Anti-microbial principles of selected remedial plants from Southern India

Objective:To examine the anti-bacterial activity of leaf extracts of Morus alba L.(Moraceae)and Piper betel L.(Piperaceae),and seed extracts of Bombax ceiba L.(Borabacaceae).Methods:We have partially purified plant extracts by solvent extraction method,and evaluated the effect of individual fractions on bacterial growth using Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) bacterial strains.Results:Compared with Morus and Bombax fractions,Piper fractions showed significant growth inhibition on all the three types of bacteria studied.The EtOAc-hexane fractions of Piper leaves exhibited significant antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of 50 μg/mL culture against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.The EtOAc-fractions Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅳ inhibited bacterial colony formation on soft agar in addition to growth inhibition.A combination treatment of piper fractions with ampicillin resulted in significant growth inhibition in E.coli and P.aeruginosa,and combination with anticancer drug geldanamycin(2 μg/mL) showed selective growth inhibition against P.aeruginosa and S.aureus.Three major compounds,i.e.,eugenol,3-hexene-ol and stigmasterol,were primarily identified from Piper betel leaf extractions.Among the individual compounds,eugenol treatment showed improved growth inhibition compared with stigmasterol and 3-hexene-ol.Conclusions:We are reporting potential anti-bacterial compounds from Piper betel against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria either alone or in combination with drug treatment.

Serological profiling of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients reveals anti-microbial antibody signatures

BACKGROUND The healthcare burden of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is rising globally and there are limited non-invasive biomarkers for accurate and early diagnosis.AIM To understand the important role that intestinal microbiota play in IBD pathogenesis and identify anti-microbial antibody signatures that benefit clinical management of IBD patients.METHODS We performed serological profiling of 100 Crohn’s disease(CD)patients,100 ulcerative colitis(UC)patients and 100 healthy controls against 1173 bacterial and 397 viral proteins from 50 bacteria and 33 viruses on protein microarrays.The study subjects were randomly divided into discovery(n=150)and validation(n=150)sets.Statistical analysis was performed using R packages.RESULTS Anti-bacterial antibody responses showed greater differential prevalence among the three subject groups than anti-viral antibody responses.We identified novel antibodies against the antigens of Bacteroidetes vulgatus(BVU_0562)and Streptococcus pneumoniae(SP_1992)showing higher prevalence in CD patients relative to healthy controls.We also identified antibodies against the antigen of Streptococcus pyogenes(SPy_2009)showing higher prevalence in healthy controls relative to UC patients.Using these novel antibodies,we built biomarker panels with area under the curve(AUC)of 0.81,0.87,and 0.82 distinguishing CD vs control,UC vs control,and CD vs UC,respectively.Subgroup analysis revealed that penetrating CD behavior,colonic CD location,CD patients with a history of surgery,and extensive UC exhibited highest antibody prevalence among all patients.We demonstrated that autoantibodies and anti-microbial antibodies in CD patients had minimal correlation.CONCLUSION We have identified antibody signatures for CD and UC using a comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial antibody response in IBD.These antibodies and the source microorganisms of their target antigens improve our understanding of the role of specific microorganisms in IBD pathogenesis and,after future validation,should aid early and accurate diagnosis of IBD.

Preparation and Activity of a Nanometer Anti-microbial Polyurethane

A novel way for photo-immobilization with interferon- α（IFN- α） on the surface of polyurethane （PU） material, which makes PU condom more effective function in the future, was investigated. A kind of photoactive arylazide-4-azidobenzoic acid was modified to IFN- α with the confirmation of IR and Raman spectrum. Micro morphology of the photo-immobilized cell factors was observed by FESEM as well as CSLM at the level of nanometer. Finally, the product with elementary test of anti-microbial was also evaluated.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Evaluations of Its Cytotoxicity,Anti-microbial and Anti-hydroxyl Radical Activities of a New Co-crystal Compound(C6H6Cl2N2O2S)·(Phen)·H2O

Co-crystal is a very potential kind of drug solid forms, and has a far-reaching influence on designing and preparing drugs. A new 1：1：1 co-crystal compound consisting of 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-benzenesulfonamide, 1,10-phenanthroline and water was synthesized, and its crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction method. The compositions of the co-crystal are self-assembled into a three-dimensional network structure via intermolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, Cl？？？Cl interactions and van der Waals＇ forces. According to the evaluations of cytotoxicity assays, anti-microbial and anti-hydroxyl radicals, this co-crystal is a potential drug.

