Explosion resistance performance of reinforced concrete box girder coated with polyurea:Model test and numerical simulation

To study the anti-explosion protection effect of polyurea coating on reinforced concrete box girder,two segmental girder specimens were made at a scale of 1:3,numbered as G(without polyurea coating)and PCG(with polyurea coating).The failure characteristics and dynamic responses of the specimens were compared through conducting explosion tests.The reliability of the numerical simulation using LS-DYNA software was verified by the test results.The effects of different scaled distances,reinforcement ratios,concrete strengths,coating thicknesses and ranges of polyurea were studied.The results show that the polyurea coating can effectively enhance the anti-explosion performance of the girder.The top plate of middle chamber in specimen G forms an elliptical penetrating hole,while that in specimen PCG only shows a very slight local dent.The peak vertical displacement and residual displacement of PCG decrease by 74.8% and 73.7%,respectively,compared with those of specimen G.For the TNT explosion with small equivalent,the polyurea coating has a more significant protective effect on reducing the size of fracture.With the increase of TNT equivalent,the protective effect of polyurea on reducing girder displacement becomes more significant.The optimal reinforcement ratio,concrete strength,thickness and range of polyurea coating were also drawn.

Revisiting the theoretical prediction of the explosive performance found by the Trauzl test

The Trauzl lead block test allows the determination of the approximate performance of explosives in blasting applications by measuring the volume increase(expansion)that is produced by the detonation of an explosive charge in the cavity of a lead block.In this paper,we reconsider the possibility of interpreting the Trauzl test results in terms of detonation parameters or quantities.The detonation parameters used in the analysis are calculated using the thermochemical code EXPLO5,while the hydrocode AUTODYN is used to simulate the effect of explosive charge density and reaction rate on the results of the Trauzl test.The increase in the volume of the lead block cavity was found to correlate best with the product of the detonation heat and the root of the volume of detonation products.Hydrocode simulation showed that the density of explosive charge and the rate of explosive decomposition affect the dynamics of the interaction of the detonation product and the lead block,and consequently the lead block cavity volume increase.

Anti-penetration performance of high entropy alloy–ceramic gradient composites

A high-entropy alloy–ceramic gradient composite of TiC–TiB_2/75vol% Al_(0.3) CoCrFe Ni was successfully prepared by combustion synthesis under an ultra-high gravity field, which is a low-cost method with high efficiency. The ceramic particles were gradient distributed in the Al_(0.3) CoCrFe Ni matrix, and the hardness of the composite material gradually decreased along the thickness direction. The anti-penetration performance of the gradient composites was simulated using the ANSYS/LS-DYNA explicit simulation program. The results demonstrate that the distribution of the ceramic particles strongly affected the mechanical properties and the anti-penetration performance of the composites. With the same total ceramic volume fraction, the gradient composites exhibit better anti-penetration performance than the corresponding ceramic–metal interlayer composites. The more uneven the ceramic distribution, the greater the elastic modulus and yield stress of the surface layer and, thus, the better the anti-penetration performance.

Relationships between distribution characteristics of ceramic fragments and anti-penetration performance of ceramic composite bulletproof insert plates

Through quantitative statistics and morphological characterization of ceramic fragments for ceramic composite bulletproof insert plates(CCBIPs),distribution characteristics of ceramic fragments within a specific size range were analyzed for different Armor Piercing Incendiary(API)and shot times.To quantitatively evaluate the effect of energy absorption for ceramic plates,a model of energy absorption during penetration for CCBIPs was established based on statistics of the size distribution of ceramic fragments(SDCF).Variation in the SDCF and its influence on energy absorption for CCBIPs were investigated.The results indicate that the distribution feature of ceramic fragments in the range of 0.25-2.25 mm is Gaussian distribution.Compared with Type 56 of API(56-API),ceramic fragments formed by 53-API with higher kinetic energy possess more quantity and more concentrated distribution,whose average equivalence size decreases by 6.5%,corresponding to increasing by 83.9%of estimated energy absorption.Besides,the ability of CCBIPs to resist the third shot is significantly weakened,whose estimated energy absorption decreases by 58.8%compared with the first shot.More concentrated distribution and fewer fragments are formed after the third shot,the average equivalence size of ceramic fragments increases by 6.9%,which may attribute to the micro-cracks induced by the previous two shots.

