Abuses of Women in Inheritance Across Cultures： An Exploratory Study of Its Prevalence and Religious Panacea

The patriarchal nature of African society generally lays emphasis on the superiority of men over women in every sphere of life. When a woman dies, in most African societies, her legacy is usually inherited by the husband, children, and her family. But if a man dies, the widow, usually experiences false accusations of killing her husband to deny her share of her husband＇s properties. This paper examines how the dynamics of cultural practices in Nigeria promotes abuse of inheritance rights of women and discusses the possibilities of using Islamic inheritance rules as a divine solution to the abuse of inheritance rights of women. The research questions as follows： what is the nature of women＇s rights to father＇s estate？ What is the nature of widow＇s right to the husband＇s estate？ What is your perception about the Islamic law of inheritance？ The data for this study were collected using questionnaire and simple percentage was used for the analysis. In this respect, a questionnaire was administered to 220 women who were purposely selected from the three major tribes in Lagos state, Nigeria. The result showed that various cultures in Nigeria favour male child, grant male higher rights to land and other properties and promote abuse of inheritance rights against women.

非对峙型受虐妇女反杀案的出罪事由

受虐妇女选择在家暴结束后趁丈夫熟睡或者以下毒的方式将其杀害,这是一种典型的非对峙型受虐妇女反杀行为,入罪结论不符合民众的情感期待,出罪空间有限。其出罪难点是不符合正当防卫“不法侵害正在进行”的时间条件,容易定性为事前防卫;如果通过“受虐妇女综合症”把这种家暴行为视为一种持续侵害行为,容易定性为事后防卫。因此,理解非对峙型受虐妇女反杀案的出罪逻辑,应从紧急避险的“防御性”上做实质判断,受虐妇女为避免遭受家暴,当施暴丈夫对其实施不法侵害难以察觉时,基于生命权冲突的利益衡量,不得已选择反杀行为具有出罪的正当性。

Identifying Lifetime and Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence among Women in Sweden Seeking Emergency Care

Background: Sweden is known for its strong views on equality between men and women. Nevertheless, if one scratches the surface, one will realize that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a problem meriting much closer attention. Emergency nurses have an important role in identifying women who have IPV experiences. Objective: To identify and investigate the occurrence of reported experienced IPV during their lifetime among women seeking emergency care. Design: An explorative and comparative design was used based on answers on the Abuse Assessment Screen questionnaire and some demographic data. The data was described and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Results: Of the 300 invited women visiting an emergency department in a small town, 234 completed the questionnaire. Of these 234, 82 (35%) reported having experienced emotional;physical or sexual violence and 31 (13%) reported to being afraid of their partner. Of the women 181 had one child or more and 58 (32%) of these reported having been abused. Of all women, with four or more children, 75% (15) reported to have been abused, while only 25% (5) reported no abuse. Of the 82 women who reported having been abused 12 (15%) reported being abused in the course of the year prior to pregnancy and 9 (11%) during pregnancy, often several times. The main abuser was the woman’s husband, boyfriend, cohabitating partner, ex-partner, or someone else who was seen as a relative, e.g., a parent. Conclusion: Using the questionnaire AAS may contribute to identifying victims of intimate partner violence and increasing health care practitioners’ attentiveness concerning the type of injury, frequency of care seeking and actions that may indicate such violence lead to changes of the woman’s situation.

“At Least Your Baby Is Healthy” Obstetric Violence or Disrespect and Abuse in Childbirth Occurrence Worldwide: A Literature Review

Obstetric violence or disrespect and abuse in childbirth is a worldwide phenomenon that takes on various forms, from absence of informed consent to physical harm. The objective of this review is to assess prevalence and root causes of obstetric violence in different countries, and potential solutions to address disrespect and abuse in childbirth. The review finds that obstetric violence is rooted in a patriarchal understanding of gender stereotypes and is exacerbated by power dynamics between health professionals and patients, especially for minorities. Obstetric violence has a long-lasting impact on women’s lives and can jeopardize subsequent decisions to access healthcare services.

Intimate partner violence:A loop of abuse,depression and victimization

Intimate partner violence has been recognized as a serious public health issue.Exposure to violence contributes to the genesis of,and exacerbates,mental health conditions,and existing mental health problems increase vulnerability to partner violence,a loop that imprisons victims and perpetuates the abuse.A recently described phenomenon is when male violence against females occurs within intimate relationships during youth,and it is termed adolescent or teen dating violence.In this narrative review,factors associated with intimate partner violence and consequences of exposure of children to parental domestic violence are discussed,along with possible intensification of violence against women with the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and subsequent lockdown.Intervention programs with a multicomponent approach involving many health care settings and research have a pivotal role in developing additional strategies for addressing violence and to provide tailored interventions to victims.Prevention policy with a particular attention on healthy child and adolescent development is mandatory in the struggle against all forms of violence.