Phytochemicals Screening, Phenolic Estimation and Evaluation for Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Microbial Activities of Sequentially Soxhlet Extracted Coconut Testa

Background: In many coconut industries, the outer layer of thin brown skin of coconut kernel known as testa is peeled out as a byproduct. Despite the testa is rich in fat and plenty of polyphenolic compounds, it has been underutilized either as animal feed, serving as raw materials for bio-diesel production or discarded directly. Anticipating coconut testa (CT) as a natural source of multiple phyto-chemicals, its exploitation for the pharmacological activity or utilization as value added product is required which may reduce the disposal costs as well. Methods: Secondary metabolites from CT were extracted sequentially with different organic solvents based on polarity in the soxhlet apparatus followed by extraction with sterilized water. The crude dried extracts thus prepared were evaluated for qualitative screening of phytochemicals and quantitative estimation of total phenols, flavonoids and tannin content. Moreover, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities were also investigated. Results: Phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds in methanolic fraction including phenols (822.60 ± 16.36 mg/g), flavonoids (103.30 ± 9.78 mg/g) and tannin (663.50 ± 19.26 mg/g), whereas non-phenolic compounds were present in other fractions. While methanolic fraction showed invariably the highest anti-oxidant activity in multiple assay methods, non-phenolic compounds in aqueous and chloroform fractions exhibited high anti-inflammatory activity. Antimicrobial activity was observed by both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveal that CT is a rich source of various polyphenolic and non-phenolic natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. These findings are promising and form the basis to identify the number of active components and their characterization.

Discussion on the Challenges Surrounding Anti-microbial Resistance,Using Relevant Case-study Examples

The advent of antimicrobial drugs has made a huge contribution to human society,but their commodity nature has given rise to behaviors such as abuse and overuse,leading to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs and other hazards.Nowadays,the structure of interests formed by various stakeholders in the market circulation of antimicrobial agents has become unbalanced,and government intervention as a breakthrough still faces many challenges.This paper discusses the AMR challenges of government intervention under the interest structure in the context of case studies in the Global North and the Global South areas from the point of view of human health in terms of stagnant R&D processes for novel antimicrobial drugs,a profit-oriented neoliberal atmosphere that mismatches production trends of antimicrobial drugs with market demand,the prevalence of private institutions lacking effective regulation,incomplete government interventions,and the difficulty of pursuing the WHO strategic plan on antimicrobial resistance,etc.

An expedient one-pot synthesis of highly substituted imidazoles using supported ionic liquid-like phase(SILLP) as a green and effcient catalyst and evaluation of their anti-microbial activity

An effcient method for the synthesis of imidazole derivatives by a three-component condensation of benzil or 9,10-phenanthrenequinone,aldehydes and ammonium acetate using supported ionic liquidlike phase（SILLP）catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation or classical heating conditions is reported.The present methodology offers several advantages,such as excellent yields,simple procedures,short reaction times,simple work-up and mild conditions.The catalyst is easily separated from the products by fltration and also exhibits remarkable reusable activity.These highly substituted imidazoles were also evaluated for their anti-microbial activity.