The investigation of NTO/HMX-based plastic-bonded explosives and its safety performance

3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO)is the main component of insensitive munitions(IM)formulation because of its outstanding insensitive properties.In this paper,a series of NTO/HMX-based compositeexplosives were prepared and characterized.The study focuses on the effect of NTO on the perfommance of the formulations,especially the safety performance.The results revealed that the mechanical sensi-tivity of fomulations was associated with NTO content,as well as the thermal conductivity,specific heat capacity and Arrhenius parameters.Then,the high amount of NTO using in formulation was proved to be helpful for NTO/HMX-based formulation to exhibit good thermal safety.Besides,by accelerating rate calorimeter(ARC)and a modified cook-off equipment,the pressure and pressure rise rate were proved as the important indicator for judging the thermal safety performance in confined spaces.Finally,the numerical simulation was used as a credible method for predicting the respond temperature of cook-off experiment.

Effect of metal powders on explosion of fuel-air explosives with delayed secondary igniters

In order to improve the energy level of fuel air explosive(FAE) with delayed secondary igniters, high energetic metal powders were added to liquid fuels mainly composed of ether and isopropyl nitrate.Metal powders’ explosive properties and reaction mechanisms in FAE were studied by high-speed video,pressure test system, and infrared thermal imager. The results show that compared with pure liquid fuels, the shock wave overpressure, maximum surface fireball temperature and high temperature duration of the mixture were significantly increased after adding high energetic metal powder. The overpressure values of the liquid-solid mixture at all measuring points were higher than that of the pure liquid fuels. And the maximum temperature of the fireball was up to 1700C, which was higher than that of the pure liquid fuels. After replacing 30% of aluminum powder with boron or magnesium hydride, the shock wave pressure of the mixture was further increased. The high heat of combustion of boron and the hydrogen released by magnesium hydride could effectively increase the blast effect of the mixture. The improvement of the explosion performance of boron was better than magnesium hydride. It shows that adding high energetic metal powder to liquid fuels can effectively improve the explosion performance of FAE.

Characteristics of Crack Growth in High Performance Concrete Subjected to Fire

An experimental investigation was conducted to identify the characteristics of crack growth in high performance concrete (HPC) subjected to fire, including two parts of work, i.e. crack growth resistance determinations and cracking observations, using concrete of three strength grades 40 MPa, 70 MPa, and 110 MPa. The crack growth resistance curves (R-curves ) of HPC subjected to high temperatures were determined using notched three-point bend beam specimens of 100 mm×100 mm×300mm. The R-curve (crack growth resistance curve) flattening shows that the crack growth resistance has been significantly reduced by elevated temperature. Concrete with a higher strength grade has a steeper R-curve, with a higher fracture toughness but a shorter critical crack growth. The shorter critical crack growth means that concrete of a higher strength grade has a more brittle behavior. The concrete cracking observations reveal that the consequences of rapid heating are quite different from those of slow heating. For slow heating at a rate of 0.5℃/min, HPC suffered no obvious cracking below 600℃ even if it had a high moisture content. Explosive spalling is an extreme case of the internal cracking driven mainly by vapor pressure. All these results confirmed the vapor pressure mechanism for spading behavior which should be more significant for denser concrete. The crack growth ranges obtained from the R-curve determination results are in good agreement with those measured in the concrete cracking observations.

Analysis on damage characteristics and detonation performance of solid rocket engine charge subjected to jet

To further explore the damage characteristics and impact response of the shaped charge to the solid rocket engine(SRE) in storage or transportation, protective armor was designed and the shelled charges model(SCM)/SRE with protective armor impacting by shaped charge tests were conducted. Air overpressures at 5 locations and axial acceleration caused by the explosion were measured, and the experimental results were compared with two air overpressure curves of propellant detonation obtained by related scholars. Afterwards, the finite element software AUTODYN was used to simulate the SCM impacted process and SRE detonation results. The penetration process and the formation cause of damage were analyzed. The detonation performance of TNT, reference propellant, and the propellant used in this experiment was compared. The axial acceleration caused by the explosion was also analyzed.By comprehensive comparison, the energy released by the detonation of this propellant is larger, and the HMX or Al particles contained in this propellant are more than the reference propellant, with a TNT equivalent of 1.168-1.196. Finally, advanced protection armor suggestions were proposed based on the theory of woven fabric rubber composite armor(WFRCA).

