scFv to GM-CSE BALB/c mice were administrated by 6B11scFv/hGM-CSF and 6B11scFv, respectively. Results The fusion protein 6B11scFv/hGM-CSF retained binding to the anti-mouse F（ab）2＇ and was also biologically active as measured by proliferation of human GM-CSF dependent cell TF1 in vitro. After immunization with the 6B11scFv/hGM-CSF and 6BllScFv, BALB/c mice showed significantly enhanced Ab3 antibody responses to 6B11 scFv/hGM-CSF compared with the 6B11 scFv alone. The level of Ab3 was the highest after the first week and maintained for five weeks after the last immunization. Another booster was given when the Ab3 titer descended, and it would reach to the high level in a week. Conclusion The fusion protein 6B11scFv/hGM-CSF can induce humoral immunity against ovarian carcinoma in vivo. We also provide the theoretical foundation for the application of the fusion protein 6B11 scFv/hGM-CSF for active immunotherapy of ovarian cancer.

Preparation of Anti-Idiotypic Antibody against Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9

To generate monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies(mAb2)against avian influenza virus subtype H9(H9 AⅣ), BALB/c mice were immunized with purified chicken anti-H9-AⅣ IgG and the splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells NS-1.Hybridoma cells were screened by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with both chicken and rabbit anti-H9-AⅣ IgG as coating antigens.One hybridoma cell clone secreting monoclonal antibody against idiotypes shared by both chicken and rabbit anti-H9-AⅣ IgG was established.Experiments demonstrated the mAb2 was able to inhibit the binding of hemagglutinin to anti-H9-AⅣ IgG and to induce chickens to generate hemagglutination inhibition antibodies,indicating this anti-species-sharing-idiotypic antibody bore the internal image of hemagglutinin on avian influenza virus.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2005;2(2): 155-157.