Utilization of Chinese Herbal Feed Additives in Animal Production

The experimental knowledge on efficacy,possible modes of action and aspects of application of Chinese herbs as feed additives for animal production are reviewed in this article.Chinese herbs commonly contain protein,carbohydrate,fat,vitamins,andmineral which are necessary nutrients to the growth of animal.Polysaccharide,organic acid,alkaloids,and essential oils involved in Chinese herbs can improve the immune function of livestock.Currently,numerous studies have demonstrated anti-oxidative and anti-microbial efficacy and the assumption that Chinese herbs may improve the flavor of meat,which has been confirmed by some observations,but the mode of this action is still unclear.Moreover,several observations support the hypothesis that herbal feed additives may favorably affect gut functions （e.g.,enzyme activity,microbial eubiosis） in vitro.Such effects may explain a considerable number of practical studies with livestock reporting improved production performance after providing herbal feed additives.In summary,available evidence indicates that herbal feed additives may have the potential to add to the set of non-antibiotic growth promoters for use in livestock,such as organic acids and probiotics.However,a systematic approach toward the efficacy,mode of action and safety of herbal compounds used as feed additives for animal production seems to be required in the future.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang

Condensed tannins(CTs)are one of the promising compounds due to their potentially health-promoting qualities.In this study,CTs were extracted from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang and subjected to various biological studies including antioxidant(using Ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP),DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay),anti-microbial(against different pathogens)and cytotoxic activities(toward human breast adenocarcinoma(MCF-7),human colon carcinoma(HT29),human cervical carcinoma(HeLa)and human liver carcinoma(HepG2)cell lines)in cancer cells through in vitro experiments.The structural characteristics and purity of CTs extract were determined using 13C NMR.The results showed that CTs exhibited higher in vitro antioxidant activities(2257.12±80.55 mg TEAC/g extract,605.3±1.82 mg TEAC/g extract and 1014.03±1.20 mg TEAC/g extract in FRAP,ABTS and DPPH assay,respectively)and demonstrated anti-microbial activities toward selected Gram’s positive and Gram’s negative bacteria tested with MIC and MBC value at 6.25–50 mg/mL.Furthermore,among other selected cancer cells,CTs also demonstrated cytotoxic activity toward human breast cancer cells(MCF-7)(IC50=38.33±2.08mg/mL).Characteristic of apoptosis such as cell shrinkage,nuclear condensation and apoptotic bodies were shown in MCF-7.These preliminary investigations have provided scientific rationale to use CTs as an alternative therapy for various oxidative and inflammatory associated diseases.©2016 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Function of the uropygial gland in eiders (Somateria mollissima)

Background:The uropygial gland is an exocrine gland located above the tail of birds that produces a diverse range of biochemicals.It has been hypothesized to be involved in chemical protection,water-proofing and maintenance of plumage brightness.Although these not necessarily mutually exclusive functions have received some empirical support,there has been little empirical research on the function of water-proofing.Methods:Here we analyzed data for 229 individual eiders(Somateria mollissima)collected by Danish hunters during 2016-2018.Results:The Eider is a sea-duck that spends almost its entire life in sea water emphasizing water-proofing of the plumage.The size of the uropygial gland increased with body mass in males,but not in females,and it increased with age.The size of the uropygial gland decreased during winter. Eiders with small uropygial glands grew their feathers at a fast rate.Eiders with large wing areas had large uropygial glands. Conclusions:These findings are consistent with large uropygial glands playing a role in water-proofing during molt and foraging, but also that uropygial glands may play a role in chemical defense.

COVID-19 Coronavirus: Is Infection along with <i>Mycoplasma</i>or Other Bacteria Linked to Progression to a Lethal Outcome?