Risk Factors with Intimate Partner Violence among Women Seeking Emergency Care

Background: Identifying women at risk for violence caused by intimate partner violence is difficult in connection with visits at emergency department. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to explore and describe risk factors of IPV reported by women in connection with seeking emergency care, Design: This study is part of a larger study using an explorative and comparative design. Method: Based upon data from a questionnaire and some demographic data, 82 women who reported to have experienced intimate partner violence answered the Danger Assessment Scale. Results: The results showed that the violence escalated in frequency and severity when a weapon such as a knife or gun was used to harm the women. When the abuser used narcotics and threatened the woman with a weapon, the risk of being injured increased. The odds for being threatened to death when the abuser was reported to use narcotics and illegal drugs was about thirteen times higher compared to the case when the abuser was not using narcotics. Other life threatening factors were discovered such as the man’s capability of killing the woman. Conclusion: By using a questionnaire about the violence, healthcare personnel can identify women who are at risk of being severely injured or killed. By identifying these women, one can take action to provide for their safety. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Using the Danger Assessment instrument can facilitate health care personnel’s ability at emergency departments to identify women at risk for lethal violence.

产后抑郁与产后家庭暴力

目的 :了解产后家庭暴力和产后抑郁的发生情况 ,探讨产后家庭暴力对妇女心理健康状况(特别是产后抑郁 )的影响。方法 :采用分层整群抽样的方法 ,在天津市和辽宁、河南、陕西省的 6个市、3 2个区 ,对有 6个月至 1岁半小儿的妇女 12 0 44名进行了调查。结果 :产后抑郁的发生率 2 0 9% ,产后家庭暴力的发生率为 8 3 % ,产后家庭暴力常常是多种形式 (心理暴力 ,性暴力和躯体暴力 )且反复发生 ,性暴力的发生率最高。多因素分析显示产后抑郁与产后家庭暴力有一定相关。结论 :产后抑郁和产后家庭暴力的发生率较高 ,后者是前者的重要影响因素之一。

家庭暴力受虐妇女社会支持网络构建的实证研究——以天津市为例

本文试图从社会工作的角度,利用社会支持理论,从受虐妇女的心理需求、专业救助和辅导需求、亲友支持以及社会环境支持等需求出发,寻求构建受虐妇女社会支持网络、保护弱势女性权益的新途径。

社会工作话语中的孕妇受虐现象

孕妇受虐是中国和世界的常见现象,它不但对孕妇的生理健康和行为产生负面影响,而且对生育、婴儿、家庭乃至社会都有消极作用。人格、心理、社会、文化、效用等视角都可以对孕妇受虐现象作出理论解释。鉴于该现象的多元化原因,社会工作者应该整合微观和宏观工作技术,预防孕妇受虐现象的产生,舒缓和治疗其消极后果。当然,体现实践智慧是社会工作者在专业服务中获得成功的重要基础。

农村智障女性的婚姻获得与权益缺失——对河北省X县两村的田野观察

文章对河北省X县两个农村社区中智障女性的婚姻生活案例进行了分析,揭示了农村智障女性婚姻的特征及存在的问题:男性挤压的农村婚姻市场在为智障女性的婚姻获得创造条件的同时使女性面临着更多性侵害的风险;在家庭主导的婚姻建立中,智障女性失去了婚姻自主权,与配偶难以建立亲密的夫妻关系,情感需求被严重忽视。农村智障女性的婚姻获得并不意味着残疾人婚姻权益的实现和保障,相反,她们的婚姻受到了社会人口结构的深层影响和家庭的强力干预,婚姻获得的背后暗含着女性权益缺失的巨大隐患。

女性精神障碍患者受暴力状况研究

目的:了解女性精神疾病患者受暴力及性虐待现状。方法:应用自编"精神疾病患者受暴力及性虐待现状调查问卷"对住院妇女精神疾病患者进行调查。对不同因素相关的受暴力发生率进行比较。结果:研究747例女性精神疾病患者中受暴力发生率为57.16%,其中诊断为精神分裂症的患者受暴力发生率为69.55%,诊断为心境障碍的患者受暴力发生率为14.29%,两者受暴力发生率比较具显著性差异,P<0.01。其他诊断的患者受暴力发生率为16.16%,与诊断为心境障碍者受暴力发生率比较具有显著性差异,P<0.01。城市患者发生率为45.90%,乡村患者发生率为54.10%。病程超过2年发生率为64.60%,住院次数超过2次发生率为63.50%,暴力主要来源于家庭(68.21%)、工作学习场所(27.72%)、社区(10.50%)。59.23%的受暴力患者认为遭受暴力使自己的尊严受到了严重伤害;80.42%的患者受暴力时感到无助。25.70%的患者遭受性虐待,其中的75.91%在遭受性虐待的同时也遭受暴力。结论:妇女精神疾病患者易于成为受暴力及性虐待对象。

家庭暴力专项立法与妇女权益保障研究述评(2000—2012年)