Application of Composite Materials in the Fire Explosion Suppression System

In order to lighten the weight of the special vehicles and improve their mobility and flexibility, the weight of all subsystems of the whole vehicle must be reduced in the general planning. A fire explosion suppression system is an important subsystem for the self-protection of vehicle, protection of crews and safety of a vehicle. The performances of the special vehicles determine their survival ability and combat capability. The composite bottle is made of aluminum alloy with externally wrapped carbon fiber ; it has been proven by a large number of tests that the new type explosion suppression fire distinguisher made of such composite materials applied in the special vehicle has reliable performance, each of its technical indexes is higher or equal to that of a steel distinguisher, and the composites can also optimize the assembly structure of the bottle, and improve the reliability and corrosion resistance. Most important is that the composite materials can effectively lighten the weight of the fire explosion suppression system to reach the target of weight reduction of the subsystem in general planning.

氮、氧杂苯并菲基元取代的α-氰基二苯乙烯对硝基芳环类爆炸物的探针性能研究

快速选择性检测苦味酸(PA)、三硝基芴酮(TNF)等硝基芳环爆炸物已成为当前研究的热点之一.基于B3LYP/6-311+g(d,p)理论水平,对氮杂苯并菲基元取代的α-氰基二苯乙烯(TPN-Ar-DPA:a)、氮、氧杂苯并菲基元取代的α-氰基二苯乙烯(TPNO-Ar-DPA:b)探针分子及八个被检硝基芳环分子进行结构优化与频率计算;对a、b分子稳定结构分别计算气态和四氢呋喃(C_(4)H_(8)O)溶剂中的电子吸收光谱及荧光光谱;对a、b探针分子与硝基芳环所形成二聚体分子的结合能分别计算;最后对二聚体分子进行了简约化密度梯度(RDG)分析.研究结果表明,分子b的平面性优于a,分子b的能隙值小于a.气相与C_(4)H_(8)O溶剂中,分子b吸收光谱与荧光光谱比分子a均明显红移,但在C_(4)H_(8)O溶剂中,两个分子的荧光光谱均有不同程度的蓝移;与分子a相比,分子b与八个被检物所形成二聚体的结合能绝对值相对较大,对硝基芳香环检测物的选择性和灵敏度更好,可设计为对硝基酚(PNP)、TNF、PA、3,4-二硝基苯甲酸(DNBA)的探针分子.探针分子对硝基芳环具有较好地选择性和灵敏度,主要源于二聚体分子间存在较强的氢键作用.

侵彻爆炸联合作用下超高性能混凝土遮弹层设计

为了准确评估超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)遮弹层在战斗部侵彻爆炸作用下的损伤破坏并建立可靠的计算方法,首先,开展了UHPC靶体抗105 mm口径弹体侵彻和5 kg TNT炸药爆炸联合作用试验,获取了侵彻作用后以及侵彻与爆炸联合作用后弹靶的损伤破坏数据;然后,建立了UHPC靶体抗弹体侵彻与爆炸作用的有限元模型,通过对上述试验和已有的有限厚UHPC板埋置装药爆炸试验进行数值仿真分析,验证了有限元模型和分析方法的可靠性;最后,对比了SDB、WDU-43/B和BLU-109/B等3种典型原型战斗部侵彻与爆炸联合作用下,UHPC遮弹层和普通混凝土遮弹层的临界贯彻和震塌厚度。结果表明:3种战斗部侵彻爆炸联合作用下,遮弹层的临界贯穿厚度和震塌厚度范围分别为1.30~2.60 m和1.70~5.00 m,相应的临界贯穿系数和震塌系数范围分别为1.81~2.17和2.46~4.17;与普通混凝土遮弹层对比,3种战斗部侵彻爆炸联合作用下UHPC遮弹层的开坑直径减小了34.4%~42.4%,临界贯穿和震塌厚度分别减小了7.1%~31.6%和39.7%~52.8%。研究结果可为UHPC遮弹层的抗力评估和设计提供参考。

工业电子雷管卡口部位防水性能研究

为了解决工业电子雷管在含水炮孔的短路、半爆问题,通过高压水罐对电子雷管进行了浸水试验,同时探究了卡印状态、卡口尺寸和雷管管壳厚度对电子雷管防水性能的影响。研究发现:卡口卡印处的褶皱是引起电子雷管进水的主要原因,进水后会出现短路和半爆情况。在自动化产线对卡头瓣状直径进行了优化,消除了卡印褶皱,优化后的电子雷管产品防水性能良好,满足50 m水深、72 h的抗水性能要求;并且,当使用厚度为0.40 mm、卡口尺寸为5.60 mm的铁质管壳时,有助于提高卡口稳定性,同时减少了人工剔除不良品的安全隐患,有助于实现“人机隔离机器换人黑灯工厂”的安全生产模式。