Most patients with COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus recover from this infection, but a significant fraction progress to a fatal outcome. As with some other RNA viruses, co-infection or activation of latent bacterial infections along with pre-existing health conditions in COVID-19 disease may be important in determining a fatal disease course. Mycoplasma spp. (M. pneumonaie, M. fermentans, etc.) have been routinely found as co-infections in a wide number of clinical conditions, and in some cases this has progressed to a fatal disease. Although preliminary, Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been identified in COVID-19 disease, and the severity of some signs and symptoms in progressive COVID-19 patients could be due, in part, to Mycoplasma or other bacterial infections. Moreover, the presence of pathogenic Mycoplasma species or other pathogenic bacteria in COVID-19 disease may confer a perfect storm of cytokine and hemodynamic dysfunction, autoimmune activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and other complications that together cannot be easily corrected in patients with pre-existing health conditions. The positive responses of only some COVID-19 patients to antibiotic and anti-malaria therapy could have been the result of suppression of Mycoplasma species and other bacterial co-infections in subsets of patients. Thus it may be useful to use molecular tests to determine the presence of pathogenic Mycoplasma species and other pathogenic bacteria that are commonly found in atypical pneumonia in all hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and when positive results are obtained, these patients should treated accordingly in order to improve clinical responses and patient outcomes.

Effect and Tolerability of the Combined Plant Extract (PAC) in Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

This study was undertaken to identify a new combined plant extract (PAC) intended to treat in patients with acne vulgaris. We detected strong antibacterial activities of Pinus densiflora leaf extract (LP) against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and anti-inflammatory effect of Artemisia annua L. extract (AA). To develop more effective agents in multiple targeting of the physiopathology of acne, a combination of three plant extracts (PAC), Pinus densiflora leaf extract (LP), Artemisia annua L. extract (AA), and Citrus junos fruit juice (FC), indicated anti-proliferative effect on P. acnes-induced HaCaT cells proliferation, was prepared mixing at ratio 2:1:1. PAC with MIC values of 2.25 mg/ml and 0.75 mg/ml against P. acnes and S. epidermidis was more active than LP (2.50 mg/ml and 1.00 mg/ml), was the most active of three extracts. PAC also showed more effective anti-inflammatory activity than a single plant extract in P. acnes-treated NF, HaCaT cells and LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells. And then, we evaluated sebosuppressive effect of PAC on differentiation and lipogenesis of sebocytes. Results showed that PAC reduced sebum production and IGF-1-stimulated proliferation on sebocytes. In addition, PAC (final 2%) applied in a test product clinically decreased skin oil content, sebum output level, and the number of closed comedones and open comedones in a period of 4 weeks. The results of the studies demonstrate that PAC is clinically effective with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, sebum protective properties for acne prone skin. These results suggest that in patients with acne, PAC can provide adjunctive care by targeting pathological factors including bacterial proliferation, inflammation and sebum production.

<i>Lactobacillus</i>sp.—A Threat to Pathogenic Microorganisms and Tumor Cells

Beneficial bacteria, often used as probiotics, play efficient role in providing protection against pathogenic microorganisms in humans. Probiotic bacteria like many Lactobacillus sp. (L. acidophilus, L. casei etc.), Bafidobacterium sp. Streptococcus thermophiles, Bacillus coagulans, etc. are beneficial and nowadays are used as supportive therapeutics. Even Lactobacillus is highlighted for showing the anticancer effects on some human cancer cells (cervical, gastric, colon, breast cancer). Some specific antibiotics like peptide antibiotic, Acidolin;some specific bacteriocins and some metabolites like H2O2, acetic acid, lactic acid produced by Lactobacillus sp. kill or inhibit other microorganisms mainly gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including both enteropathogens and spore formers. Proteins like Enterolisin A, Labyrintho peptin A2, etc. show promising anti-cancer activities. Lactobacillus has effective role in clinical and industrial fields. Clinically it is used to manufacture medicines, some hormones and industrially used for broad fermentations, etc. Studies are going on to use Lactobacillus in more broad ways, by improving strains, increasing specificity, making more effective and to find out some other characteristics to prepare them as more natural therapeutic modality.