2000—2012年以来的十余年间,以妇女权益保障为导向的家庭暴力专项立法研究蓬勃兴起。学界主要围绕专项立法的必要性、立法宗旨与基本原则、家庭暴力界定、民事保护令制度构建、妇女受虐杀夫的定罪量刑等展开研究;研究方法从惯常的比较研究、文献研究,拓展到实证研究与行动研究层面。本阶段研究取得突破性进展,为立法机关将制定家庭暴力专项法纳入今后五年立法规划,澄清了许多观念误区,提供了可资借鉴的制度性设计。梳理已有的研究成果,对于确立家庭暴力防治法的目的与宗旨,界定核心概念,设计关键制度无疑会大有裨益。

家庭暴力受虐杀夫妇女的心理——对四川省某女子监狱的调查报告

通过对正在监狱服刑的受虐杀夫女犯的问卷调查和访谈等研究,报告了他们个人和犯罪的基本情况;考察了他们在遭受家庭暴力初期、后期的不同心理以及杀害施暴人后的心理和服刑中的心理变化,对待犯罪行为、施暴人、自己家人和判决的态度;总结出司法过程中应该关爱受虐杀夫妇女。

家庭暴力对妇女心理健康和社会支持水平的影响及小组辅导效能探讨

家庭暴力是一个全球性的社会问题和人权问题,我国关于家庭暴力的心理辅导及其相关理论研究起步较晚。研究结果表明:家庭暴力严重影响了妇女的心理健康水平、受虐妇女社会支持总水平较低、社会支持水平的缺乏损害了受虐妇女的心理健康、小组辅导提高了妇女的心理健康水平,具有较显著的治疗功效。

性别视角下老年人受虐待问题研究

中国老年人遭受虐待状况呈现一定的性别差异,基于第三期中国妇女社会地位调查老年专卷数据的研究发现,老年人总体受虐待发生率约为7%,以精神虐待问题最为突出,老年女性受虐待发生率高于老年男性。究其原因,女性老年人偏低的受教育程度、收入、家庭地位等导致其社会经济地位和家庭地位也较低;“男大女小”的婚配模式和长寿但不健康的身体状况使得女性老年人遭受到更多的身体伤害和精神痛苦。此外,老年未婚男性照料和其孤独感也应该成为一个社会关注的问题。我们应充分发挥政府和非政府组织的作用,加强对文化程度低且贫困的老年人尤其是老年女性的政策和经济帮扶,加强其代际之间的情感交流和支持,充分发挥新闻媒体的宣传作用,真正做到尊老爱老,保障老年人的晚年生活。

《反家庭暴力法》对受害妇女合法权益的制度保障

《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法》即将施行,成为我国防治家庭暴力行为的专门性法律。这部法律在预防、救济和惩治等方面对家庭暴力行为进行了较为全面的规制,可有效地保护女性受害者的合法权益。文章从法律概念、立法定位、证据种类、举证责任、保护性措施等方面对此次立法进行了介绍与分析,探讨其在保障受害妇女合法权益方面的优点与不足。

受暴妇女社会救助服务整合与提升——基于灵性社会工作视角的思考

社会工作理论与实践多元化进程中,受暴妇女服务目标逐渐由身心二元向身、心、灵三元转变。灵性社会工作视角强调赋予受暴妇女以生活意义与灵性幸福感,以重构施救方工作者及受暴妇女价值信念、提升公共部门服务的多元性、加强公共部门与受暴妇女间的连接感为目标。现阶段我国针对受暴妇女的救助服务取得成效的同时存在碎片化、滞后性与非强制性,服务提供在系统性、连接性、多样性和专业性较为缺乏。灵性视角社会工作理念与方法在目标确立、服务设计与服务输送三方面,为进一步整合与提升我国受暴妇女救助服务提供了实践思路。

近年来美国刑事法律政策改革之评析——一种激进女性主义的进路

20世纪80年代以来,美国的刑事法律政策发生了一些重大变化,特别对与妇女相关的一些犯罪的法律的改革更是引人注目。支持和影响这场改革的主要力量就是激进女性主义法学派。激进女性主义法学的改革进路为妇女获得平等权利作出了重要贡献,不过,其对西方刑事法律传统基础的颠覆却可能走向另一种极端。

家庭暴力下受虐女性犯罪特征的实证分析研究

家庭暴力是导致受虐女性犯罪的重要原因,这类犯罪有极其独特的行为模式和犯罪特征,以中国裁判文书网上公布的与“家庭暴力”相关的刑事案件作为样本来源,对家庭暴力下受虐女性犯罪特征进行研究。该类犯罪从总体发展趋势来看较为稳定,并无大的波动。受虐女性的犯罪特征在犯罪年龄、文化程度、职业、犯罪地域、犯罪类型、犯罪动机、犯罪对象、作案手段、案发后的情形等方面都有特定表现,表明受虐女性的犯罪行为都与受到家庭暴力侵害有关,这类案件并非地域性的问题,是较为普遍发生的,长期的家庭暴力引发的矛盾往往是剧烈的、激化的、难以调和的,受虐女性反抗侵害的对象具有特定性,她们绝大多数只针对施暴者,多数没有预谋,主观恶性、社会危害性均较小。