Fragmentation model for large L/D (Length over Diameter) explosive fragmentation warheads

New advanced numerical computer model enabling accurate simulation of fragmentation parameters of large Length over Diameter(L/D)explosively driven metal shells has been developed and validated.The newly developed large L/D multi-region model links three-dimensional axisymmetric high strain high strain-rate hydrocode analyses with the conventional set of Picatinny Arsenal FRAGmentation(PAFRAG)simulation routines.The standard PAFRAG modeling technique is based on the Mott's theory of break-up of idealized cylindrical"ring-bombs",in which the length of the average fragment is a function of the radius and velocity of the shell at the moment of break-up,and the mechanical properties of the metal.In the newly developed multi-region model,each of the shell region,the break-up is assumed to occur instantaneously,whereas the entire shell is modeled to fragment at multiple times,according to the number of the regions considered.According to PAFRAG methodology,the required input for both the natural and the controlled fragmentation models including the geometry and the velocity of the shell at moment of break-up had been provided from the hydrocode analyses and validated with available experimental data.The newly developed large L/D multi-region PAFRAG model has been shown to accurately reproduce available experimental fragmentation data.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES OF THE ANTI-PENETRATION PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICH PANELS WITH ALUMINUM FOAM CORES

Effects of face-sheet thickness and core thickness of sandwich panels, and shape of projectiles on the penetration resistance of sandwich panels were discussed, while typical pen- etration failure modes were presented. It was shown that the anti-penetration performance of sandwich panels was enhanced with the increase of face-sheet or core thickness; The penetration resistance of sandwich panels was shown to be strongest to blunt-shaped projectile impacts, weaker to hemispherical-nose-shaped projectile impacts, and weakest to conical-shaped projectile impacts. The corresponding numerical simulation was carried out using the finite element code LS-DYNA V970. Numerical results showed that the penetration time decreased with the increase of projectile impact velocity.

Effects of Plyometric and Explosive Speed Training on Recreational Marathoners

BACKGROUND： Plyometric training has been shown to improve performance in distance running events up to 5-km, but little research has been done on this type of training for marathon （42.195-km） runners. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of plyometric and explosive speed training （PLYO） on recreational marathoners. METHODS： Twenty-two subjects （ages 18-23）, were randomized to either PLYO or core training （CORE） for a weekly session performed for 12 weeks, in addition to marathon training. Sprint, jump, and distance running performance variables were measured pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS： In the sprint tests, the PLYO group improved in both the 200-m run （P ≤ 0.001） and 60-m run （P = 0.004）, and trended toward improvement in the 30-m fly （P = 0.051）. The difference from CORE was significant only in the 200-m （P = 0.002）. The CORE group did not change in any of the sprint or jump variables. The PLYO group was significantly different from the CORE group in the standing long jump （P = 0.024）. There were no differences between groups in distance running performance. Both improved in 2-mile （3.219-km） time trial （p 〈 0.001）, VO2MAX （P = 0.026 for CORE; P = 0.002 for PLYO）, and running economy （P = 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Weekly PLYO training improves sprint speed and maintains jumping ability in recreational marathoners, but does not augment improvements in distance running performance.

NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)-KHCO_(3)混合粉体对管网甲烷爆炸的抑制特性

在自行搭建的管网实验系统中,将常用于抑制甲烷爆炸的碳酸氢钾KHCO_(3)与磷酸二氢铵NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)进行不同比例的混合。选取5种不同的粉体配比,对比单一粉体以及各抑爆工况下各测点的爆炸峰值压力、火焰峰值速度和火焰峰值温度等爆炸特征参数,获得抑制管网甲烷爆炸的最佳工况,并阐述了抑爆机理。结果表明:混合粉体对管网甲烷爆炸的抑制性能优于单一粉体;KHCO_(3)与NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)都易受热分解;其中,KHCO_(3)可以在相对较低的温度下迅速完成热解过程,从而吸收更多的反应热,抑爆性能优于NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)粉体;混合粉体中,抑爆效果随着KHCO3含量的增加显著提高。在5种混合比例中,当KHCO_(3)与NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)质量比为2.0:1.0时,抑爆效果最佳。KHCO_(3)与NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)表现出良好的爆炸抑制效果,研究所得结论可为抑制甲烷爆炸研究提供参考。