Synthesis and Characterization of Pure and Ag-TiO2-Modified Diatomaceous Aluminosilicate Ceramic Membranes for Water Remediation

Mesoporous ceramic membranes were prepared from raw and modified diatomaceous earth alumi-nosilicate mineral precursors. The main modification component of the ceramic membranes was Ag-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles (STOX). Chemical and microstructural characterizations of the raw materials and the modified precursors were carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE-IBA), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The precursors and membranes were prepared and subsequently subjected to a high temperature sintering treatment for physico-chemical modification and stability. Remediation functionalities of the ceramic membranes on water samples were studied using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), Total Bacterial Count Enumeration;Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, and Electroconductivity (EC). Remediation experiments showed reductions in the concentration of certain cations such as Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and K+ by the modified ceramic membrane samples, while increased concentrations were observed for Ca2+, Na+ and Mg2+. The antimicrobial microfiltration process showed 100% bacterial removal and 70% fungi removal in most of the samples. Membranes exhibited good flux output from 5.607 L/hr·m2 (STOX-Z) to 39.245 L/hr·m2 (ZEO-T) under a pressure of 0.0196 MPa.

<i>Aloe vera</i>—Mechanisms of Action, Uses, and Potential Uses in Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing

Aloe vera has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. Clinical and experimental evidence indicates usefulness for skin moisturization, promoting wound healing, thermal skin injury, frostbite, and ischemic skin insults. Aloe vera has anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, antimicrobial, and proliferative actions, which have been investigated in various experimental models and in various in vitro studies. This extensive literature review of the properties and actions of Aloe vera finds substantial evidence for the reported and also likely clinical usefulness for Aloe vera in Plastic Surgery and in wound care and wound healing. Though further clinical investigation is warranted, Aloe vera use may likely be indicated in situations where its effects could positively influence outcomes, such as wound healing, flap vascularity, and inflammatory skin pathologies.

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Factors Associated with GBS Colonization in Pregnant Women at the Regional Hospital Bamenda (RHB)

Introduction: Maternal asymptomatic colonization with GBS (Group-B Streptococcus) has become a major cause of sepsis, meningitis and encephalopathy in neonates alongside premature births, stillbirths and post-natal infections. Routine screening of pregnant women for GBS carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility are therefore necessary. This study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and factors associated with GBS colonization in pregnant women at the Regional Hospital Bamenda (RHB). Materials and Methods: Vaginal and rectal swab samples were collected from 121 pregnant women in the 3rd trimester at the RHB from December 2017 to May 2018. Sociodemographic, obstetric and neonatal history and some clinical parameters were obtained through a questionnaire approach. Cultures for the isolation and identification of GBS from the samples were done and grouping as well as susceptibility testing of GBS isolates was done. Results: The colonisation rates were 5.8% (7), 1.7% (2) and 5.8% (7) for rectal, vaginal and concomitant recto-vaginal carriage. GBS was isolated in the vagina/rectum of 16 participants (13.2% prevalence). Of the 16 GBS strains used for in vitro susceptibility test, no resistance to ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, imipenem, aztreonam and clindamycin was recorded. 6.3% (1) of the strains had intermediate susceptibility to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Of the isolates examined, 37.5% (6), and 12.5% (2) were respectively sensitive to gentamycin and levofloxacin. Maternal overweight, HIV positive status, history of PROM and spontaneous abortion, presence of Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans had a high rate of GBS colonization but only HIV positive status had a statistical significance (p = 0.01). Other microbes isolated were Gardnerella vaginalis (55.4%, 67), Candida albicans (40.5%, 49), and Candida spp (12.4%, 15). Conclusion: GBS prevalence was 13.2%. GBS had decreased susceptibility to some antibiotics. Only HIV positive status was significantly associated with GBS colonization.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Quinolino-Benzoxaboroles as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

Several quinolino-benzoxaborole derivatives have been prepared to start from aminobenzoxaboroles. These derivatives have been evaluated for their anti-cancer activity on human and murine cancer cell lines and based on their relative non-toxicity, these compounds were further evaluated for their antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, and M. smegmatis. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for antifungal activity in C. albicans and C. neoformans.