膨润土粉体对管网甲烷爆炸的抑制特性及抑爆机理

为了探寻高效的抑爆剂,有效降低甲烷爆炸事故发生率,最大限度地降低事故损失,利用自主搭建的爆炸管网测试系统进行了膨润土粉体抑爆试验。将爆炸超压峰值、爆炸威力指数和爆炸火焰首次到达管网两出口的时刻作为表征抑制剂抑爆性能的参数,探究了不同粒径膨润土粉体对管网甲烷爆炸的抑制性能,利用热解特性分析和分子动力学仿真探究了膨润土粉体的物理和化学抑爆机理。结果表明,粒径为>27~33μm的膨润土粉体对于管网甲烷爆炸的抑制性能最佳。膨润土粉体的物理抑爆机理为通过热解吸收反应热来实现抑爆目的;其化学抑爆机理为膨润土分子能够有效消耗反应体系中的自由电子和活性自由基,减缓甲烷链式反应速率。研究结论可为提高甲烷运输的安全性、有效降低灾害风险提供理论参考。

无线电波发射功率防爆要求与检测方法

现行国家标准GB/T 3836.1—2021《爆炸性环境第1部分:设备通用要求》和国际标准IEC 60079-0:2017《Explosive atmospheres-Part 0:Equipment-General requirements》规定无线电发射器的阈功率为无线电发射器的有效输出功率与天线增益的乘积。在无线电波防爆安全发射功率阈值一定的条件下,天线增益越大,无线电发射器的有效输出功率就越小,这将限制通过增大天线增益,提高无线传输距离。因此,有必要对国家标准GB/T 3836.1—2021和国际标准IEC 60079-0:2017中规定的阈功率的正确性进行研究,提出合理的无线电波发射功率防爆要求与检测方法。提出了无线电波防爆安全发射功率与天线增益无关,国家标准GB/T 3836.1—2021和国际标准IEC 60079-0:2017规定的无线电发射器的阈功率是错误的。提出了煤矿井下无线电波防爆安全发射功率阈值应大于16 W,且与天线增益无关;国家标准GB/T 3836.1—2021和国际标准IEC 60079-0:2017规定阈功率不得大于6 W,且与天线增益相关,是错误的。提出了无线电波防爆安全性能检测方法——检测无线电发射器输出功率,这既可保证通过检测的防爆无线电设备的防爆安全,又简化了检测方法,更提高了防爆无线电设备的无线电波发射功率,解除了对天线增益的限制,将大大提高煤矿井下防爆无线电设备的无线传输距离。

C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石抑制甲烷爆炸的实验研究

为研发新型环保高效的甲烷爆炸抑制剂,基于自主研发的透明亚克力管道爆炸实验平台,测试五氟乙烷(C_(2)HF_(5))气体、伊利石粉体单相抑爆剂及C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石粉体两相抑爆剂对甲烷-空气预混气体的抑爆效果和爆炸特性参数的影响,并通过电镜扫描、粒径分析对伊利石粉体进行了表征分析。结果表明:五氟乙烷及伊利石粉体单独作用时均对甲烷-空气预混气体有抑爆作用,C_(2)HF_(5)的抑爆效果随其体积分数的增大而增大,当体积分数大于6%时完全抑爆,伊利石粉体存在最佳抑爆质量浓度,为0.16 g/L;C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石粉体两相抑爆剂共同作用下的抑爆效果更佳,具有气体和粉体的双重抑爆性,且C_(2)HF_(5)存在临界体积分数,当高于临界体积分数时,添加较低质量浓度的伊利石粉体即可完全抑爆,该临界体积分数为3%~4%。最后,结合气体、粉体抑爆剂的热解特性及伊利石粉体的结构表征和元素组成分析了C_(2)HF_(5)/伊利石抑制甲烷-空气混合气体爆炸的机理,可为瓦斯爆炸灾害新型抑爆剂的开发利用提供参考。

低压发火环境下爆炸箔电爆炸性能测试

针对直列式安全起爆系统中冲击片雷管充电电压高且不易满足常规武器使用要求等问题,设计了一种多功能电爆炸起爆及测试仪器,建立了爆炸箔模型进行仿真,开展了在低压发火环境下三种相同形状不同材料爆炸箔的爆发电压、爆发电流测试试验,利用高速摄影机和电子显微镜观察电爆炸过程,仿真结果与试验结果相互印证得出:Al箔在低压起爆环境下的能量利用率更高在1000 V可达到28.6%、峰值功率更大,电爆炸性能更好。以低压发火为试验条件,起爆仪器验证了不同材料的爆炸箔的电爆炸特性,为冲击片雷管低能化的电爆性能研究提供一定的参考价值。