NIR‑II‑Triggered Composite Nanofibers to Simultaneously Achieve Intracranial Hemostasis,Killing Superbug and Residual Cancer Cells in Brain Tumor Resection Surgery

Malignant glioblastoma(GBM)is prone to relapse due to the inevitable tumor cells residue by surgery.During the tumor resection surgery in brain,addressing bleeding and superbug infections is also full of challenges.Currently,no method or material in clinical craniotomy can simultaneously solve these three problems.Herein,Chitosan composite nanofibers embed-ded with CuSe nanoparticles were prepared by green electrospinning method,in which the CuSe nanoparticles have strong absorption in the second near-infrared(NIR-II)window.Immediately after removing the tumor in craniotomy,nanofibers were electrospun and deposited directly onto the resection site with high precision(>90%)to achieve rapid hemostasis(<8 s).Moreover,evidenced by the deeper penetration depth of NIR-II light(1064 nm)both in the scalp and skull than NIR-I light(808 nm),photothermal and photodynamic therapy induced by NIR-II exhibits efficient superbug-killing rate(>99%)and effectively induces cell apoptosis of residual tumor thereby to inhibit tumor recurrence.Only using the same material,a tril-ogy of intracranial hemostasis,killing superbug and residual cancer cells is simultaneously achieved.The short operation time reduces the risk of craniotomy.This electrospinning strategy could combine with craniotomy and minimally invasive surgery,which may provide novel perspectives in clinical operation besides craniotomy.

In vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Talaromyces flavus SP5 inhabited in the marine sediment of Southern Coast of India

Marine sediment samples were collected from the coastal areas of Southern India, particularly in Kanyakumari District. Twenty-eight different fungal strains were isolated. The screening of fungi from marine sediment was done to isolate a potent fungus that can produce bioactive compounds for biomedical applications. Only three strains viz Trichoderma gamsii SP4, Talaromyces flavus SP5 and Aspergillus oryzae SP6 were screened for further studies. The intracellular bioactive compounds were extracted using solvent extraction method. The crude extracts were tested for its anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties and analytically characterized using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS). All the three extracts were active, but the extract from T. flavus SP5 was found to be more active against various human pathogens, viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853(17.8 ± 0.1), Escherichia coli ATCC 52922(18.3 ± 0.3), and Candida tropicalis ATCC 750(17.7 ± 0.4). It also exhibited cytotoxic activity against HEp2 carcinoma cell line with the LC_(50) value of 25.7 μg·mL^(-1). The GC-MS data revealed the presence of effective bioactive compounds. These results revealed that the extract from isolated fungus T. flavus SP5 acted as a potent antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer agent, providing basic information on the potency of marine fungi towards biomedical applications; further investigation may lead to the development of novel anticancer drugs.

Bioactive metabolites from macrofungi: ethnopharmacology, biological activities and chemistry

Exploration of natural sources for novel bioactive compounds has been an emerging field of medicine over the past decades,providing drugs or lead compounds of considerable therapeutic potential.This research has provided exciting evidence on the isolation of microbe-derived metabolites having prospective biological activities.Mushrooms have been valued as traditional sources of natural bioactive compounds for many centuries and have been targeted as promising therapeutic agents.Many novel biologically active compounds have been reported as a result of research on medicinal mushrooms.In this review,we compile the information on bioactive structure-elucidated metabolites from macrofungi discovered over the last decade and highlight their unique chemical diversity and potential benefits to novel drug discovery.The main emphasis is on their anti-Alzheimer,antidiabetic,anti-malarial,anti-microbial,anti-oxidant,antitumor,anti-viral and hypocholesterolemic activities which are important medicinal targets in terms of drug discovery today.Moreover,the reader’s attention is brought to focus on mushroom products and food supplements available in the market with claimed biological activities and potential human health benefits.